The meaning of property: Freedom, community, and the legal imagination

The Meaning of Property: Freedom, Community, and the Legal Imagination

Volumn , Issue , 2010, Pages 1-225

  Purdy, Jedediah ^a,b,c  

^a YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c CENTER FOR AMERICAN PROGRESS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84902618039     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (395)

1. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England *2 (1765-69)
2. Margaret Jane Radin, Contested Commodities: The Trouble with Trade in Sex, Children, Body Parts, and Other Things 53-101 (1996)
3. Carol M. Rose, Privatization: The Road to Democracy? 50 St. Louis U. L. J. 691, 718-20 (2006).
4. Carol M. Rose, Canons of Property Talk; or, Blackstone's Anxiety, 108 Yale L. J. 601-606 (1998).
5. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age 177 (2007).
6. Richard Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant 78-108
7. Istvan Hont, Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective 159-84 (2005).
8. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age at 176-85.
9. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age at 173.
10. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age at 172.
11. Johnson v. M'Intosh, 21 U.S. 543 (1823).
12. Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment (2001).
13. The Shaping of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment (Istvan Hont and Michael Ignatieff, eds., 1983)
14. The Cambridge Companion to the Scottish Enlightenment (Alexander Broadie, ed., 2003).
15. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS) 53-90 (2000) (1759).
16. Adam Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (LJ) 172-90
17. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS) 70.
18. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS) 87.
19. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS) 88.
20. Adam Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (LJ) 352.
21. Henry E. Smith, Property and Property Rules, 79 N. Y. U. L. Rev. 1719 (2004)
22. Thomas W. Merrill and Henry E. Smith, What Happened to Property in Law and Economics? 111 Yale L. J. 357 (2001)
23. Thomas W. Merrill and Henry E. Smith, Optimal Standardization in the Law of Property: The Numerus Clausus Principle, 110 Yale L. J. 1 (2000)
24. Thomas W. Merrill and Henry E. Smith, The Morality of Property, 48 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1849 (2007).
25. Claire Priest, Creating an American Property Law: Alienability and Its Limits in American History, 120 Harv. L. Rev. 385 (2006)
26. Adam Smith, Property and Property Rules. 31
27. Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State, and Utopia (1974)
28. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (1971).
29. Alasdair MacIntyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (1984)
30. Alasdair MacIntyre, Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: Encyclopedia, Genealogy, and Tradition (1990)
31. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self (1984)
32. Charles Taylor, 1 Philosophical Papers: Human Agency and Language 45-76 (1985)
33. Philosophy and the Human Sciences 15-57 (1985)
34. Gregory S. Alexander, Commodity and Propriety: Competing Visions of Property in American Legal Thought, 1776-1970 (1997)
35. Eduardo M. Peñalver, Property as Entrance, 91 U. Va. L. Rev. 1889 (2005)
36. Eduardo M. Peñalver, Land Virtues (unpublished manuscript, on filewith author).
37. Isaiah Berlin, Two Concepts of Liberty, in The Proper Study of Mankind: An Anthology of Essays 191-193 (Henry Hardy, ed., 1997).
38. Richard Pipes, Property and Freedom 282 (1999)
39. James W. Ely, The Guardian of Every Other Right: A Constitutional History of Property Rights 26 (1998)
40. James M. Buchanan, Property as a Guarantor of Liberty 59 (1993)
41. James V. DeLong, Property Matters 46-49 (1997)
42. Richard A. Epstein, Takings: Private Property and the Eminent Domain (1985)
43. Milton Friedman, Capitalismand Freedom 7-21 (1962).
44. Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law (6th ed., 2003)
45. Thomas W. Merrill and Henry E. Smith, Optimal Standardization in the Law of Propert
46. Robert C.Ellickson, Property in Land, 102 Yale L. J. 1315, (1993)
47. Thomas W. Merrill, The Demsetz Thesis and the Evolution of Property Rights, 31 J. Legal Stud. 421 (2002)
48. Henry E. Smith, Exclusion Versus Governance: Two Strategies for Delineating Property Rights, 31 J. Legal Stud. 453 (2002).
49. Margaret Jane Radin, Property and Personhood, 34 Stan. L. Rev. 957 (1982)
50. Yochai Benkler, Freedom in the Commons: Towards a Political Economy of Information, 52 Duke L. J.1245 (2003)
51. Jeremy Waldron, The Right to Private Property 301-2
52. Margaret Jane Radin, Property and Personhood.
53. Eduardo M. Peñalver, Property as Entrance. 42.
54. Barbara Fried, The Progressive Assault on Laissez-Faire
55. Robert Hale and the First Law and Economics Movement 29-107 (1998)
56. Robert L. Hale, Freedom Through Law: Public Control of Private Governing Power 3-34, 385-99 (1952)
57. Joseph W. Singer, The Reliance Interest in Property, 40 Stan. L. Rev. 611 (1988)
58. Morris R. Cohen, Property and Sovereignty, 13 Cornell L. Q. 8 (1927).
59. Joel M. Ngugi, Re-Examining the Role of Private Property in Market Democracies: Problematic Ideological Issues Raised by Land Registration, 25 Mich. J. Int'l L. 467-500 (2004)
60. James Boyle, The New Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain, 66 L. & Contemp. Probs. 33 (2003)
61. Khiara M. Bridges, Note, On the Commodification of the Black Female Body: The Critical Implications of the Alienability of Fetal Tissue, 102 Colum. L. Rev. 123 (2002)
62. Emily Marden, The Neem Tree Patent: International Conflict over the Commodification of Life, 22 B. C. Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 279-93 (1999)
63. Donald R. Kelley & Bonnie G. Smith, trans., 1994 declaring, "property is theft"
64. Margaret Jane Radin, Contested Commodities: The Trouble with Trade in Sex, Children, Body Parts, and Other Things 54-60, 83-88 (1996)
65. Margaret Jane Radin, Conceiving a Code for Creation: The Legal Debate Surrounding Human Cloning, 53 Hastings L. J. 1123 [2002])
66. Lee Taft, Apology Subverted: The Commodification of Apology, 109 Yale L. J. 1135,(2000)
67. Jennifer Fitzgerald, Geneticizing Disability: The Human Genome Project and the Commodification of the Self, 14 Issues L. & Med. 151-52 (1998)
68. David E. Jefferies, The Body as Commodity: The Use of Markets to Cure the Organ Deficit, 5 Ind. J. Global Legal Stud. 621, (1998)
69. Norman W. Spaulding, Commodification and Its Discontents: Environmentalism and the Promise of Market Incentives, 16 Stan. Envir. L. J. 311-13 (1997)
70. The Price of Everything, the Value of Nothing: Reframing the Commodification Debate,117 Harv. L. Rev. 689 (2003)
71. Gregory S. Alexander, Commodity and Propriety 1-4 (1997)
72. Peñalver, Land Virtues; Michael J. Sandel, Democracy's Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (1996)
73. Michael J. Sandel, Justice and the Limits of Liberalism (1982)
74. Jennifer Nedelsky, Private Property and the Limits of American Constitutionalism: The Madisonian Framework and Its Legacy (1990).
75. Amartya K. Sen, Rationality and Freedom 581-695 (2002)
76. Richard Tuck, Philosophy and Government, 1572-1651, 154-201 (1993)
77. Richard Tuck, Natural Rights Theories: Their Origins and Development 58-81 (1979)
78. John Locke, Two Treatises of Government
79. Norah Carlin, The Causes of the English Civil War 147 (1999)
80. J. G. A. Pocock, The Ancient Constitution and the Feudal Law 31 (1957)
81. Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the Worlds: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain and France c. 1500-c. 1850 (1995)
82. Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other (Richard Howard, trans., 1984).
83. Richard Tuck, Philosophy and Government at 31-64
84. Charles Taylor, A Secular Age 25-89 (2007)
85. Norah Carli, The Causes of the English Civil War 1-12 (1999)
86. R.C. Richardson, The Debate on the English Revolution Revisited 1-9 (1988)
87. Christopher Hill, The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas During the English Revolution (1972).
88. Norah Carlin, Causes of the English Civil War at 155.
89. Eduardo M. Peñalver & Sonia K. Katyal, Property Outlaws, 155 U. Penn. L. Rev. 1095, 1153-54 (2007)
90. Richard Tuck, Philosophy and Government at 241-53
91. Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations 25 (R. H. Campbell, A. S. Skinner, & W. B. Todd, eds., 1976) (1776)
92. Jedediah Purdy, Being America: Liberty, Commerce, and Violence in an American World 40 (2003).
93. Istvan Hont, Jealousy of Trade: International Competition and the Nation-State in Historical Perspective 159-84 (2005).
94. Richard Tuck, Philosophy and Government at 312-45
95. Istvan Hont, Jealousy of Trade at 39-40
96. Albert O. Hirschman, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism Before Its Triumph (1981).
97. Istvan Hont, Jealousy of Trade at 45-46
98. Istvan Hont discusses the relation of the four-stages theory to the account of sociability in Jealousy of Trade at 100-102, 364-67.
99. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England *3 (1765-69).
100. Adam Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence 459-60 (R. L. Meek et al., eds., 1978) (1762-63).
101. Istvan Hont, Jealousy of Trade at 160-64.
102. Charles Taylor, Secular Age at 165-70
103. James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts 16-23 (1993)
104. Robert Filmer, Patriarcha and Other Political Writings (Johann P. Somerville, ed., 1991)
105. Jeremy Waldron, The Right to Private Property 148-53 (1988).
106. Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law § 3.11 71-74 (6th ed., 2003)
107. Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860, 54-58 (1977).
108. John G. Sprankling, The Antiwilderness Bias in American Property Law, 63 U. Chi. L. Rev. 519, 533-36 (1996).
109. Morton J. Horwitz, Transformation at 54-62.
110. John G. Sprankling, Antiwilderness Bias at 533-36.
111. Edward Coke, A Commentary upon Littleton 53a-53b (18th ed., 1823)
112. W. S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law 278-79 (3d ed., 1925)
113. W. S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law 121-22 (3d ed., 1923)
114. W. S. Holdsworth, A History of English Law at 277-78.
115. Alan Schwartz, The Default Rule Paradigm and the Limits of Contract Law, 3 S. Cal Interdisc. L. J. 389, 390 (1993)
116. Ian Ayres & Robert Gertner, Strategic Contractual Inefficiencyand the Optimal Choice of Legal Rules, 101 Yale L. J. 729 (1992)
117. Alan Schwartz, The Default Rule Paradigm and the Limits of Contract Law, 3 S. Cal Interdisc. L. J 391.
118. Amartya Sen, The Possibility of Social Choice, in Rationality and Freedom 65, 76-97 (2002).
119. Amartya Sen, The Possibility of Social Choice, in Rationality and Freedom 65, 90-92.
120. Charles W. McCurdy, The Anti-Rent Era in New York Law and Politics, 1839-1865, 3 map 1 (2001).
121. Charles W. McCurdy, Anti-Rent Era at 10-15
122. Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law 210-11, 222 (1973)
123. Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution 109-22 (1992)
124. Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution at 271-86
125. Drew R. McCoy, The Elusive Republic 62-70 (1980)
126. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men 11-39 (1970)
127. Eric T. Freyfogle, Land Use and the Study of Early American History, 94 Yale L. J. 717, 738 (1985).
128. Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law § 3.11 at 72-73.
129. Lawrence M. Friedman, History of American Law at 210-11.
130. Gordon S. Wood, Radicalism at 113-15
131. Eric Kades, The End of the Hudson Valley's Peculiar Institution: The Anti-Rent Movement's Politics, Social Relations, and Economics, 27 Law & Soc. Inquiry 941 (2002)
132. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution 22-54 (enlarged ed., 1992)
133. Gordon S. Wood, The Creation of the American Republic, 1776-1787, 65 (1992)
134. Gregory S. Alexander, Commodity & Propriety: Competing Visions of Property in American Legal Thought,1776-1970, 127-57 (1997)
135. Gregory Alexander presents an illuminating and provocative account of Kent's legal, political, and social views in chapter 5 of Commodity & Propriety (at 127-57).
136. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments 120-46 (2000) (1759).
137. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Letter to d'Alembert on the Theater (1758)
138. The Collected Writings of Rousseau 253, 261-352 (Allan Bloom et al., eds. & trans., 2004).
139. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, in Two Treatises of Government 285, 309 (Peter Laslett, ed., 1960) (1690).
140. Lawrence M. Friedman, History of American Law at 206-7.
141. James Kent, Commentaries on American Law *386 (12th ed., 1873) (1826-30).
142. Joseph William Singer, Property: Rules, Policies, and Practices 3-15 (3d ed., 2002)
143. John P. Dwyer & Peter S. Menell, PropertyLaw & Policy: A Comparative Institutional Perspective 69-75 (1998)
144. Anthony Pagden, Peoples and Empires (2001)
145. Anthony Pagden, Lords of All the Worlds: Ideologies of Empire in Spain, Britain,and France, c. 1500-c. 1800 (1995)
146. Edward Keene, Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism, and Order in World Politics (2002)
147. Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire: A Study in Nineteenth-Century British Liberal Thought (1999)
148. Jennifer Pitts, A Turn to Empire: The Rise of Liberal Imperialism in Britain and France (2005).
149. Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire at 77-114
150. Jennifer Pitts, Turn to Empire at 3-5
151. James Mill, The History of British India (William Thomas, ed., 1975) (1820)
152. John Stuart Mill, Considerations on Representative Government 415-16 (Geraint Williams, ed., 1993) (1861)
153. Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire at 153-89
154. Denis Diderot, Political Writings 175-77
155. J. S. Mill, Considerations at 415-16
156. James Mill, History of British
157. Uday Singh Mehta, Liberalism and Empire at 87-114
158. Jennifer Pitts, Turn to Empire at 123-62
159. John Gray, Two Faces of Liberalism (2000)
160. Jennifer Pitts, Turn to Empire at 43-52
161. Michel de Montaigne, Of Cannibals, in The Complete Essays of Montaigne 150-59 (Donald M. Frame, ed., 1995) (1588).
162. Michel de Montaigne, Cannibals; Diderot, Political Writings at 175-77.
163. Jennifer Pitts, Turn to Empire at 103-7.
164. Jennifer Pitts, Turn to Empire at 16.
165. Richard Tuck, The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant 102-8
166. James Tully, An Approach to Political Philosophy: Locke in Contexts 137-76
167. Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln 153
168. Michel de Montaigne, Cannibals. 34.
169. Sean Wilentz, Rise of American Democracy at 175-78.
170. Joseph William Singer, Sovereignty and Property, 86 N. W. U. L. Rev. 1, 5 (1991).
171. Liam Seamus O'Melinn, The Imperial Origins of Federal Indian Law: The Ideology of Colonization in Britain, Ireland, and America, 31 Ariz. St. L. J. 1207, 1270 (1999)
172. Philip P. Frickey, Marshalling Past and Present: Colonialism, Constitutionalism, and Interpretation in Federal Indian Law, 107 Harv. L. Rev. 381, 389 [1993]
173. Eric Kades, History and Interpretation of the Great Case of Johnson v. M'Intosh, 19 Law & Hist. Rev. 67 (2001)
174. Jack M. Sosin, The Yorke-Camden Opinion and American Land Speculators, 85 Penn. Magazine of Hist. & Biography 38 (1961).
175. "[W]hat's the use? They [the Indians] don't wear breeches" (Montaigne, Cannibals at 159).
176. Francisco de Vitoria, Political Writings 273-85 (Anthony Pagden and Jeremy Lawrance, eds., 1991) (1539).
177. J. S. Mill, Considerations at 217-34.
178. J. S. Mill, Considerations at 238.
179. Lord Cornwallis, Selections from the State Papers of the Governors-General of India 72-126 (George Forrest, ed., 1926).
180. James Mill, History of British India at 476-93
181. David Arnold, Hunger in the Garden of Plenty, in Dreadful Visitations 81 (Alessa Johns, ed., 1999).
182. William Cronon, Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England (2003).
183. Charles Taylor, Sources of the Self: The Making of the Modern Identity (1989)
184. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (Alan Sheridan, trans., 1977)
185. Michel Foucault, The History of Sexuality: The Uses of Pleasure (Robert Hurley, trans., 1985)
186. Barrington Moore, Jr., Injustice: The Social Bases of Obedience and Revolt (1978)
187. Orlando Patterson, Freedom: Freedom in the Making of Western Culture (1991)
188. Harold Demsetz, Toward a Theory of Property Rights, 57 Am. Econ. Rev. 347, 347 (1967)
189. Gary D. Libecap & James L. Smith, The Economic Evolution of Petroleum PropertyRights in the United States, 31 J. Legal Stud. 589, 589 (2002)
190. Morton J. Horwitz, The Transformation of American Law, 1780-1860 (1977)
191. David Brion Davis, The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823 (1975)
192. Edmund S. Morgan, American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia (1975)
193. Eugene Genovese, Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made (1974)
194. Mark V. Tushnet, The American Law of Slavery, 1810-1860
195. Considerations of Humanity and Interest (1981).
196. Robert William Fogel & Stanley L.Engerman, Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery (1974)
197. Robert J. Steinfeld, Coercion, Contract, and Free Labor in the Nineteenth Century 3-38 (2001)
198. Lawrence M. Friedman, A History of American Law 179-201 (1973
199. Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals:Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History 137-242 (1997)
200. Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution 11-94 (1992)
201. Thomas R. R. Cobb, An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America 83 (1999) (1858)
202. Peter Charles Hoffer & N. E. H. Hull, Editors' Preface, in Mark V. Tushnet, Slave Law in the American South: State v. Mann in History and Literature, at ix (2003).
203. William W. Fisher III, Ideology and Imagery in the Law of Slavery, in Slavery and the Law 43-85 (Paul Finkelman, ed., 1997)
204. Elizabeth Fox-Genovese & Eugene D. Genovese, The Mind of the Master Class: History and Faith in the Southern Slaveholders' Worldview 365-82 (2005)
205. Andrew T. Fede, Gender in the Law of Slavery in the Antebellum United States, 18 Cardozo L. Rev. 411, 419-24 (1996).
206. David Brion Davis, In human Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World 101-12 (2006).
207. Mark V. Tushnet, Slave Law at 37
208. Mark V. Tushnet, American Law at 54-65
209. Robert M. Cover, Justice Accused: Antislavery and the Judicial Process 78 (1975)
210. Richard Hildreth, Despotism in America: An Inquiry into the Nature, Results, and Legal Basis of the Slave-Holding System in the United States 177-78 (1970) (1854).
211. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War 1-72 (1970)
212. Adam Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence (hereafter "LJ") 172-90
213. G. W. F. Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit 111-19 (A. V. Miller, trans., 1977) (1807)
214. Alexandre Kojève, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel: Lectures on the Phenomenology of Spirit 3-30
215. Richard Hildreth, Despotism in America: An Inquiry into the Nature, Results, and Legal Basis of the Slave-Holding System in the United States 143.
216. Richard Hildreth, Despotism in America: An Inquiry into the Nature, Results, and Legal Basis of the Slave-Holding System in the United States 154-57
217. David Bromwich, Lincoln and Whitman as Representative Americans, in Democratic Vistas: Reflections on the Life of American Democracy 36, 47 (Jedediah Purdy, ed., 2004).
218. Lysander Spooner, The Unconstitutionality of Slavery (1860) (1845).
219. Richard Hildreth, Despotism in America: An Inquiry into the Nature, Results, and Legal Basis of the Slave-Holding System in the United States, 35-38.
220. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments 185 (2000) (1759).
221. George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South; or, The Failure of Free Society 20-22 (1854), available at http://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/fitzhughsoc/fitzhugh.html.
222. Abraham Lincoln, Address to the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in Selected Speeches and Writings 233-37 (Don E. Fehrenbacher, ed., 1992) (1859)
223. Charles W. McCurdy, The "Liberty of Contract" Regime in American Law, in The State and Freedom of Contract 161-97 (Harry N. Scheiber, ed. 1998)
224. Howard Gillman, The Constitution Besieged: The Rise and Demise of Lochner Era Police Powers Jurisprudence 1-18 (1993)
225. Manuel Cachán, Justice Stephen Field and "Free Soil, Free Labor Constitutionalism": Reconsidering Revisionism, 20 Law & Hist. Rev. 541 (2002).
226. Jack M. Balkin, "Wrong the Day It Was Decided": Lochner and Constitutional Historicism, 85 B. U. L. Rev. 677 (2005).
227. Owen M. Fiss, History of the Supreme Court of the United States: Troubled Beginnings of the Modern State, 1888-1910 (1993).
228. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War 11-13, 40-51
229. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, in Two Treatises of Government 285, 287-88 [Peter Laslett, ed., 1960] [1690]
230. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War 88.
231. William E. Forbath, The Ambiguities of Free Labor: Labor and the Law in the Gilded Age, Wis. L. Rev. 767 (1985).
232. Robert J. Steinfeld, Coercion, Contract, and Free Labor in the Nineteenth Century 3-38
233. Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905).
234. William E. Forbath, The Ambiguities of Free Labor: Labor and the Law in the Gilded Age, Wis. L. Rev 777-82
235. Owen M. Fiss, History of the Supreme Court of the United States: Troubled Beginnings of the Modern State 172-74.
236. James Kent, Commentaries on American Law *329 (12th ed., 1873) (1823)
237. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War 29-33
238. Robert L. Hale, Freedom Through Law: Public Control of Private Governing Power 15 (1952).
239. Thomas W. Merrill & Henry E. Smith, Optimal Standardization in the Law of Property: The Numerus Clausus Principle, 110 Yale L. J. 1 (2000).
240. Richard A. Posner, Economic Analysis of Law § 3.2. (5th ed., 1998).
241. Robert L. Hale, Freedom Through Law at 17
242. Barbara H. Fried, The Progressive Assault on Laissez Faire: Robert Hale and the First Law and Economics Movement, 47-59 (1998)
243. Thomas Carver, Principles of National Economy 101 (1921).
244. Amartya Sen, The Moral Standing of the Market 1-13 in Ethics and Economics (Ellen Frankel Paul et al., eds., 1985).
245. Kenneth J. Arrow, Social Choice and Individual Values (1951).
246. Amartya Sen, The Possibility of Social Choice, in Rationality and Freedom 65, 65-76 (2002)
247. Amartya Sen, Rationality and Social Choice at 271-75.
248. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom 76-85 (1999).
249. Robert Cooter & Peter Rappoport, Were the Ordinalists Wrong About Welfare Economics? 22 J. Econ. Lit. 507 (1982).
250. Amartya Sen, Possibility of Social Choice at 71.
251. Lionel Robbins, An Essay on the Nature and Significance of Economic Science 136-58 (2d ed., 1935)
252. Lionel Robbins, The Place of Jevons in the History of Economic Thought, in The Evolution of Modern Economic Theory and Other Papers on the History of Economic Thought 169, 170-77 (1970)
253. C. L. Stevenson, The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms, in Logical Positivism 264, 278-79 (A. J. Ayer, ed., 1959)
254. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty 96 (1993) (1913).
255. Jeremy Bentham, A Fragment on Government 93 (2001) (1776).
256. Jeremy Bentham, A Critical Examination of the Declaration of Rights 496-497 in 2 Bentham, Works (Richard Doyne, ed., 1837).
257. F. C. Montague, Introduction to Jeremy Bentham, A Fragment on Government 43 (2001) (1891).
258. Cass R. Sunstein, Worst-Case Scenarios (2007)
259. Richard A. Posner, Catastrophe: Risk and Response (2004).
260. Stephen G. Breyer, Breaking the Vicious Circle: Toward Effective Risk Regulation (1993).
261. Amartya Sen, The Discipline of Cost-Benefit Analysis, in Rationality and Freedom 553, 553-77.
262. Cass R. Sunstein, Worst-Case Scenarios. For a critical account,
263. Lisa Heinzerling, The Accidental Environmentalist: Judge Posner on Catastrophic Thinking, 94 Geo. L. J. 833 (2006)
264. Frank Ackerman & Lisa Heinzerling, Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection, 150 U. Penn. L. Rev 1553 (2002).
265. Amartya Sen, Opportunities and Freedoms at 585.
266. Amartya Sen, Rationality and Social Choice at 271-75
267. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom at 76-85.
268. Amartya Sen, Rights and Capabilities, in Resources, Values and Development 316-17 (1984).
269. Amartya Sen, Markets and Freedoms, in Rationality and Freedom 501-30
270. Amartya Sen, Goods and People, in Resources, Values and Development 509.
271. Amartya Sen, Markets and Freedoms at 506
272. Amartya Sen, Markets and Freedoms at 512-23.
273. Amartya Sen, Rights and Capabilities at 308-9.
274. Connie Bruck, Millions for Millions, New Yorker, Oct. 30, 2006.
275. Nathanael Goldberg, Measuring the Impact of Microfinance: Taking Stock of What We Know 6 (2005).
276. Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else 54-61 (2000).
277. Syed M. Hashemi et al., Rural Credit Programs and Women's Empowerment in Bangladesh, 24 World Dev. 635, 638-39 (1996).
278. Sidney Ruth Schuler et al., Credit Programs, Patriarchy, and Men's Violence Against Women in Rural Bangladesh, 43 Soc. Sci. Med.1737 (1996).
279. Sidney Ruth Schuler et al., Credit Programs, Patriarchy, and Men's Violence Against Women in Rural Bangladesh, 43 Soc. Sci. Med 1738.
280. Sidney Ruth Schuler et al., Credit Programs, Patriarchy, and Men's Violence Against Women in Rural Bangladesh, 43 Soc. Sci. Med 1738-40.
281. Sidney Ruth Schuler et al., Credit Programs, Patriarchy, and Men's Violence Against Women in Rural Bangladesh, 43 Soc. Sci. Med 1738-41.
282. Sidney Ruth Schuler et al., The Influence of Women's Changing Roles and Status in Bangladesh's Fertility Transition: Evidence from a Study of Credit Programs and Contraceptive Use, 25 World Dev. 563 (1997).
283. Valerie M. Hudson & Andrea M, Den Boer, Bare Branches: The Security Implications of Asia's Surplus Male Population 58-66 (2004)
284. Chu Junhong, Prenatal Sex Determination and Sex-Selective Abortion in Rural Central China, 27 Population & Dev. Rev. 259, 259 (2001)
285. Valerie M. Hudson & Den Boer, Bare Branches at 112-13.
286. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom at 197
287. Naila Kabeer, Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals 129 (6.1) (2003), available at www.idrc.ca/openebooks/067-5/.
288. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom at 192-93
289. Bina Agarwal, A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia 53-81 (1994).
290. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom at 192-93
291. Bina Agarwal, A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia 73-75.
292. Martha Nussbaum,Charles Taylor: Explanation and Practical Reason in The Quality of Life 232-41(Martha Nussbaum & Amartya Sen, eds., 1993)
293. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom at 65, 90-92
294. James C. Scott, Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (1985)
295. Alaka Malwade Basu, Culture, the Status of Women, and Demographic Behaviour: Illustrated with the Case of India 160-81 (1992)
296. Albert O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms,Organizations, and States (1970)
297. Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom at 189-203
298. Isobel Coleman, The Payoff from Women's Rights, Foreign Aff., May-June 2004, at 83
299. Isobel Coleman, The Payoff from Women's Rights, Foreign Aff., May-June 2004 80
300. Bina Agarwal, A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia 421-66
301. Naila Kabeer, Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Development Goals at 152.
302. Robert Shiller, The New Financial Order 1-68 (2003).
303. Robert Shiller, The New Financial Order 107-13.
304. Robert Shiller, The New Financial Order 110-20.
305. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom 103 (1962)
306. Ronald Dworkin, Is Democracy Possible Here? Principles for a New Political Debate 102-26 (2006).
307. Emma Rothschild, Economic Sentiments
308. Adam Smith, Condorcet, and the Enlightenment 116-56 (2001).
309. Robert C. Ellickson, Property in Land, 102 Yale L. J.1322-35 (1993)
310. Robert C. Ellickson, Property in Land, 102 Yale L. J 1315
311. United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=1 (last visited July 30, 2009).
312. Jedediah Purdy, People as Resources: Recruitment and Reciprocity in the Freedom-Promoting Approach to Property, 56 Duke L. J, 1085-89 (2007)
313. Jedediah Purdy, People as Resources: Recruitment and Reciprocity in the Freedom-Promoting Approach to Property, 56 Duke L. J 1047
314. William Chameides & Michael Oppenheimer, Carbon Trading over Taxes, 315 Science 1670 (March 23, 2007).
315. Richard A. Posner, Catastrophe: Risk and Response 155-65 (2004).
316. Jonathan B. Wiener, Think Globally, Act Globally: The Limits of Local Climate Policies, 155 U. Penn. L. Rev. 1966-73 (2007).
317. Cass R. Sunstein, Worst-Case Scenarios 71-117 (2007).
318. Jonathan B. Wiener, Designing Global Climate Regulation, in Climate Change Policy: A Survey 151, 160 (Stephen Schneider, Armin Rosencranz, & John O. Niles,eds., 2002).
319. Peter Singer, One World: The Ethics of Globalization 14-51 (2002);
320. Stephen M. Gardiner, Ethics and Global Climate Change, 114 Ethics 555 (2004).
321. Frank Luntz, The Environment: A Cleaner, Safer, Healthier America 137
322. Cass R. Sunstein, Worst-Case Scenarios 101-4
323. Cass R. Sunstein, The World vs. the United States and China? The Complex Climate Change Incentives of the Leading Greenhouse Gas Emitters, 55 U. C. L. A. L. Rev. 1675, 1696-98 (2008).
324. Anatol Lieven, The End of the West as We Know It? International Herald Tribune (Dec. 28, 2006)
325. Albert Gore, Nobel Prize Lecture (Stockholm, Dec. 10, 2007)
326. Cass R. Sunstein, Worst-Case Scenarios 109-11.
327. Daniel Farber, From Here to Eternity: Environmental Law and Future Generations, 2003 Ill. L. Rev. 289
328. Frank Ackerman & Lisa Heinzerling, Pricing the Priceless, 150 U. Penn. L. Rev. 1553 (2002).
329. Cass R. Sunstein, Worst-Case Scenarios 54-60.
330. Cass R. Sunstein, Worst-Case Scenarios 43.
331. Cass R. Sunstein, Worst-Case Scenarios 54-63.
332. Cass R. Sunstein, Worst-Case Scenarios 59-60.
333. Paul Slovic, "If I Look at the Mass, I Will Never Act": Psychic Numbing and Genocide (unpublished paper, on file with author) (2006).
334. http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin#_note-statistics (last visited February 7, 2008).
335. Cass R. Sunstein, Worst-Case Scenarios 65
336. Little Consensus on Global Warming (report of Pew Center on People and the Press, July 12, 2006), available at http://people-press.org/reports/display.php3?ReportID=280 (last visited February 7, 2008). In January 2008
337. U.S. respondents claiming global warming would be "extremely," "very," or "moderately" important in their choice of candidates. Poll summary available at http://www.pollingreport.com/prioriti.htm (last visited February 7, 2008).
338. NBC News-Wall Street Journal poll in the same period chose "environment/global warming" as the most important of a list of issues. Poll summaries available at http://www.pollingreport.com/prioriti.htm (last visited February 7, 2008).
339. Dan. M. Kahan, The Logic of Reciprocity: Trust, Collective Action, and the Law, 102 Mich. L. Rev. 71, 102 (2003)
340. Lawrence Lessig Summers quotes, BrainyQuote, http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/l/lawrence_summers.html (last visited February 13, 2008).
341. David Brion Davis, Explanations of British Abolitionism, in Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World 231-49 (2006).
342. David Barron & Martin S. Lederman, The Commander in Chief Power at the Lowest Ebb-A Constitutional History, 121 Harv. L. Rev. 941, 944-55 (2008)
343. Ted Nordhaus & Michael Shellenberger, Break Through: From the Death of Environmentalism to the Politics of Possibility 22-24 (2007).
344. John Muir, My First Summer in the Sierra (1911)
345. Rachel Carson, Silent Spring (1962).
346. Roderick Nash, Wilderness and the American Mind 122-140 (2001)
347. M. Jimmie Killingsworth & Jacqueline S. Palmer, Millennial Ecology: The Apocalyptic Narrative from Silent Spring to Global Warming, in Green Culture: Environmental Rhetoric in Contemporary America 21-45 (Carl G. Herndl & Stuart C. Brown, eds., 1996).
348. Jedediah Purdy, The Promise (and Limits) of Neuroeconomics, 58 Ala. L. Rev. 21-40 (2006).
349. Joseph W. Singer, One World at 150-60.
350. Jonathan Glover,Humanity: A Moral History of the Twentieth Century 26-30 (2001).
351. David Brion Davis, Explanations of British Abolitionism at 245-47.
352. Jedediah Purdy, Promise (and Limits) at 10-13.
353. David Brion Davis, Explanations of British Abolitionism at 246-49.
354. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War 1-37 (1970)
355. Gordon S. Wood, The Radicalism of the American Revolution 205-6 (1992)
356. Dan. M. Kahan, Logic of Reciprocity at 75-85.
357. Dan. M. Kahan, Logic of Reciprocity at 73-74.
358. Dan. M. Kahan, Logic of Reciprocity at 75-99.
359. U.S. Conference of Mayors, MayorsClimate Protection Center, http://www.usmayors.org/climateprotection/ClimateChange.asp (last visited February 13, 2008).
360. Joseph W. Singer, One World 27-34
361. Lavanya Rajamani, Differential Treatment in International Environmental Law 216- 36 (2006).
362. Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom (2007).
363. Lawrence Lessig, Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity (2004)
364. James Boyle, The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind (2009).
365. Robert S. Boynton, The Tyranny of Copyright? N.Y. Times Mag. 40 (Jan. 25, 2004).
366. James Boyle, The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain, 66 L. & Contemp. Probs. 33, 58 [2003]).
367. Jack M. Balkin, Digital Speech and Democratic Culture: A Theory of Freedom of Expression for the Digital Age, 79 N. Y. U. L. Rev. 1, 3 (2004)
368. Anupam Chander, The Romance of the Public Domain, 92 Cal. L. Rev. 1331, 1334-35 (2004)
369. Abraham Lincoln, Address at Cooper Institute, New York City, in Abraham Lincoln: Speeches and Writings, 1859-1865 111 (Don E. Fehrenbacher, ed., 1989).
370. Jim Rutenberg, The Ad Campaign: Kerry Invokes Bush's Carrier Landing to Emphasize Points, N.Y. Times A18 (Nov. 11, 2003).
371. Frank Rich, How Kerry Became a Girlie-Man, N.Y. Times sec 2 at 1 (Sept. 5, 2004).
372. Patrick E. Tyler, The 2004 Campaign: Global Reaction; As the World Watched the Debate, Some Saw a New Race, N.Y. Times sec 1 at 34 (Oct. 3, 2004).
373. Bush Blair Endless Love, www.youtube.com/watch?v=nupdcGwIG-g (last visited July 30, 2009).
374. Bush v. Bush, http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/mon-april-28-2003/bush-v-bush (last visited August 11, 2009).
375. David Armitage, The Declaration of Independence: A Global History 103-38 (2007).
376. The text of the Declaration of Sentiments is available at Modern History Sourcebook, http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/senecafalls.html (last visited Nov. 17, 2008).
377. Jedediah Purdy, A Tolerable Anarchy: Rebels, Reactionaries, and the Making of American Freedom 25-32 (2009).
378. Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Thomas Burger and Frederick Lawrence, trans., 1989)
379. Guttmann and Dennis Thompson, Democracy and Disagreement (1996)
380. James Boyle, Second Enclosure Movement at 58.
381. Lawrence Lessig Free Culture at 8, 192-93.
382. Yochai Benkler, Sharing Nicely: On Shareable Goods and the Emergence of Sharing as a Modality of Economic Production, 114 Yale L. J. 273 (2004)
383. Yochai Benkler, Freedom in the Commons: Towards a Political Economy of Information, 52 Duke L. J 1247-48
384. Yochai Benkler, Sharing Nicely at 275-81
385. Yochai Benkler, Freedom in the Commons: Towards a Political Economy of Information, 52 Duke L. J 1256-60
386. Yochai Benkler, Freedom in the Commons: Towards a Political Economy of Information, 52 Duke L. J 1252-54
387. Yochai Benkler, Sharing Nicely at 349-51
388. Ian Shapiro, Resources, Capacities, and Ownership: The Workmanship Ideal and Distributive Justice, in Early Modern Conceptions of Property 21-42 (John Brewer & Susan Staves, eds., 1995)
389. Yochai Benkler, Freedom in the Commons: Towards a Political Economy of Information, 52 Duke L. J. 91
390. Adam Smith, Lectures on Jurisprudence 181 (R. L. Meek et al., eds., 1978) (1762-63)
391. Robert L. Hale, Freedom Through Law: Public Control of Private Governing Power 17-18 (1952)
392. Jedediah Purdy, Being America: Liberty, Commerce, and Violence in an American World 221-40 (2003)
393. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (1991)
394. David Bromwich, A Choice of Inheritance: Self and Community from Edmund Burke to Robert Frost (1989)
395. Alasdair Macintyre, After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (1984)