What is the role of chemotherapy in the treatment of melanoma?

Current Treatment Options in Oncology

Volumn 15, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 321-335

  Megahed, Ahmed I ^a   Koon, Henry B ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS OF CLEVELAND   (United States)

^b CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

BRAF; Carboplatin; Chemotherapy; Cisplatin; Cyclophosphamide; Dabrafenib; Dacarbazine; Elesclomol; Gemcitabine; Immunosuppression; Immunotherapy; Interleukin 2; Ipilimumab; Melanoma; Myeloid suppressor cells; Nab paclitaxel; Paclitaxel; Regulatory T cells; Resistance; Trametinib; Vemurafenib

Indexed keywords

ABIRATERONE ACETATE; ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ALPHA2B INTERFERON; APREPITANT; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; DACARBAZINE; DOXORUBICIN; ELESCLOMOL; FUROSEMIDE; INTERLEUKIN 2; IPILIMUMAB; LIVE VACCINE; NAVELBINE; PACLITAXEL; PAZOPANIB; RITUXIMAB; RUCAPARIB; TACROLIMUS; TEMOZOLOMIDE; TESTOSTERONE; THIOCTIC ACID; TOPOTECAN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VALPROIC ACID; VALSPODAR; VEMURAFENIB; VINBLASTINE; WARFARIN; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; B RAF KINASE; BRAF PROTEIN, HUMAN; MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ALOPECIA; ANAPHYLAXIS; ANEMIA; ANOREXIA; AREA UNDER THE CURVE; ARTHRALGIA; ARTICLE; ASTHENIA; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BRAIN DISEASE; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN HERNIA; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER PALLIATIVE THERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARDIOTOXICITY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONSTIPATION; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CRANIAL NEUROPATHY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; DEHYDRATION; DIARRHEA; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG CONTRAINDICATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG RESPONSE; DYSPNEA; ECG ABNORMALITY; FATIGUE; FEVER; FLU LIKE SYNDROME; HEADACHE; HEART ARREST; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; HYPERSENSITIVITY; HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; HYPOMAGNESEMIA; HYPONATREMIA; HYPOTENSION; IMMUNE RESPONSE; KIDNEY DISEASE; LEUKOPENIA; LIVER NECROSIS; LIVER TOXICITY; LIVER VEIN THROMBOSIS; LUNG EMBOLISM; MELANOMA; MUCOSA INFLAMMATION; MYALGIA; NAUSEA; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEPHROTOXICITY; NEUROPATHY; NEUROTOXICITY; NEUTROPENIA; OTOTOXICITY; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PAIN; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PHOTOSENSITIVITY; PNEUMONIA; PNEUMOTHORAX; POLYNEUROPATHY; POSTERIOR REVERSIBLE ENCEPHALOPATHY SYNDROME; PROGRESSION FREE SURVIVAL; RASH; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; SEIZURE; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STEVENS JOHNSON SYNDROME; SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; THROMBOSIS; TOXIC EPIDERMAL NECROLYSIS; TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; UREA NITROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; VISUAL DISORDER; VISUAL IMPAIRMENT; VOCAL CORD PARALYSIS; VOMITING; ANALOGS AND DERIVATIVES; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG ADMINISTRATION; DRUG RESISTANCE; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE TREATMENT; IMMUNOTHERAPY; METABOLISM; PROCEDURES; SKIN NEOPLASMS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANTIBODIES, MONOCLONAL; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CARBOPLATIN; CISPLATIN; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; DACARBAZINE; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; DRUG RESISTANCE, NEOPLASM; HUMANS; IMMUNOSUPPRESSION; IMMUNOTHERAPY; MELANOMA; PACLITAXEL; PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEINS B-RAF; SKIN NEOPLASMS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84902383021     PISSN: 15272729     EISSN: 15346277     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11864-014-0277-5     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Balch CM et al. Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and classification. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27(36):6199-206.
2. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin. 2013;63(1):11-30.
3. Flaherty KT et al. Phase III trial of carboplatin and paclitaxel with or without sorafenib in metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2013;31(3):373-9.
4. Hauschild A et al. Results of a phase III, randomized, placebo-controlled study of sorafenib in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel as second-line treatment in patients with unresectable stage III or stage IV melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2009;27(17):2823-30.
5. Patel PM et al. Extended schedule, escalated dose temozolomide versus dacarbazine in stage IV melanoma: final results of a randomised phase III study (EORTC 18032). Eur J Cancer. 2011;47(10):1476-83.
6. Atkins MB et al. High-dose recombinant interleukin-2 therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma: long-term survival update. Cancer J Sci Am. 2000;6 Suppl 1:S11-4.
7. Hauschild A et al. Dabrafenib in BRAF-mutated metastatic melanoma: a multicentre, open-label, phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2012;380(9839):358-65.
8. Flaherty KT et al. Improved survival with MEK inhibition in BRAF-mutated melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(2):107-14.
9. Chapman PB et al. Improved survival with vemurafenib in melanoma with BRAF V600E mutation. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(26):2507-16.
10. Hodi FS et al. Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(8):711-23.
11. Topalian SL et al. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2443-54.
12. Hamid O et al. Safety and tumor responses with lambrolizumab (anti-PD-1) in melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):134-44.
13. .•• Hofmann MA, et al. Prospective evaluation of supportive care with or without CVD chemotherapy as a second-line treatment in advanced melanoma by patient's choice: a multicentre Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group trial. Melanoma Res. 2011;21(6):516-23. Only randomized trial of comparing chemotherapy to best supportive care in melanoma. Study demonstrates a trend to improved survival in patients treated with chemotherapy.
14. .•• Flaherty LE, et al. Phase III trial of high-dose interferon alpha-2b versus cisplatin, vinblastine, DTIC plus IL-2 and interferon in patients with high-risk melanoma (SWOG S0008): an intergroup study of CALGB, COG, ECOG, and SWOG. in ASCO Annual Meeting. 2012. Chicago, IL: Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2012 ASCO Annual Meeting Abstracts. Vol 30, No 15-suppl (May 20 Supplement), 2012:8504. Intergroup trial that demonstrated an improvement in PFS measured in years for biochemotherapy compared to high dose interferon in patients with high risk melanomas. At the time of presentation there was no difference in overall survival.
15. Robert C et al. Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(26):2517-26.
16. .• Robert C, et al. Selumetinib plus dacarbazine versus placebo plus dacarbazine as first-line treatment for BRAF-mutant metastatic melanoma: a phase 2 double-blind randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2013;14(8):733-40. A randomized phase II study of MEK inhibitor combined with DTIC demonstrated improvement in progression-free survival compared DTIC alone but no improvement in overall survival.
17. da Rocha Dias S et al. The European Medicines Agency review of vemurafenib (Zelboraf(R)) for the treatment of adult patients with BRAF V600 mutation-positive unresectable or metastatic melanoma: summary of the scientific assessment of the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49(7):1654-61.
18. .• O'Day SJ, et al. Final results of phase III SYMMETRY study: randomized, double-blind trial of elesclomol plus paclitaxel versus paclitaxel alone as treatment for chemotherapy-naive patients with advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(9):1211-8. Randomized phase III study suggested the combination of elesclomol plus paclitaxel may decrease survival in some patient subgroups.
19. Kim KB et al. BEAM: a randomized phase II study evaluating the activity of bevacizumab in combination with carboplatin plus paclitaxel in patients with previously untreated advanced melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2012;30(1):34-41.
20. .•• Society for Melanoma Research 2012 Congress. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res. 2012;25(6):836-903. Phase III study that demonstrates improved PFS of nab-paclitaxel compared to DTIC monotherapy. There was a trend to improved overall survival that was not statistically significant.
21. Atkins MB et al. Phase III trial comparing concurrent biochemotherapy with cisplatin, vinblastine, dacarbazine, interleukin-2, and interferon alfa-2b with cisplatin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine alone in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (E3695): a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(35):5748-54.
22. Keilholz U et al. Dacarbazine, cisplatin, and interferon-alfa-2b with or without interleukin-2 in metastatic melanoma: a randomized phase III trial (18951) of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Melanoma Group. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2005;23(27):6747-55. (Pubitemid 46190270)
23. Tsang LL et al. Comparison of the cytotoxicity in vitro of temozolomide and dacarbazine, prodrugs of 3-methyl-(triazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carboxamide. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1991;27(5):342-6.
24. Diez BD et al. Evaluation of the exposure equivalence of oral versus intravenous temozolomide. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2010;65(4):727-34.
25. Middleton MR et al. Randomized phase III study of temozolomide versus dacarbazine in the treatment of patients with advanced metastatic malignant melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2000;18(1):158-66. (Pubitemid 30036349)
26. Micromedex® Healthcare Series [Intranet database] Thomson Healthcare, Greenwood Village, CO.
27. Hersh EM et al. A phase 2 clinical trial of nab-paclitaxel in previously treated and chemotherapy-naive patients with metastatic melanoma. Cancer. 2010;116(1):155-63.
28. Bedikian AY et al. Phase II evaluation of paclitaxel by short intravenous infusion in metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2004;14(1):63-6. (Pubitemid 38392416)
29. Einzig AI et al. A phase II study of taxol in patients with malignant melanoma. Investig New Drugs. 1991;9(1):59-64.
30. Walker L et al. Phase II trial of weekly paclitaxel in patients with advanced melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2005;15(5):453-9. (Pubitemid 41558957)
31. Kloover JS et al. Fatal outcome of a hypersensitivity reaction to paclitaxel: a critical review of premedication regimens. Br J Cancer. 2004;90(2):304-5. (Pubitemid 38250619)
32. Desai N et al. Increased antitumor activity, intratumor paclitaxel concentrations, and endothelial cell transport of cremophor-free, albumin-bound paclitaxel, ABI-007, compared with cremophor-based paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2006;12(4):1317-24. (Pubitemid 43342524)
33. Ibrahim NK et al. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of ABI-007, a Cremophor-free, protein-stabilized, nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2002;8(5):1038-44. (Pubitemid 34517637)
34. Hodi FS et al. Phase II study of paclitaxel and carboplatin for malignant melanoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2002;25(3):283-6. (Pubitemid 34602552)
35. Zimpfer-Rechner C et al. Randomized phase II study of weekly paclitaxel versus paclitaxel and carboplatin as second-line therapy in disseminated melanoma: a multicentre trial of the Dermatologic Co-operative Oncology Group (DeCOG). Melanoma Res. 2003;13(5):531-6. (Pubitemid 37266956)
36. Rosenberg SA et al. Prospective randomized trial of the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma using chemotherapy with cisplatin, dacarbazine, and tamoxifen alone or in combination with interleukin-2 and interferon alfa-2b. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 1999;17(3):968-75. (Pubitemid 29109330)
37. Eton O et al. Sequential biochemotherapy versus chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma: results from a phase III randomized trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;20(8):2045-52. (Pubitemid 34408794)
38. Bajetta E et al. Multicenter phase III randomized trial of polychemotherapy (CVD regimen) versus the same chemotherapy (CT) plus subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha2b in metastatic melanoma. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol / ESMO. 2006;17(4):571-7.
39. Ridolfi R et al. Cisplatin, dacarbazine with or without subcutaneous interleukin-2, and interferon alpha-2b in advanced melanoma outpatients: results from an Italian multicenter phase III randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;20(6):1600-7. (Pubitemid 34260541)
40. Liu L, Gerson SL. Targeted modulation of MGMT: clinical implications. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2006;12(2):328-31. (Pubitemid 43166117)
41. Rietschel P et al. Phase II study of extended-dose temozolomide in patients with melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(14):2299-304.
42. Ranson M et al. Randomized trial of the combination of lomeguatrib and temozolomide compared with temozolomide alone in chemotherapy naive patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2007;25(18):2540-5. (Pubitemid 47041227)
43. Hassel JC et al. MGMT gene promoter methylation correlates with tolerance of temozolomide treatment in melanoma but not with clinical outcome. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(6):820-6.
44. Busch C et al. MGMT expression levels predict disease stabilisation, progression-free and overall survival in patients with advanced melanomas treated with DTIC. Eur J Cancer. 2010;46(11):2127-33.
45. Middleton MR et al. O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase in pretreatment tumour biopsies as a predictor of response to temozolomide in melanoma. Br J Cancer. 1998;78(9):1199-202. (Pubitemid 28479151)
46. Liu L, Gerson SL. Therapeutic impact of methoxyamine: blocking repair of abasic sites in the base excision repair pathway. Curr Opin Investig Drugs. 2004;5(6):623-7.
47. Plummer R et al. A phase II study of the potent PARP inhibitor, Rucaparib (PF-01367338, AG014699), with temozolomide in patients with metastatic melanoma demonstrating evidence of chemopotentiation. Cancer chemother Pharmacol. 2013;71(5):1191-9.
48. Blackman RK et al. Mitochondrial electron transport is the cellular target of the oncology drug elesclomol. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(1):e29798.
49. O'Day S, et al. Phase II, randomized, controlled, double-blinded trial of weekly elesclomol plus paclitaxel versus paclitaxel alone for stage IV metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(32):5452-8.
50. Haass NK et al. The mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase inhibitor AZD6244 (ARRY-142886) induces growth arrest in melanoma cells and tumor regression when combined with docetaxel. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2008;14(1):230-9. (Pubitemid 351378000)
51. .•• Obeid M, et al. Calreticulin exposure dictates the immunogenicity of cancer cell death. Nat Med. 2007;13(1):54-61. Report that demonstrates the importance of CRT expression in chemotherapy induced immunogenic cell death. (Pubitemid 46067386)
52. Tesniere A et al. Immunogenic death of colon cancer cells treated with oxaliplatin. Oncogene. 2010;29(4):482-91.
53. Casares N et al. Caspase-dependent immunogenicity of doxorubicin-induced tumor cell death. J Exp Med. 2005;202(12):1691-701. (Pubitemid 41815875)
54. Obeid M et al. Calreticulin exposure is required for the immunogenicity of gamma-irradiation and UVC light-induced apoptosis. Cell Death Differ. 2007;14(10):1848-50. (Pubitemid 47423653)
55. Panaretakis T et al. The co-translocation of ERp57 and calreticulin determines the immunogenicity of cell death. Cell Death Differ. 2008;15(9):1499-509.
56. Cao C et al. Mitoxantrone-mediated apoptotic B16-F1 cells induce specific anti-tumor immune response. Cell Mol Immunol. 2009;6(6):469-75.
57. Nair S et al. Calreticulin displays in vivo peptide-binding activity and can elicit CTL responses against bound peptides. J Immunol. 1999;162(11):6426- 32. (Pubitemid 29309363)
58. Teimouri F, Nikfar S, Abdollahi M. Efficacy and side effects of dacarbazine in comparison with temozolomide in the treatment of malignant melanoma: a meta-analysis consisting of 1314 patients. Melanoma Res. 2013.
59. Schwarzberg AB et al. Selective lymphopenia and opportunistic infections in neuroendocrine tumor patients receiving temozolomide. Cancer Investig. 2007;25(4):249-55. (Pubitemid 47026948)
60. Muranski P et al. Increased intensity lymphodepletion and adoptive immunotherapy - how far can we go? Nature clinical practice. Oncology. 2006;3(12):668-81. (Pubitemid 44843125)
61. Dudley ME et al. Adoptive cell therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma: evaluation of intensive myeloablative chemoradiation preparative regimens. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2008;26(32):5233-9.
62. Laurent J et al. Impact of 3 different short-term chemotherapy regimens on lymphocyte-depletion and reconstitution in melanoma patients. J Immunother. 2010;33(7):723-34.
63. Gunturu KS et al. Cytokine working group study of lymphodepleting chemotherapy, interleukin-2, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with metastatic melanoma: clinical outcomes and peripheral-blood cell recovery. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2010;28(7):1196-202.
64. Appay V et al. Combination of transient lymphodepletion with busulfan and fludarabine and peptide vaccination in a phase I clinical trial for patients with advanced melanoma. J Immunother. 2007;30(2):240-50. (Pubitemid 46667804)
65. Powell Jr DJ et al. Adoptive transfer of vaccine-induced peripheral blood mononuclear cells to patients with metastatic melanoma following lymphodepletion. J Immunol. 2006;177(9):6527-39. (Pubitemid 44628872)
66. Berd D, Mastrangelo MJ. Effect of low dose cyclophosphamide on the immune system of cancer patients: depletion of CD4+, 2H4+ suppressor-inducer T-cells. Cancer Res. 1988;48(6):1671-5. (Pubitemid 18091225)
67. Ge Y et al. Metronomic cyclophosphamide treatment in metastasized breast cancer patients: immunological effects and clinical outcome. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2012;61(3):353-62.
68. Heylmann D et al. Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are sensitive to low dose cyclophosphamide: implications for the immune response. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(12):e83384.
69. Verdi CJ et al. Phase I study of low-dose cyclophosphamide and recombinant interleukin-2 for the treatment of advanced cancer. J Immunother Off J Soc Biol Ther. 1992;11(4):286-91.
70. Lindemann A et al. A multicenter trial of interleukin-2 and low-dose cyclophosphamide in highly chemotherapy-resistant malignancies. Cancer Treat Rev. 1989;16 Suppl A:53-7.
71. Wadler S et al. Phase II trial of recombinant alpha-2b-interferon and low-dose cyclophosphamide in advanced melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 1988;11(1):55-9. (Pubitemid 18061722)
72. Camisaschi C et al. Effects of cyclophosphamide and IL-2 on regulatory CD4+ T cell frequency and function in melanoma patients vaccinated with HLA-class I peptides: impact on the antigen-specific T cell response. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013;62(5):897-908.
73. Vincent J et al. 5-fluorouracil selectively kills tumor-associated myeloid-derived suppressor cells resulting in enhanced T cell-dependent antitumor immunity. Cancer Res. 2010;70(8):3052-61.
74. Suzuki E et al. Gemcitabine selectively eliminates splenic Gr-1+/CD11b+ myeloid suppressor cells in tumor-bearing animals and enhances antitumor immune activity. Clin Cancer Res Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res. 2005;11(18):6713-21. (Pubitemid 41339014)
75. Annels NE, et al. The effects of gemcitabine and capecitabine combination chemotherapy and of low-dose adjuvant GM-CSF on the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2013.
76. Lesterhuis WJ et al. Synergistic effect of CTLA-4 blockade and cancer chemotherapy in the induction of anti-tumor immunity. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61895.
77. Reck M et al. Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line therapy in extensive-disease-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase 2 trial. Ann Oncol Off J Eur Soc Med Oncol / ESMO. 2013;24(1):75-83.
78. Lynch TJ et al. Ipilimumab in combination with paclitaxel and carboplatin as first-line treatment in stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized, double-blind, multicenter phase II study. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2012;30(17):2046-54.
79. O'Day, S.J., et al., Phase II multicenter trial of maintenance biotherapy after induction concurrent Biochemotherapy for patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, 2009. 27(36): p. 6207-12.ttrack