Regional differences in worldwide emissions of mercury to the atmosphere

Atmospheric Environment

Volumn 30, Issue 17, 1996, Pages 2981-2987

  Pirrone, Nicola ^a   Keeler, Gerald J ^a   Nriagu, Jerome O ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Atmosphere; Detroit; Emission factor; Emission source; Global scale; Incinerator; Mercury; Regional scale; Trend; Urban area

Indexed keywords

COAL; LEAD; MERCURY; ZINC;

AFRICA; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; ASIA; ATMOSPHERE; COMBUSTION; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; EASTERN EUROPE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; INCINERATION; INDUSTRIALIZATION; MINING; NORTH AMERICA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SMELTER; SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT; SOUTH AMERICA; USSR; WESTERN EUROPE;

OCEANIA;

ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSION; ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION; MERCURY;

AIR POLLUTION; ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY; CALCULATIONS; COAL COMBUSTION; COMBUSTORS; EARTH ATMOSPHERE; HAZARDOUS MATERIALS; PARTICLES (PARTICULATE MATTER);

ATMOSPHERIC EMISSIONS; DETROIT; DICHOTOMY; URBAN AREA;

MERCURY (METAL);

EID: 0029663030     PISSN: 13522310     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/1352-2310(95)00498-X     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Benoit J. M., Fitzgerald W. F. and Damman A. W. H. (1994) Historical atmospheric mercury deposition in the midcontinental U.S. as recorded in an ombrotrophic peat bog. In Mercury pollution: Integration and synthesis (edited by Huckabee J. and Watras C.), pp. 187-202. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan.
2. Bloom N. S. and Prestbo E. M. (1993) A new survey of mercury in U.S. fossil fuels. In Proc. Coal-Energy and Env., Int. Pittsburgh Coal Conf., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 12-16 September, Vol. 1, pp. 563-568.
3. Chu P. and Porcella D. B. (1995) Mercury stack emissions from U.S. electric utility power plants. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 80, 135-144.
4. Cointreau S. J. (1986) Environmental Management of Urban Solid Wastes in Developing Countries. The World Bank, Washington, District of Columbia.
5. Cole H. S., Hitchcock A. L. and Collins R. (1992) Mercury Warning: The Fish You Catch May be Unsafe to Eat. Clean Water Fund, Washington, District of Columbia.
6. Delfino J. J. and Crisman T. L. (1993) Spatial and temporal distribution of mercury in Everglades and Okefenokee wetland sediments. Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainnesville.
7. EIA, Energy Information Administration (1991) International Energy Annual 1991. Washington, District of Columbia.
8. EIA, Energy Information Administration (1992) International Energy Annual 1992. Washington, District of Columbia.
9. EIA, Energy Information Administration (1994) Estimates of U.S. Biomass Energy Consumption 1992. Department of Energy, Washington, District of Columbia.
10. Engstrom D. R., Swain E. B. and Brigham M. E. (1994) In Abstracts with Program, Int. Conf. on Mercury as a Global Pollutant. Whistler, British Columbia.
11. Fitzgerald W. F. (1986) Cycling of mercury between the atmosphere and the oceans. In The Role of Air-Sea Exchange in Geochemical Cycling (edited by Buaat-Menard P.), pp. 363-408. NATO Advanced Institute Series, Reidel, Dordrecht.
12. Fitzgerald W. F. (1995) Is mercury increasing in the Atmosphere? The need for an Atmospheric Mercury Network (AMNET). Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 80, 245-254.
13. Fitzgerald W. F., Mason R. P., Vandal G. M. (1991) Atmospheric cycling and air-water exchange of mercury over mid-continental lacustrine regions. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 56, 745-767.
14. Gill G. A. and Fitzgerald W. F. (1987) Mercury in surface waters of the open ocean. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 1, 199-212.
15. Huckabee J. and Watras C. (1994) Mercury pollution: Integration and synthesis. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan.
16. Hudson R. J. M., Gherini S. A., Fitzgerald W. M. and Porcella D. B. (1995) Anthropogenic influences on the global mercury cycle: a model-based analysis. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 80, 265-272.
17. International Joint Commission, Detroit-Windsor-Port Huron-Sarnia Air Pollution Advisory Board (1990) Report to the International Joint Commission. Windsor, Canada.
18. Iverveldt Å., Munthe J., Brosset C. and Pacyna J. M. (1995) Long-term changes in concentration and deposition of atmospheric mercury over Scandinavia. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 80, 227-233.
19. Johnson M. G. (1987) Trace element loadings to sediments of fourteen Ontario lakes and correlation with concentrations in fish. Can. J. Fish. Aquatic Sci. 44, 754-762.
20. Keeler G. J., Glinsorn G. and Pirrone N. (1995) Particulate mercury in the atmosphere: its significance, transport, transformation and sources. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 80, 159-168.
21. Keeler G. J., Hoyer M. E. and Lamborg C. H. (1994) Measurements of atmospheric mercury in the Great Lakes basin. In Mercury pollution: Integration and synthesis (edited by Huckabee J. and Watras C.), pp. 231-241. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan.
22. Kemp A. L. W., Williams J. D. H., Thomas R. L. and Gregory M. L. (1978) Impact of man activities on the chemical composition of the sediments of Lakes Superior and Huron. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 10, 381-402.
23. Khalil M. A. K. and Rasmussen R. A. (1994) Global decrease in atmospheric carbon monoxide concentration. Nature 370, 639-41.
24. Lantzy R. J. and MacKenzie F. T. (1979) Atmospheric trace metals: global cycles and assessment of man's impact. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43, 511-525.
25. Lindqvist O. (1991) Mercury in the Swedish environment. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 55, 7-17.
26. Lindqvist O., Johansson K., Antrap M., Anderson A., Bringwork L., Hovsenius G., Hakanson L., Iverfoldt A., Meil M. and Timm B. (1991) Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 55(1-2), 30.
27. Lockhart W. L. (1994) Implications of chemical contaminants for aquatic animals in the Canadian Arctic: some review comments. Sci. Total Envir. (in press).
28. Mason R. P., Fitzgerald W. F., Morel F. M. M. (1994) The biogeochemical cycling of elemental mercury: anthropogenic influences. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58, 3191-3198.
29. Meij R. (1991) The fate of mercury in coal-fired power plants and the influence of wet flue-gas desulphurization. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 56, 21-33.
30. Mudroch A. (1993) Lake Ontario sediments in monitoring pollution. Envir. Monit. Assess. 28, 117-129.
31. Novelli P. C., Masarie K. A., Tans P. P. and Lang P. M. (1994) Recent changes in atmospheric carbon monoxide. Science 263, 1587-1590.
32. NREL, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (1993) Mercury Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Combustors. U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, District of Columbia.
33. Nriagu J. O. (1984) Changing Metals Cycle and Human Health. Springer, Berlin.
34. Nriagu J. O. (1989) A global assessment of natural sources of atmospheric trace metals. Nature 338, 47-49.
35. Nriagu J. O. and Pacyna J. M. (1988) Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water and soils by trace metals. Nature 333, 134-139.
36. Pacyna J. M. (1986) Emission factors of atmospheric elements. In Toxic Metals in the Atmosphere (edited by Nriagu J. O.), pp. 1-32. Wiley, New York.
37. Pacyna J. M. (1989) Technological parameters affecting atmospheric emissions of trace elements from major anthropogenic sources. In Control and Fate of Atmospheric Trace Metals (edited by Pacyna J. M. and Ottar B.), pp. 15-29. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
38. Pacyna J. M. and Munch J. (1991) Anthropogenic mercury emission in Europe. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 56, 51-61.
39. Pacyna J. M. and Keeler G. J. (1994) Sources of mercury in the Arctic. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 80, 621-632.
40. Pacyna J. M., Voldner E., Keeler G. J. and Evans G. (1993) In Proc. First Workshop on Emissions and Modelling of Atmospheric Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Heavy Metals, Durham, North Carolina, 6-7 May.
41. Pirrone N., Glinsorn G. and Keeler G. J. (1995a) Ambient levels and dry deposition fluxes of mercury to lakes Huron, Erie and St. Clair. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. 80, 179-188.
42. Pirrone N., Keeler G. J. and Warner P. O. (1995b) Trends of ambient concentrations and deposition fluxes of particulate trace metals in Detroit from 1982 to 1992. Sci. Total. Envir. 162, 43-61.
43. Pirrone N., Keeler G. J., Nriagu J. O. and Warner P. O. (1995c) Historical trends of airborne trace metals in Detroit from 1971 to 1992. Wat. Air Soil Pollut. (in press).
44. Rea A. W., Keeler G. J. and Scherbatskoy T. (1995) The deposition of mercury in throughfall and litterfall in the Lake Champlain Watershed. Atmospheric Environment (submitted).
45. Sabbioni E., Goetz L., Springer A. and Pietra R. (1983) Trace metals from coal-fired power plants: derivation of an average data base for assessment studies of the situation in the European communities. Sci. Total. Envir. 29, 213-227.
46. Schroeder W. H. and Larkes J. (1994) Measurements of atmospheric mercury concentrations in the Canadian environment near Lake Ontario. J.G.L.R. 20, 240-259.
47. Slemr F. and Langer E. (1992) Increase in global atmospheric concentrations of mercury inferred from measurements over the Atlantic Ocean. Nature 355, 434-437.
48. Smith I. M. (1986) Trace Elements from Coal Combustion Emissions. IEA Coal Research, London, U.K.
49. Swain E. B., Engstrom, D. R., Brigham M. E., Henning T. A. and Brezonik P. L. (1992) Increasing rates of atmospheric mercury deposition in Midcontinental North America. Science 257, 784-787.
50. Swaine D. J. (1990) Trace Elements in Coal. Butterworths, London, U.K.
51. United Nations (1992) Statistical Yearbook. Washington, District of Columbia.
52. U.S. Bureau of Mines (1987) Minerals Yearbook, Metals and Minerals, Vol. 1. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington.
53. U.S. Bureau of Mines (1993) Minerals Yearbook, Metals and Minerals, Vol. 1. U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington.
54. U.S. Department of Commerce (1993) Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1993. Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, Washington, District of Columbia.
55. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1993) Locating and Estimating Air Emissions for Sources of Mercury and Mercury Compounds. Interim Report.
56. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1994) Mercury Study Report to Congress. Vol. 1, EPA/600/P-94/002Aa. Interim Report.
57. Voldner E. and Smith L. (1989) Production, Usage and Atmospheric Emissions of 14 Priority Toxic Chemicals. Water Quality Board, International Joint Commission on the Great Lakes, Windsor, Ontario.