Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes

Evidence-Based Child Health

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 303-397

  Mcdonald, Susan J ^a   Middleton, Philippa ^b   Dowswell, Therese ^c   Morris, Peter S ^d  

^a MERCY HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE   (Australia)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^d MENZIES SCHOOL OF HEALTH RESEARCH   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HEMOGLOBIN; OXYTOCIN; UTEROTONIC AGENT;

APGAR SCORE; ARTICLE; BIRTH WEIGHT; BLEEDING; BLOOD TRANSFUSION; BREAST FEEDING; EARLY INTERVENTION; HEMATOCRIT; HUMAN; IRON DEFICIENCY; LABOR STAGE 3; MANUAL PLACENTAL DELIVERY; MATERNAL OUTCOME; NEONATAL OUTCOME; NEONATAL RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME; NEWBORN DEATH; NEWBORN INFECTION; NEWBORN INTENSIVE CARE; NEWBORN JAUNDICE; PARAMETERS CONCERNING THE FETUS, NEWBORN AND PREGNANCY; PHOTOTHERAPY; POLYCYTHEMIA; POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; THERAPY DELAY; UMBILICAL CORD CLAMP;

EID: 84902463233     PISSN: 20404050     EISSN: 15576272     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ebch.1971     Document Type: Article

References (238)

1. References to studies included in this review
2. Al-Tawil 2012 {published data only}
3. Al-Tawil MM, Abdel-Aal MR, Kaddah MA. A randomized controlled trial on delayed cord clamping and iron status at 3-5 months in term neonates held at the level of maternal pelvis. Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine 2012;5(4):319-26.
4. Andersson 2011 {published and unpublished data}
5. Andersson O, Domellöf M, Andersson D, Hellström-Westas L. Effect of delayed cord clamping on neurodevelopment and infection at four months of age: a randomised trial. Acta Paediatrica 2013;102:525-31.
6. Andersson O, Hellstrom-Westas D, Claussen J, Domellof M. Effects of early vs. delayed umbilical cord clamping on cord blood sampling and maternal postpartum hemorrhage a randomized trial. Pediatric Academic Societies and Asian Society for Pediatric Research Joint Meeting; 2011 April 30-May 3; Denver, Colorado, USA. 2011:3535.1.
7. Andersson O, Hellstrom-Westas L, Andersson D, Domellof M. Early versus late cord clamping: neonatal outcomes and iron status at 4 months in Swedish infants. Pediatric Academic Societies' 2010 Annual Meeting; 2010 May 1-4; Vancouver, Canada. 2010.
8. Andersson O, Hellstrom-Westas L, Andersson D, Domellof M. Effect of delayed versus early umbilical cord clamping on neonatal outcomes and iron status at 4 months: a randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2011;343:d7157.
9. Andersson O, Hellström-Westas L, Andersson D, Clausen J, Domellöf M. Effects of delayed compared with early umbilical cord clamping on maternal postpartum haemorrhage and cord blood gas sampling: a randomized trial. Acta Obstetrica et Gynelogica Scandinavica 2013;92(5):567-74.
10. Cernadas 2006 {published data only}
11. Ceriani Cernadas JM, Carroli G, Otano L, Pellegrini L, Mariani GL, Ferreira M, et al.Effect of timing of cord clamping on postnatal hematocrit values and clinical outcome in term infants. A randomized controlled trial [abstract]. Pediatric Research 2004;55 Suppl:67.
12. Ceriani Cernadas JM, Carroli G, Pellegrini L, Ferreira M, Ricci C, Casas O, et al.The effect of early and delayed umbilical cord clamping on ferritin levels in term infants at six months of life: a randomized, controlled trial. Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria 2010;108(3):201-8.
13. Ceriani Cernadas JM, Carroli G, Pellegrini L, Otano L, Ferreira M, Ricci C, et al.The effect of timing of cord clamping on neonatal venous hematocrit values and clinical outcome at term: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2006;117:779-86.
14. Ceriani J, Ricci C, Ferreira M. Effect of timing of cord clamping on postnatal hematocrit values and clinical outcome in term infants. A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatric Research 2005;57(6):922.
15. Chaparro 2006 {published data only}
16. Chaparro CM, Fornes R, Neufeld LM, Alavez GT, Cedillo RE, Dewey KG. Early umbilical cord clamping contributes to elevated blood lead levels among infants with higher lead exposure. Journal of Pediatrics 2007;151:506-12.
17. Chaparro CM, Neufeld LM, Alavez GT, Cedillo RE-L, Dewey KG. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping on iron status in Mexican infants: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367:1997-2004.
18. Emhamed 2004 {published data only}
19. Emhamed MO, van Rheenen P, Brabin BJ. The early effects of delayed cord clamping in term infants born to Libyan mothers. Tropical Doctor 2004;34:218-22.
20. Geethanath 1997 {published data only}
21. Geethanath RM, Ramji S, Thirupuram S, Rao YN. Effect of timing of cord clamping on the iron status of infants at 3 months. Indian Pediatrics 1997;34(2):103-6.
22. Gupta 2002 {published data only}
23. Gupta R, Ramji S. Effect of delayed cord clamping on iron stores in infants born to anemic mothers: a randomized controlled trial. Indian Pediatrics 2002;39(2):130-5.
24. Jahazi 2008 {published data only}
25. Jahazi A, Kordi M, Mirbehbahani NB, Mazloom SR. The effect of early and late umbilical cord clamping on neonatal hematocrit. Journal of Perinatology 2008;28(8):523-5.
26. McDonald 1996 {published and unpublished data}
27. McDonald S. Timing of interventions in the third stage of labour. International Confederation of Midwives 24th Triennial Congress; 1996 May 26-31; Oslo, Norway. 1996:143.
28. McDonald S. Timing of interventions in the third stage of labour. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Congress of the Australian Perinatal Society in conjunction with the New Zealand Perinatal Society; 1996 March 24-27; Adelaide, Australia. 1996:A23.
29. McDonald SJ. Management in the third stage of labour [dissertation]. Perth: University of Western Australia, 1996.
30. Nelson 1980 {published data only}
31. Nelson NM, Enkin MW, Saigal S, Bennett KJ, Milner R, Sackett DL. A randomized clinical trial of the Leboyer approach to childbirth. New England Journal of Medicine 1980;302(12):655-60.
32. Saigal S, Nelson NM, Bennett KJ, Enkin MW. Observations on the behavioral state of newborn infants during the first hour of life. A comparison of infants delivered by the Leboyer and conventional methods. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1981;139(6):715-9.
33. Oxford Midwives 1991 {published data only}
34. Oxford Midwives Research Group. A study of the relationship between the delivery to cord clamping interval and the time of cord separation. Midwifery 1991;7:167-76.
35. Philip 1973 {published data only}
36. Philip AGS. Further observations on placental transfusion. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1973;42(3):334-43.
37. Saigal 1972 {published data only}
38. Saigal S, O'Neill A, Surainder Y, Chua LB, Usher R. Placental transfusion and hyperbilirubinemia in the premature. Pediatrics 1972;49:406-19.
39. Saigal S, Usher RH. Symptomatic neonatal plethora. Biology of the Neonate 1977;32:62-72.
40. Spears 1966 {published data only}
41. Spears RL, Anderson GV, Brotman S, Farrier J, Kwan J, Masto A, et al.The effect of early vs late cord clamping on signs of respiratory distress. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1966;95:564-8.
42. van Rheenen 2007 {published data only}
43. van Rheenen P, de Moor L, Eschbach S, de Grooth H, Brabin B. Delayed cord clamping and haemoglobin levels in infancy: a randomised controlled trial in term babies. Tropical Medicine and International Health 2007;12(5):603-15.
44. References to studies excluded from this review
45. Abdel Aziz 1999 {published data only}
46. Abdel Aziz SF, Shaheen MY, Hussein S, Suliman MS. Early cord clamping and its effect on some haematological determinants of blood viscosity in neonates. www.obgyn.net/pb/articles/cordclamping_aziz_0699.htm (accessed May 2007).
47. Begley 1990 {published data only}
48. Begley CM. A comparison of 'active' and 'physiological' management of the third stage of labour. Midwifery 1990;6(1):3-17.
49. Botha 1968 {published data only}
50. Botha MC. The management of the umbilical cord in labour. South African Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1968;6:30-3.
51. Buckels 1965 {published data only}
52. Buckels LJ, Usher R. Cardiopulmonary effects of placental transfusion. Journal of Pediatrics 1965;67:239-46.
53. Colozzi 1954 {published data only}
54. Colozzi AE. Clamping of the umbilical cord; its effect on the placental transfusion. New England Journal of Medicine 1954;250(15):629-32.
55. Daily 1970 {published data only}
56. Daily W, Olsson T, Victorin L. Transthoracic impedance: V. Effects of early and late clamping of the umbilical cord with special reference to the ratio air-to-blood during respiration. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica 1970;207(Suppl):57-72.
57. De Paco 2011 {published data only}
58. De Paco C, Florido J, Garrido MC, Prados S, Navarrete L. Umbilical cord blood acid-base and gas analysis after early versus delayed cord clamping in neonates at term. Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics 2011;283(5):1011-4.
59. Duckman 1953 {published data only}
60. Duckman S, Merk H, Lehmann WX, Regan E. The importance of gravity in delayed ligation of the umbilical cord. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1953;66(6):1214-33.
61. Dunn 1966 {published data only}
62. Dunn PM, Fraser ID, Raper AB. Influence of early cord ligation on the transplacental passage of foetal cells. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1966;73:757-60.
63. Emmanouilides 1971 {published data only}
64. Emmanouilides GC, Moss AJ. Respiratory distress in the newborn: effect of cord clamping before and after onset of respiration. Biology of the Neonate 1971;18(5):363-8.
65. Erickson-Owens 2012 {published data only}
66. Erickson-Owens DA. Milking the umbilical cord at term cesarean section: effect on hemoglobin levels in the first 48 hours of life. Pediatric Academic Societies' 2010 Annual Meeting; 2010 May 1-4; Vancouver, Canada. 2010.
67. Erickson-Owens DA, Mercer JS, Oh W. Umbilical cord milking in term infants delivered by cesarean section: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Perinatology 2012;32(8):580-4.
68. Erkkola 1984 {published data only}
69. Erkkola R, Kero P, Kanto J, Korvenranta H, Nanto V, Peltonen T. Delayed cord clamping in cesarean section with general anesthesia. American Journal of Perinatology 1984;1(2):165-9.
70. Grajeda 1997 {published data only}
71. Grajeda R, Perez-Escamilla R, Dewey K. Delayed clamping of the umbilical cord improves hematologic status of Guatemalan infants at 2 mo of age. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997;65:425-31.
72. Greenberg 1967 {published data only}
73. Greenberg M, Vuorenkoski V, Partanen TJ, Lind J. Behavior and cry patterns in the first two hours of life in early and late clamped newborn. Annales Paediatriae Fenniae 1967;13(2):64-70.
74. Johansen 1971 {published data only}
75. Johansen JK, Schacke E, Sturup AG. Feto-maternal transfusion and free bleeding from the umbilical cord. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 1971;50:193-5.
76. Kemp 1971 {published data only}
77. Kemp J. A review of cord traction in the third stage of labour from 1963 to 1969. Medical Journal of Australia 1971;1(17):899-903.
78. Khan 1997 {published data only}
79. Khan GQ, John IS, Wani S, Doherty T, Sibai BM. Controlled cord traction versus minimal intervention techniques in delivery of the placenta: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;177(4):770-4.
80. Kliot 1984 {published data only}
81. Kliot D, Silverstein L. Changing maternal and newborn care. A study of the Leboyer approach to childbirth management. New York State Journal of Medicine 1984;84:169-74.
82. Lanzkowsky 1960 {published data only}
83. Lanzkowsky P. Effects of early and late clamping of umbilical cord on infant's haemoglobin level. BMJ 1960;2:1777-82.
84. Linderkamp 1992 {published data only}
85. Linderkamp O, Nelle M, Kraus M, Zilow EP. The effect of early and late cord-clamping on blood viscosity and other hemorheological parameters in full-term neonates. Acta Paediatrica 1992;81(10):745-50.
86. Nelle M, Zilow EP, Kraus M, Bastert G, Linderkamp O. The effect of Leboyer delivery on blood viscosity and other hemorheologic parameters in term neonates. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1993;169:189-93.
87. Navaneethakrishnan 2010 {published data only}
88. Navaneethakrishnan R, Anderson A, Holding S, Atkinson C, Lindow SW. A randomised controlled trial of placental cord drainage to reduce feto-maternal transfusion. European Journal Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2010;149(1):27-30.
89. Navaneethakrishnan R, Anderson A, Holding S, Atkinson C, Lindow SW. A randomised controlled trial of placental drainage to reduce feto-maternal transfusion [abstract]. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2007;27(Suppl 1):S67.
90. Nelle 1996 {published data only}
91. Nelle M, Kraus M, Bastert G, Linderkamp O. Effects of Leboyer childbirth on left- and right systolic time intervals in healthy term neonates. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 1996;24(5):513-20.
92. Nelle M, Zilow EP, Bastert G, Linderkamp O. Effect of Leboyer childbirth on cardiac output, cerebral and gastrointestinal blood flow velocities in full-term neonates. American Journal of Perinatology 1995;12:212-6.
93. Newton 1961 {published data only}
94. Newton M, Moody AR. Fetal and maternal blood in the human placenta. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1961;18:305-8.
95. Newton M, Mosey LM, Egli GE, Gifford WB, Hull CT. Blood loss during and immediately after delivery. Obstetrics & Gynecology 1961;17:9-18.
96. Prendiville 1988 {published data only}
97. Prendiville WJ, Harding JE, Elbourne DR, Stirrat GM. The Bristol third stage trial: active versus physiological management of third stage of labour. BMJ 1988;297:1295-300.
98. Rogers 1998 {published data only}
99. Rogers J, Wood J, McCandlish R, Ayers S, Truesdale A, Elbourne D. Active versus expectant management of third stage of labour: the Hinchingbrooke randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1998;351(9104):693-9.
100. Wood J, Rogers J, Elbourne D, McCandish R, Truesdale A. The Hinchingbrooke third stage trial. International Conferderation of Midwives 24th Triennial Congress, Oslo. 26-31 May 1996.
101. Schindler 1981 {published data only}
102. Schindler AE, Schach R. [Clamped umbilical cord. Effect on the puerperium and the newborn's hematocrit]. Fortschritte der Medizin 1981;99(44):1849-51.
103. Siddall 1953 {published data only}
104. Siddall RS, Richardson RP. Milking or stripping the umbilical cord; effect on vaginally delivered babies. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1953;1(2):230-3.
105. Sorrells-Jones 1982 {published data only}
106. Sorrell-Jones J. A comparison of the effects of the Leboyer delivery and modern 'routine' childbirth. Personal communication with the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group 1982.
107. Taylor 1963 {published data only}
108. Taylor PM, Bright NH, Birchard EL. Effect of early vs delayed clamping of the umbilical cord on the clinical condition of the newborn infant. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1963;86:893-8.
109. Terry 1970 {published data only}
110. Terry MF. A management of the third stage to reduce feto-maternal transfusion. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth 1970;77(2):129-32.
111. Thilaganathan 1993 {published data only}
112. Thilaganathan B, Cutner A, Latimer J, Beard R. Management of the third stage of labour in women at low risk of postpartum haemorrhage. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1993;48(1):19-22.
113. Walsh 1968 {published data only}
114. Walsh SZ. Maternal effects of early and late clamping of the umbilical cord. Lancet 1968;1(7550):996-7.
115. Walsh 1969 {published data only}
116. Walsh SZ. Early clamping versus stripping of cord: comparative study of electrocardiogram in neonatal period. British Heart Journal 1969;31(1):122-6.
117. Whipple 1957 {published data only}
118. Whipple GA, Thomas MD, Sisson RC, Lund CJ. Delayed ligation of the umbilical cord: its influence on the blood volume of the newborn. Obstetrics and Gynecology 1957;10(6):603-10.
119. Wu 1960 {published data only}
120. Wu PC, Ku TS. Early clamping of the umbilical cord: a study of its effect on the infant. Chinese Medical Journal 1960;80:351-5.
121. Yao 1971 {published data only}
122. Yao AC, Lind J, Vuorenkoski V. Expiratory grunting in the late clamped normal neonate. Pediatrics 1971;48(6):865-70.
123. Yao 1977 {published data only}
124. Yao AC, Lind J. Effect of early and late cord clamping on the systolic time intervals of the newborn infant. Acta Paediatricia Scandinavica 1977;66(4):489-93.
125. References to studies awaiting assessment
126. Jaleel 2009 {published data only}
127. Jaleel R, Deeba F, Khan A. Timing of umbilical cord clamping and neonatal haematological status. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association 2009;59(7):468-70.
128. Li 2012 {published data only}
129. Li N, Yang LC, Wu Q, Han CC, Wang L, Rong L, et al.[The effects of iron stores and growth of delayed umbilical cord clamp timing on term breastfed infants at 4 months]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2012;46(4):303-6.
130. Nardozza 2012 {published data only}
131. Nardozza LMM, Mazzola JB, Lopes CD, Meleti D, Hatanaka AR, Araujo Jnr E, et al.Evaluation of fetal red blood cells for passage of the maternal circulation during afterbirth by Kleihauer Betke test. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2012;39 Suppl:Abstract no. 187.
132. Ping 2010 {published data only}
133. Ping HS. Effect of umbilical cord clamping time on newborns. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01029496 (accessed 12 June 2010).
134. References to ongoing studies
135. Beal 2006 {unpublished data only}
136. Beal JM. Timing of cord clamping and neonatal hemoglobin. http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT00371228 (accessed 13 February 2008).
137. Hanson 2012 {published data only}
138. Hanson M, Morris P, Kilburn C, Lennox R, Szabo F, Bull A, et al.Effect of delayed cord clamping on the haemoglobin levels of term newborn aboriginal infants from remote aboriginal communities: A pilot randomised controlled trial. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2012;48(Suppl 1):140.
139. Additional references
140. AAP 2004
141. American Academy of Pediatrics Subcommittee on Hyperbilirubinemia. Management of hyperbilirubinemia in the newborn infant 35 or more weeks of gestation. Pediatrics 2004;114(1):297-316.
142. Baker 2010
143. Baker RD, Greer FR. Diagnosis and prevention of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia in infants and young children (0-3 years of age). Paediatrics 2010;126(5):1040-50.
144. Baskett 1992
145. Baskett TF. Management of the third stage of labour: a survey of practice among Canadian obstetricians. Journal of the Society of Obstetricians & Gynaecologists of Canada 1992;14:61-4.
146. Begley 2011
147. Begley CM, Gyte GML, Devane D, McGuire W, Weeks A. Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 11. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007412.pub3]
148. Beischer 1986
149. Beischer NA, Mackay EV. Obstetrics and the Newborn. Eastbourne: Bailliere Tindall, 1986.
150. Bonnar 2000
151. Bonnar J. Massive obstetric haemorrhage. Baillière's Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2000;14(1):1-18.
152. Brucker 2001
153. Brucker MC. Management of the third stage of labor: an evidence-based approach. Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 2001;46(6):381-92.
154. Burchell 1980
155. Burchell RC. Postpartum haemorrhage. In: Quilligan ES editor(s). Current Therapy in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1980.
156. Cotter 2001
157. Cotter A, Ness A, Tolosa J. Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001808]
158. Gülmezoglu 2007
159. Gülmezoglu AM, Forna F, Villar J, Hofmeyr GJ. Prostaglandins for prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000494.pub3]
160. Harbord 2006
161. Harbord RM, Egger M, Sterne JA. A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints. Statistics in Medicine 2006;25(20):3443-57.
162. Higgins 2011
163. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
164. Hutton 2007
165. Hutton EK, Hassan ES. Late vs early clamping of the umbilical cord in full-term neonates. JAMA 2007;297(11):1241-52.
166. ICM/FIGO 2006
167. Prevention and Treatment of Post-partum Haemorrhage; New Advances for Low Resource Settings: Joint Statement. International Confederation of Midwives (ICM); International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) 2006, issue www.pphprevention.org/files/FIGO-ICM_Statement_November2006_Final.pdf.
168. Inch 1985
169. Inch S. Management of the third stage of labour: another cascade of intervention?. Midwifery 1985;1:114-22.
170. Kwast 1991
171. Kwast BE. Postpartum haemorrhage: its contribution to maternal mortality. Midwifery 1991;7:64-70.
172. Lapido 1972
173. Ladipo OA. Management of third stage of labour, with particular reference to reduction of feto-maternal transfusion. British Medical Journal 1972;1(5802):721-3.
174. Loke 2008
175. Loke YL, Price D, Herxheimer A on behalf of the Cochrane Adverse Effects Methods Groups. Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
176. McDonald 2003
177. McDonald S. Physiology and management of the third stage of labour. In: Fraser D, Cooper M editor(s). Myles Textbook for Midwives. 14th Edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2003.
178. McDonald 2007
179. McDonald S. Management of the third stage of labor. Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 2007;52:254-61.
180. Mercer 2001
181. Mercer JS. Current best evidence: a review of the literature on umbilical cord clamping. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 2001;46(6):402-14.
182. Mercer 2006
183. Mercer JS. Current best evidence: a review of the literature on umbilical cord clamping. In: Wickham S editor(s). Midwifery: Best Practice. Vol. 4, Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2006:114-29.
184. Moerschel 2008
185. Moerschel SK, Cianciaruso LB, Tracy LR. A practical approach to neonatal jaundice. American Family Physician 2008;77(9):1255.
186. Palethorpe 2010
187. Palethorpe RJ, Farrar D, Duley L. Alternative positions for the baby at birth before clamping the umbilical cord. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 10. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007555.pub2]
188. Patterson 1994
189. Patterson A, Davis J, Gregory M, Holt S, Pachulski A, Stamford D, et al.A study of the effects of low haemoglobin on postnatal women. Midwifery 1994;10:77-86.
190. Prendiville 1989
191. Prendiville W, Elbourne D. Care during the third stage of labour. In: Chalmers I, Enkin M, Keirse MJNC editor(s). Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989:1145-69.
192. Prendiville 2000
193. Prendiville WJ, Elbourne D, McDonald S. Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000007]
194. Rabe 2012
195. Rabe H, Diaz-Rossello J, Duley L, Dowswell T. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping and other strategies to influence placental transfusion at preterm birth on maternal and infant outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 8. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003248.pub3]
196. RevMan 2011
197. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
198. Smith 2006
199. Smith J, Brennan BG. Management of the third stage of labor. EMedicine from WebMD (last updated 27 June 2006) (accessed 28 January 2007).
200. Stolzfus 2011
201. Stolzfus RJ. Iron interventions for women and children in low-income countries. Journal of Nutrition 2011;141(4):756S-762S.
202. UN 2010
203. United Nations. Millennium Development Goals Report. New York: United Nations, 2010.
204. UNICEF 2002
205. UNICEF . Maternal mortality. http://www.childiinfo.org/eddb/mat_mortal/index.htm (accessed 24 October 2002).
206. van Rheenen 2004
207. van Rheenen P, Brabin BJ. Late umbilical cord clamping as an intervention for reducing iron deficiency in term infants in developing and industrialised countries: a systematic review. Annals of Tropical Medicine 2004;24(1):3-16.
208. van Rheenen 2006
209. van Rheenen P, Brabin BJ. A practical approach to timing cord clamping in resource poor settings. BMJ 2006;333:954-8.
210. WHO 1990
211. World Health Organization. The prevention and management of postpartum haemorrhage. WHO report of technical working group. Report No. WHO/MCH/90.7. Geneva: WHO, 1990.
212. WHO 1996
213. World Health Organization. Care in Normal Birth. Geneva: WHO, 1996.
214. WHO 1998a
215. World Health Organization. Postpartum Care of the Mother and Newborn: a Practical Guide. Geneva: WHO, 1998.
216. WHO 1998b
217. World Health Organization. Care of the Umbilical Cord: a Review of the Evidence. Geneva: WHO, 1998.
218. WHO 2000
219. World Health Organization. Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: a Guide for Midwives and Doctors. Geneva: WHO, 2000.
220. WHO 2002
221. World Health Organization. Making pregnancy safer (MPR). http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/mps/index.htm (accessed 24 October 2002).
222. WHO 2007
223. World Health Organization, Department of Making Pregnancy Safer. WHO recommendations for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. Geneva: WHO, 2007.
224. WHO 2012
225. WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, World Bank. Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2010. Geneva: WHO, 2012.
226. WHO 2012b
227. World Health Organization. WHO Recommendations for the Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Haemorrhage. Geneva: WHO, 2012.
228. Winter 2007
229. Winter C, Macfarlane A, Deneux-Tharaux C, Zhang W-H, Alexander S, Brocklehurst P, et al.Variations in policies for management of the third stage of labour and the immediate management of postpartum haemorrhage in Europe. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2007;114:845-54.
230. Yao 1974
231. Yao AC, Lind J. Placental transfusion. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1974;127:128-41.
232. References to other published versions of this review
233. McDonald 2003a
234. McDonald SJ, Abbott JM. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004074]
235. McDonald 2008
236. McDonald SJ, Middleton P. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub2]
237. Wood 1996
238. Wood J, Rogers J, Elbourne D, McCandlish R, Truesdale A. The Hinchingbrooke third stage trial. International Confederation of Midwives 24th Triennial Congress; 1996 May 26-31; Oslo, Norway. 1996:140.