Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2011, Issue 11, 2011, Pages 1-146

  Begley, Cecily M ^a   Gyte, Gillian ML ^b   Devane, Declan ^c   McGuire, William ^d   Weeks, Andrew ^b  

^a TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN   (Ireland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^c NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

^d UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

UTEROTONIC AGENT;

ANEMIA; ARTICLE; BIRTH WEIGHT; BLEEDING; BLOOD PRESSURE MONITORING; COMPARATIVE STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LABOR STAGE 3; MATERNAL CARE; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATIENT CARE; PLACENTAL DELIVERY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RISK MANAGEMENT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VOMITING;

EID: 85009468591     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007412.pub3     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Begley CM. Comparative studies in the third stage of labour [thesis]. Dublin: Trinity College, University of Dublin, Ireland, 1989.
2. Begley CM. A comparison of 'active' and 'physiological' management of the third stage of labour. Midwifery 1990; 6:3-17.
3. Begley CM. A comparison of physiological and pharmacological methods of managing the third stage of labour. Personal communication 1987.
4. Begley CM. The effect of ergometrine on breast feeding. Midwifery 1990;6:60-72.
5. Jangsten E, Mattsson LA, Lyckestam I, Hellstrom AL, Berg M. A comparison of active management and expectant management of the third stage of labour: a Swedish randomised controlled trial. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2011 2011;118(3):362-369.
6. Jerbi M, Hidar S, Elmoueddeb, Chaieb A, Khairi H. Oxytocin in the third stage of labor. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2007;96(3):198-9.
7. Khan GQ, John IS, Wani S, Doherty T, Sibai BM. Controlled cord traction versus minimal intervention techniques in delivery of the placenta: a randomised controlled trial. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1997;177(4):770-4.
8. Elbourne DR, Harding J. The Bristol Third Stage Trial. Proceedings of Research and the Midwives Conference; 1989; Manchester, UK. 1989:19-31.
9. Harding JE, Elbourne DR, Prendiville WJ. Views of mothers and midwives participating in the Bristol randomized, controlled trial of active management of the third stage of labor. Birth 1989;16:1-6.
10. Prendiville WJ, Harding JE, Elbourne DR, Stirrat GM. The Bristol third stage trial: active versus physiological management of third stage of labour. BMJ 1988;297: 1295-300.
11. Rogers J, Wood J, McCandlish R, Ayers S, Truesdale A, Elbourne D. Active versus expectant management of third stage of labour: the Hinchingbrooke randomised controlled trial [see comments]. Lancet 1998;351(9104):693-9.
12. Wood J, Rogers J, Elbourne D, McCandlish R, Truesdale A. The Hinchingbrooke third stage trial. International Confederation of Midwives 24th Triennial Congress; 1996 May 26-31; Oslo, Norway. 1996:140.
13. Thilaganathan B, Cutner A, Latimer J, Beard R. Management of the third stage of labour in women at low risk of postpartum haemorrhage. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1993;48: 19-22.
14. Abdel-Aleem H, Singata M, Abdel-Aleem M, Mshweshwe N, Williams X, Hofmeyr GJ. Uterine massage to reduce postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2010;111(1):32-6.
15. Hoffman M, Castagnola D, Naqvi F. A randomized trial of active versus expectant management of the third stage of labor [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2006;195(6 Suppl 1):S107.
16. Hoffman M, Naqvi F, Sciscione A. A randomized trial of active versus expectant management of the third stage of labor [abstract]. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004;191(6 Suppl 1):S82.
17. Kashanian M, Fekrat M, Masoomi Z, Ansari NS. Comparison of active and expectant management on the duration of the third stage of labour and the amount of blood loss during the third and fourth stage of labour: a randomised controlled trial. Midwifery 2010;26(2):241-5.
18. Magann EF, Doherty DA, Briery CM, Niederhauser A, Chauhan SP, Morrison JC. Obstetric characteristics for a prolonged third stage of labor and risk for postpartum hemorrhage. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation 2008; 65(3):201-5.
19. Magann EF, Doherty DA, Briery CM, Niederhauser A, Morrison JC. Timing of placental delivery to prevent postpartum haemorrhage: lessons learned from an abandoned randomised clinical trial. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2006;46(6):549-51.
20. Muller R, Beck G. Active management of the third stage of labour. 19th Swiss Congress of the Swiss Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics; 1996 June; Interlaken, Switzerland. 1996.
21. Ramirez O, Benito V, Jimenez R, Valido C, Hernandez C, Garcia JA. Third stage of labour: active or expectant management? preliminary results [abstract]. Journal of Perinatal Medicine 2001;Suppl 1(Pt 2):364.
22. Vasegh FR, Bahiraie A,MahmoudiM, Salehi L. Comparison of active and physiologic management of third stage of labor. HAYAT: The Journal of Tehran Faculty of Nursing & Midwifery 2005;10(23):102.
23. Rosario YP Do, Jain CK. Active management of third stage of labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India 1973;23(1):66-9.
24. Gülmezoglu AM, Widmer M, Merialdi M, Qureshi Z, Piaggio G, Elbourne D, et al.Active management of the third stage of labour without controlled cord traction: a randomized non-inferiority controlled trial. Reproductive Health 2009; Vol. 6:2. [DOI: 10.1186/1742-4755-6-2
25. Abouzaher C. Antepartum and postpartum haemorrhage. In: Murray CJL, Lopez AD editor(s). Health Dimensions of Sex and Reproduction. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1998:172-4.
26. Bais J, Eskes M, Pel M, Bonsel G, Bleker O. Postpartum haemorrhage in nulliparous women: incidence and risk factors in low and high risk women. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 2004;115 (2):166-72.
27. Begley C, Devane D, Clarke M. An evaluation of midwifery led care in the Health Service Executive North Eastern area: the report of the MidU study . Dublin: Health Service Executive, December 2009.
28. Blackburn S. Physiological third stage of labour and birth at home. In: Edwins J editor(s). Community Midwifery Practice. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2008.
29. Bloomfield TH, Gordon H. Reaction to blood loss at delivery. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1990;10 (Suppl 2):S13-S16.
30. Bonnar J, McNicol GP, Douglas AS. Coagulation and fibrinolysis mechanisms during and after normal childbirth. British Medical Journal 1970;2(103):200-3.
31. Buckley SJ. Undisturbed birth - nature's hormone blueprint for safety, ease and ecstasy. MIDIRS Midwifery Digest 2004; 14(2):203-9.
32. Bullough CH, Msuku RS, Karonde L. Early suckling and postpartum haemorrhage: controlled trial in deliveries by traditional birth attendants. Lancet 1989;2(8662):522-5.
33. Burnley M, Roberts CL, Thatcher R, Doust JH, Jones AM. Influence of blood donation on O2uptake on-kinetics, peak O2 uptake and time to exhaustion during severe-intensity cycle exercise in humans. Experimental Physiology 2006;91: 499-509.
34. Cernadas JM, Carroli G, Pellegrini L, Otano L, Ferreira M, Ricci C, et al.The effect of timing of cord clamping on neonatal venous hematocrit values and clinical outcome at term: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2006;117 (4):e779-e786.
35. Chaparro CM, Neufeld LM, Tena Alavez G, Eguia-Líz Cedillo R, Dewey KG. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping on iron status in Mexican infants: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2006;367(9527):1997-2004.
36. Cotter A, Ness A, Tolosa J. Prophylactic oxytocin for the third stage of labour. CochraneDatabase of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001808
37. Deeks JJ, Altman DG, Bradburn MJ. Statistical methods for examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies in meta-analysis. In: Egger M, Davey Smith G, Altman DG editor(s). Systematic Reviews in Health Care: Meta-analysis in Context. London: BMJ Books, 2001.
38. Devane D, Begley C, Clarke M, Horey D, OBoyle C. Evaluating maternity care: a core set of outcome measures. Birth 2007;34(2):164-72.
39. Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ 1997;315:629-34.
40. Elbourne D. Care in the third stage of labour. In: Robinson S, Thomson AM editor(s). Midwives, Research and Childbirth. Vol. 4, London: Chapman & Hall, 1995: 192-207.
41. Farrar D, Airey R, Tuffnell D, Law G, Cattle B, Duley L. Measuring placental transfusion for term births: weighing babies with the cord intact. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2009;94(Suppl 1):Fa7
42. Farrar D, Airey R, Tuffnell D, Duley L. Care during the third stage of labour: a postal survey of obstetricians and midwives. Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal and Neonatal Edition 2009;94(Suppl 1):Fa40.
43. Fleiss JL. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. 2nd Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981.
44. Fry J. Physiological third stage of labour: support it or lose it. British Journal of Midwifery 2007;15(11):693-5.
45. Greer I, Lang G, Patel N. The management of postpartum haemorrhage: a clinical practice guideline for professionals involved in maternity care in Scotland. SPCERH publication 6. http://www.abdn.ac.uk/spcerh/pubs.shtml# 2002 (accessed 2008) 1998.
46. Gyte G. The significance of blood loss at delivery. MIDIRS Midwifery Digest 1992;2(1):88-92.
47. Gyte GM. Evaluation of the meta-analyses on the effects, on both mother and baby, of the various components of 'active' management of the third stage of labour. Midwifery 1994;10(4):183-99.
48. Gyte G. The third stage of labour. Part 2: active management of third stage. National Childbirth Trust New Digest 2006;36:22-8.
49. Gülmezoglu AM, Forna F, Villar J, Hofmeyr GJ. Prostaglandins for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000494.pub3
50. Harbord RM, Egger M, Sterne JA. A modified test for small-study effects in meta-analyses of controlled trials with binary endpoints. Statistics in Medicine 2006;25:3443-57.
51. Harding JE, Elbourne DR, Prendiville WJ. Views of mothers and midwives participating in the Bristol randomized, controlled trial of active management of the third stage of labor. Birth 1989;16:1-6.
52. Harris T. Care in the third stage of labour. In: Henderson C, MacDonald S editor(s). Mayes Midwifery. Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall, 2004:507-23.
53. Harris T. An explanation for third stage practice variation: The theory of contingent decision making. Normal labour and birth: 3rd Research Conference; 2006 June 7-9; Grange-over-Sands, England, UK. 2006.
54. Hatem M, Sandall J, Devane D, Soltani H, Gates S. Midwife-led versus other models of care for childbearing women. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004667.pub2
55. Herman A, Zimerman A, Arieli S, Tovbin Y, Bezer M, Bukovsky I, et al.Down-up sequential separation of the placenta. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology 2002;19: 278-81.
56. Higgins JPT, Thompson SG, Spiegelhalter DJ. A reevaluation of random-effects meta-analysis. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society 2009;Series A, 172:137-59.
57. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
58. Hodnett ED, Gates S, Hofmeyr GJ, Sakala C. Continuous support for women during childbirth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2003, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD003766
59. Hutton EK, Hassan ES. Late vs early clamping of the umbilical cord in full-term neonates: systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. JAMA 2007;297: 1241-52.
60. Hytten F. The physiology of the puerperium. In: Chamberlain G, Steer P editor(s). Turnbull's Obstetrics. 3rd Edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2001:635-46.
61. International Confederation of Midwives. Role of the Midwife in Physiological Third Stage Labour: Position Statement. The Hague: International Confederation of Midwives, 2008.
62. International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) and International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Management of the third stage of labour to prevent post-partum haemorrhage. Joint statement. http: //www.figo.org/docs/PPH%20Joint%20Statement.pdf (accessed 9 May 2008) 2008.
63. International Confederation of Midwives (ICM) and International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO). Prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage: new advances for low resource settings. Joint statement. http://www.figo.org/docs/ PPH%20Joint%20Statement%202%20English.pdf (accessed 9 May 2008) 2006.
64. Inch S. Management of third stage of labour - another cascade of intervention?. Midwifery 1985;1(2):114-22.
65. Kanikosmay F. Third stage: the why of physiological practice. Midwives, the official journal of the Royal College of Midwives 2007;10(9):422-5.
66. Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PF. WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review. Lancet 2006;367(9516):1066-74.
67. Lazarus JV, Lalonde A. Reducing postpartum haemorrhage in Africa. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics 2005;88(1):89-90.
68. Lewis G. The Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH). Saving Mothers' Lives: reviewing maternal deaths to make motherhood safer- 2003-2005. The Seventh Report on Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths in the United Kingdom. London: CEMACH, 2007.
69. Liabsuetrakul T, Choobun T, Peeyananjarassri K, Islam QM. Prophylactic use of ergot alkaloids in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 2. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005456.pub2
70. Maughan KL, Heim SW, Galazka SS. Preventing postpartum hemorrhage: managing the third stage of labor. American Family Physician 2006;73(6):1025-8.
71. McDonald S. Physiology and management of the third stage of labour. In: Fraser DM, Cooper MA editor(s). Myles Textbook for Midwives. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2003:507-30.
72. McDonald S. Management of the third stage of labour. Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health 2007;52(3): 254-61.
73. McDonald SJ, Abbott JM, Higgins SP. Prophylactic ergometrine-oxytocin versus oxytocin for the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000201.pub2
74. McDonald SJ, Middleton P. Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004074.pub2
75. Mercer JS, Nelson CC, Skovgaard RL. Umbilical cord clamping: beliefs and practices of American nurse-midwives. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 2000;45(1):58-66.
76. Mercer JS. Current best evidence: a review of the literature on umbilical cord clamping. Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health 2001;46(6):402-14.
77. Mercer J, Skovgaard R, Erickson-Owens D. Fetal to neonatal transition: first do no harm. In: Downe S editor (s). Normal Childbirth: Evidence and Debate. 2nd Edition. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2008:149-74.
78. Mims MP, Prchal JT. Hematology during pregnancy . In: Lichtman MA, Williams WJ, Beutler E, Kaushansky K, Kipps TJ, Seligsohn U, et al. editor(s). Williams Haematology. 7th Edition. New York: McGraw Hill Medical, 2005:101-10.
79. Mousa HA, Alfirevic Z. Treatment for primary postpartum haemorrhage. CochraneDatabase of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003249.pub2
80. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence.Normal labour: third stage. Intrapartum care: care of healthy women and their babies during childbirth, Guideline 55. London: National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, 2007.
81. Nordstrom L, Fogelstam K, Fridman G, Larsson A, Rydhstroem H. Routine oxytocin in the third stage of labour: a placebo controlled randomised trial. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1997;104(7):781-6.
82. New Zealand College of Midwives. Third stage management practices of midwife lead maternity carers: an analysis of the New Zealand College of Midwives Midwifery Database Information 2004 -2008. Christchurch: New Zealand College of Midwives, 2009.
83. Parsons SM, Walley RL, Crane JM, Matthews K, Hutchens D. Rectal misoprostol versus oxytocin in the management of the third stage of labour. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2007;29(9):711-8.
84. Penney G, Adamson L, Kernaghan D. Scottish confidential audit of severe maternal morbidity. Second Annual Report 2004. Aberdeen. Scottish Programme for Clinical Effectiveness in Reproductive Health. http:// www.abdn.ac.uk/spcerh/pubs.htm#2005 (accessed 2005) 2005.
85. Phillip H, Fletcher H, Reid M. The impact of induced labour on postpartum blood loss. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2004;24(1):12-5.
86. Prendiville WJ, Elbourne DR. Care during the third stage of labour. In: Chalmers I, Enkin M, Keirse MJNC editor (s). Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989:1145-69.
87. Prendiville WJ. The prevention of post partum haemorrhage: optimising routine management of the third stage of labour. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology 1996;69:19-24.
88. Rabe H, Reynolds G, Diaz-Rossello J. Early versus delayed umbilical cord clamping in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003248.pub2
89. Razvi K, Chua S, Arulkumaran S, Ratnam SS. A comparison between visual estimation and laboratory determination of blood loss during the third stage of labour. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2008;36 (2):152-4.
90. Royal College of Midwives. Normal Childbirth: Position Statement. London: Royal College of Midwives, 2004.
91. Royal College of Midwives. Third Stage of Labour: Midwifery Practice Guideline. London: RCM, 2008.
92. Duley LMM, Weeks AD, Hey EN, Drife JO. Clamping of the umbilical cord and placental transfusion. RCOG Scientific Advisory Committee, Opinion Paper 14 May 2009, issue http://www.rcog.org.uk/clamping-umbilical- cord-and-placental-transfusion.
93. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.1. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
94. Romero-Gutierrez G, Espitia-Vera A, Ponce-Ponce de Leon AL, Huerta-Vargas LF. Risk factors of maternal death in Mexico. Birth 2007;34(1):21-5.
95. Sarnat HB, Sarnat MS. Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress: a clinical and electrographic study. Archives of Neurology 1976;33:696.
96. Sheiner E, Sarid L, Levy A, Seidman DS, Hallak M. Obstetric risk factors and outcome of pregnancies complicated with early postpartum hemorrhage: a population-based study. Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine 2005;18(3):149-54.
97. Soltani H, Dickinson F, Symonds I. Placental cord drainage after spontaneous vaginal delivery as part of the management of third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD004665.pub2
98. Soltani H, Hutchon DR, Poulose TA. Timing of prophylactic oxytocics for the third stage of labour after vaginal birth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 4. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006173
99. Soltani H. Global implications of evidence based practice: management of the third stage of labour. Midwifery 2008; 24:138-42.
100. Su LL, Chong YS, Samuel M. Oxytocin agonists for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2007, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD005457.pub2
101. Taylor DJ, Phillips P, Lind T. Puerperal haematological indices. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1981; 88(6):601-6.
102. Tierney JF, Stewart LA. Investigating patient exclusion bias in meta-analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology 2005;34:79-87.
103. Van Rheenen P, De Moor L, Eschbach S, De Grooth H, Brabin B. Delayed cord clamping and haemoglobin levels in infancy: a randomised controlled trial in term babies. Tropical Medicine & International Health 2007;12(5): 603-16.
104. Weeks A. Umbilical cord clamping after birth. BMJ 2007; 335:312-3.
105. Werner EJ. Disorders of the fetomaternal unit. In: de Alarcon PA, Werner EJ editor(s). Neonatal Hematology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005:10-39.
106. World Health Organization. Managing Complications in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A Guide for Midwives and Doctors. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2003.
107. World Health Organization. WHO Recommendations for the Prevention of Postpartum Haemorrhage. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2006.
108. Winter C, Macfarlane A, Deneux-Tharaux C, Zhang W-H, Alexander S, Brocklehurst P, et al.Variations in policies for management of the third stage of labour and the immediate management of postpartum haemorrhage in Europe. BJOG: an international journal of obstetrics and gynaecology 2007; 114:845-54.
109. Yao AC, Lind J. Placental transfusion. American Journal of Diseases of Children 1974;127:128-41.
110. Begley CM, Gyte GML,Murphy DJ, Devane D,McDonald SJ, McGuire W. Active versus expectant management for women in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 7. [DOI: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD007412.pub2
111. Prendiville WJ, Elbourne D, McDonald S. Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2000, Issue 3. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000007]