Mercury plumes in the global upper troposphere observed during flights with the CARIBIC observatory from may 2005 until june 2013

Atmosphere

Volumn 5, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 342-369

  Slemr, Franz ^a   Weigelt, Andreas ^b   Ebinghaus, Ralf ^b   Brenninkmeijer, Carl ^a   Baker, Angela ^a   Schuck, Tanja ^a,h   Rauthe Schöch, Armin ^a   Riede, Hella ^a   Leedham, Emma ^a   Hermann, Markus ^c   Van Velthoven, Peter ^d   Oram, David ^e   O'Sullivan, Debbie ^e,i   Dyroff, Christoph ^f   Zahn, Andreas ^f   Ziereis, Helmut ^g  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR CHEMISTRY   (Germany)

^b INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS RESEARCH   (Germany)

^c LEIBNIZ INSTITUTE FOR TROPOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (Germany)

^d ROYAL NETHERLANDS METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE KNMI   (Netherlands)

^e UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^f KARLSRUHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^g GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^h NRW State Agency for Nature Environment and Customer Protection   (Germany)

ⁱ MET OFFICE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Air; Emission; Mercury; Pollution

Indexed keywords

ACETONE; ACETONITRILE; AIR; BIOMASS; CARBON DIOXIDE; MERCURY (METAL); MIXING; NEUTRON EMISSION; POLLUTION; TROPOSPHERE;

BACKWARD TRAJECTORY; CIVIL AIRCRAFTS; EQUATORIAL AFRICA; EQUATORIAL REGIONS; HG CONCENTRATIONS; PARTICLE CONCENTRATIONS; POLLUTION PLUMES; UPPER TROPOSPHERE;

OBSERVATORIES;

AIR QUALITY; ATMOSPHERIC PLUME; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); EMISSION INVENTORY; MERCURY (ELEMENT); TROPOSPHERE; UPPER ATMOSPHERE;

AMAZON BASIN; CHINA; INDIA; PAKISTAN;

EID: 84902688064     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20734433     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/atmos5020342     Document Type: Article

References (50)

1. Slemr, F.; Schuster, G.; Seiler, W. Distribution, speciation, and budget of atmospheric mercury. J. Atmos. Chem. 1985, 3, 407-434.
2. Schroeder, W.H.; Munthe, J. Atmospheric mercury-An overview. Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32, 809-822.
3. Mergler, D.; Anderson, H.A.; Chan, L.H.M.; Mahaffey, K.R.; Murray, M.; Sakamoto; M.; Stern, A.H. Methyl mercury exposure and health effects in humans: A worldwide concern. Ambio 2007, 36, 3-11.
4. Scheuhammer, A.M.; Meyer, M.W.; Sandheinrich, M.B.; Murray, M.W. Effects of environmental methylmercury on the health of wild bird, mammals, and fish. Ambio 2007, 36, 12-18.
5. Nriagu, J.O.; Pacyna, J.M. Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature 1988, 333, 134-139.
6. Nriagu, J.O. A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals. Nature 1989, 338, 47-49.
7. Pirrone, N.; Keeler, G.J.; Nriagu, O. Regional differences in worldwide emissions of mercury to the atmosphere. Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 2981-2987.
8. Pirrone, N.; Allegrini, I.; Keeler, G.J.; Nriagu, J.O.; Rossmann, R.; Robbins, J.A. Historical atmospheric mercury emissions and depositions in North America compared to mercury accumulations in sedimentary records. Atmos. Environ. 1998, 32, 929-940.
9. Pirrone, N.; Cinnirella, S.; Feng, X.; Finkelman, R.B.; Friedli, H.R.; Leaner, J.; Mason, R.; Mukherjee, A.B.; Stracher, G.; Streets, D.G.; et al. Global mercury emissions to the atmosphere from anthropogenic and natural sources. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 5951-5964.
10. Pacyna, E.G.; Pacyna, J.M. Global emission of mercury from anthropogenic sources in 1995. Water Air Soil Pollut. 2002, 137, 149-165.
11. Pacyna, J.M.; Pacyna, E.G.; Steenhuisen, F.; Wilson, S. Mapping 1995 global anthropogenic emissions of mercury. Atmos. Environ. 2003, 37, S109-S117,.
12. Pacyna, E.G.; Pacyna, J.M.; Steenhuisen, F.; Wilson, S. Global anthropogenic mercury emission inventory for 2000. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 4048-4063.
13. Pacyna, E.G.; Pacyna, J.M.; Sundseth, K.; Munthe, J.; Kindbom, K.; Wilson, S.; Steenhuisen, F.; Maxson, P. Global emission of mercury to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources in 2005 and projections to 2020. Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44, 2487-2499.
14. Streets, D.G.; Hao, J.; Wu, Y.; Jiang, J.; Chan, M.; Tian, H.; Feng, X. Anthropogenic mercury emissions in China. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 7789-7806.
15. Streets, D.G.; Zhang, Q.; Wu, Y. Projections of global mercury emissions in 2050. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009, 43, 2983-2988.
16. Lin, C.-J.; Pongprueksa, P.; Lindberg, S.E.; Pehkonen, S.O.; Byun, D.; Jang, C. Scientific uncertainties in atmospheric mercury models I: Model science evaluation. Atmos. Environ. 2006, 40, 2911-2928.
17. Lindberg, S.; Bullock, R.; Ebinghaus, R.; Engstrom, D.; Feng, X.; Fitzgerald, W.; Pirrone, N.; Prestbo, E.; Seigneur, Ch. A synthesis of progress and uncertainties in attributing the sources of mercury in deposition. Ambio 2007, 36, 19-32.
18. Slemr, F.; Baumbach, G.; Blank, P.; Corsmeier, U.; Fiedler, F.; Friedrich, R.; Habram, M.; Kalthoff, N.; Klemp., D.; Kühlwein, J.; et al. Evaluation of modeled spatially and temporarily highly resolved emission inventories of photosmog precursors for the city of Augsburg: The experiment EVA and its major results. J. Atmos. Chem. 2002, 42, 207-233.
19. Klemp, D.; Mannschreck, K.; Pätz, H.W.; Habram, M.; Matuska, P.; Slemr, F. Determination of anthropogenic emission ratios in the Augsburg area from concentration ratios: results from long-term measurements. Atmos. Environ. 2002,36, S61-S80,.
20. Jaffe, D.; Prestbo, E.; Swartzendruber, P.; Weiß-Penzias, P.; Kato, S.; Takami, A.; Hatakeyama, S.; Kajii, Y. Export of atmospheric mercury from Asia. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 3029-3028.
21. Brunke, E.-G.; Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H.H.; Labuschagne, C.; Slemr, F. Emissions of mercury in southern Africa derived from long-term observations at Cape Point, South Africa. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 7465-7474.
22. Slemr, F.; Brunke, E.-G.; Whittlestone, S.; Zahorowski, W.; Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H.H.; Labuschagne, C. 222Rn-calibrated mercury fluxes from terrestrial surface of southern Africa. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2013, 13, 6421-6428.
23. Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M.; Crutzen, P.; Boumard, F.; Dauer, T.; Dix, B.; Ebinghaus, R.; Filippi, D.; Fischer, H.; Franke, H.; Frieß, U.; et al. Civil aircraft for the regular investigation of the atmosphere based on an instrumented container: The new CARIBIC system. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2007, 7, 1-24.
24. Cooper, O.R.; Moody, J.L.; Parrish, D.D.; Trainer, M.; Ryerson, T.B.; Holloway, J.S.; Hübler, G.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Evans, M.J. Trace gas composition of midlatitude cyclones over the western North Atlantic Ocean: A conceptual model. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, doi:10.1029/2001JD000901,.
25. Cooper, O.R.; Moody, J.L.; Parrish, D.D.; Trainer, M.; Holloway, J.S.; Hübler, G.; Fehsenfeld, F.C.; Stohl, A. Trace gas composition of of midlatitude cyclones over the western North Atlantic Ocean: A seasonal comparison of O3 and CO. J. Geophys. Res. 2002, 107, doi:10.1029/2001JD000902,.
26. Dyroff, C.; Zahn, A.; Sanati, S.; Christner, E.; Rauthe-Schöch, A.; Schuck, T.J. Tunable diode laser in-situ CH4 measurements aboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft: instrument performance assessment. Atmos. Meas. Tech. Discuss. 2013, 6, 9225-9261.
27. Schuck, T.J.; Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M; Slemr, F.; Xueref-Remy, I.; Zahn, A. Greenhouse gas analysis of air samples collected onboard CARIBIC passenger aircraft. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2009, 2, 449-464.
28. Baker, A.K.; Slemr, F.; Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M. Analysis of non-methane hydrocarbons in air samples collected aboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft. Atmos. Meas. Tech. 2010, 3, 311-321.
29. Slemr, F.; Ebinghaus, R.; Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M.; Hermann, M.; Kock, H.H.; Martinsson, B.G.; Schuck, T.; Sprung, D.; van Velthoven, P.; Zahn, A.; et al. Gaseous mercury distribution in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere observed onboard the CARIBIC passenger aircraft. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2009, 9, 1957-1969.
30. Talbot, R.; Mao, H.; Scheuer, E.; Dibb, J.; Avery, M.; Browell, E.; Sachse, G.; Vay, S.; Blake, D.; Huey, G.; et al. Factors influencing the large-scale distribution of Hg° in the Mexico City area and over the North Pacific. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8, 2103-2114.
31. Neuman, J.A.; Huey, L.G.; Ryerson, T.B.; Fahey, D.W. Study of inlet materials for sampling atmospheric nitric acid. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 1133-1136.
32. Baron, P.A.; Willeke K. Aerosol Measurements: Principles Techniques and Applications; John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2001; pp. 1-1131.
33. Temme, C.; Einax, J.W.; Ebinghaus, R.; Schroeder, W.H. Measurements of atmospheric mercury species at a coastal site in the Antarctic and over the South Atlantic Ocean during polar summer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 22-31.
34. Rutter, A.P.; Schauer, J.J. The effect of temperature on the gas-particle partitioning of reactive mercury in atmospheric aerosols. Atmos. Environ. 2007, 41, 8647-8657.
35. Amos, H.M.; Jacob, D.J.; Holmes, C.D.; Fisher, J.A.; Wang, Q.; Yantosca, R.M.; Corbitt, E.S.; Galarneau, E.; Rutter, A.P.; Gustin, M.S.; et al. Gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric Hg(II) and its effects on global mercury deposition. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2012, 12, 591-603.
36. Lyman, S.N.; Jaffe, D.A. Formation and fate of oxidized mercury in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. Nat. Geosci. 2012, 5, 114-117.
37. Sprovieri, F.; Pirrone, N.; Ebinghaus, R.; Kock, H.; Dommergue, A: A review of worldwide atmospheric mercury measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys.2010, 10, 8245-8265.
38. Cantrell, C.A. Technical note: Review of methods for linear least-squares fitting of data and application to atmospheric chemistry problems. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2008, 8, 5477-5487.
39. Scheele, M.; Siegmund, P.; van Velthoven, P. Sensitivity of trajectories to data resolution and its dependence on the starting point: In or outside a tropopause fold. Meteorol. Appl. 1996, 3, 267-273.
40. Heue, K.-P.; Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M.; Wagner, T.; Mies, K.; Dix, B.; Frieß, U.; Martinsson, B.G.; Slemr, F.; van Velthoven, P.F.J. Observations of the 2008 Kasatochi volcanic SO2 plume by CARIBIC aircraft DOAS and the GOME-2 satellite. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 4699-4713.
41. Lelieveld, J.; van Aardenne, J.; Fischer, H.; de Reus, M.; Williams, J.; Winkler, P. Increasing ozone over the Atlantic Ocean. Science 2004, 304, 1483-1487.
42. Kuss, J.; Zülicke, C.; Pohl, C.; Schneider, B. Atlantic mercury emission determined from continuous analysis of the elemental mercury sea-air concentration difference within transects between 50°N and 50°S. Glob. Biogeochem. Cy. 2011, doi:10.1029/2010GB003998,.
43. Andreae, M.O.; Merlet, P. Emissions of trace gases and aerosols from biomass burning. Global Biogeochem. Cy. 2001, 15, 955-966.
44. Mühle, J.; Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M.; Rhee, T.S.; Slemr, F.; Oram, D.E.; Penkett, S.A.; Zahn, A. Biomass burning and fossil fuel signatures in the upper troposphere observed during a CARIBIC flight from Namibia to Germany. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, doi:10.1029/2002GL015764,.
45. Lai, S.C.; Baker, A.K.; Schuck, T.J.; Slemr, F.; Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M.; van Velthoven, P.; Oram, D.E.; Zahn, A.; Ziereis, H. Characterization and source regions of 51 high-CO events observed during Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the Atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container (CARIBIC) flights between south China and the Philippines, 2005-2008. J. Geophys. Res. 2011, doi:10.1029/2011JD016375,.
46. Baker, A.K.; Traud, S.; Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M.; Hoor, P.; Neumaier, M.; Oram, D.E.; Rauthe-Schöch, A.; Sprung, D.; Schloegl, S.; Slemr, F.; et al. Pollution pattern in the upper troposphere over Europe/West Asia and Asia observed by CARIBIC. Atmos. Environ. 2014, in press,.
47. Maiss, M.; Steele, L.P.; Francey, R.J.; Fraser P.J.; Langenfelds, R.L.; Trivett, N.B.A.; Levin, I. Sulfur hexafluoride-A powerful new atmospheric tracer. Atmos. Environ. 1996, 30, 1621-1629.
48. Ebinghaus, R.; Slemr, F.; Brenninkmeijer, C.A.M.; van Velthoven, P.; Zahn, A.; Hermann, M.; O'Sullivan, D.A.; Oram, D.E. Emissions of gaseous mercury from biomass burning in South America in 2005 observed during CARIBIC flights. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2007, doi:10.1029/2006GL028866,.
49. Brunke, E.-G.; Labuschagne, C.; Slemr, F. Gaseous mercury emissions from a fire in the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, during January 2000. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28, 1483-1486.
50. Tian, H.Z.; Wang, Y.; Xue, Z.G.; Cheng, K.; Qu, Y.P.; Chai, F.H.; Hao, J.M. Trend and characteristics of atmospheric emissions of Hg, As, and Se from coal combustion in China, 1980-2007. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 2010, 10, 11905-11919.