Catalytic processes and catalyst development in biorefining

Advances in Biorefineries: Biomass and Waste Supply Chain Exploitation

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 152-198

  Morales Delarosa, S ^a   Campos Martin, J M ^a  

^a INSTITUTO DE CATÁLISIS Y PETROLEOQUÍMICA   (Spain)

Author keywords

Biomass; Catalyst; Depolymerization; Products upgrading; Thermochemical processes

Indexed keywords

BIOMASS; DEPOLYMERIZATION; REFINING;

BASE CHEMICALS; BIOREFINERIES; BIOREFINING; CATALYTIC PROCESS; MAIN GROUP; PRODUCTS UPGRADING; THERMO CHEMICAL PROCESS;

CATALYSTS;

EID: 84902051771     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1533/9780857097385.1.152     Document Type: Chapter

References (196)

1. Abad A., Almela C., Corma A., García H. Efficient chemoselective alcohol oxidation using oxygen as oxidant. Superior performance of gold over palladium catalysts. Tetrahedron 2006, 62:6666-6672.
2. Abelló S., Montané D. Exploring iron-based multifunctional catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: a review. ChemSusChem 2011, 4:1538-1556.
3. Alba-Rubio A.C., Vila F., Martin Alonso D., Ojeda M., Mariscal R., Lopez Granados M. Deactivation of organosulfonic acid functionalized silica catalysts during biodiesel synthesis. Applied Catalysis B - Environmental 2010, 95:279-287.
4. Antonakou E., Lappas A., Nilsen M.H., Bouzga A., Stöcker M. Evaluation of various types of Al-MCM-41 materials as catalysts in biomass pyrolysis for the production of bio-fuels and chemicals. Fuel 2006, 85:2202-2212.
5. Aresta M., Dibenedetto A., Nocito F., Pastore C. A study on the carboxylation of glycerol to glycerol carbonate with carbon dioxide: the role of the catalyst, solvent and reaction conditions. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 2006, 257:149-153.
6. 2 in the gasification of cellulose to synthesis gas at low temperature. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2001, 40:5894-5900.
7. Banerjee S., Mudliar S., Sen R., Giri B., Satpute D., Chakrabarti T., Pandey R.A. Commercializing lignocellulosic bioethanol: technology bottlenecks and possible remedies. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2010, 4:77-93.
8. Banowetz G.M., Griffith S.M., El-Nashaar H.M. Mineral content of grasses grown for seed in low rainfall areas of the Pacific Northwest and analysis of ash from gasification of bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) straw. Energy & Fuels 2008, 23:502-506.
9. Barrett C.J., Chheda J.N., Huber G.W., Dumesic J.A. Single-reactor process for sequential aldol-condensation and hydrogenation of biomass-derived compounds in water. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2006, 66:111-118.
10. Behr A., Westfechtel A., Pérez Gomes J. Catalytic processes for the technical use of natural fats and oils. Chemical Engineering & Technology 2008, 31:700-714.
11. Bhargava S., Jani H., Tardio J., Akolekar D., Hoang M. Catalytic wet oxidation of ferulic acid (a model lignin compound) using heterogeneous copper catalysts. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2007, 46:8652-8656.
12. Binder J.B., Raines R.T. Simple chemical transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into furans for fuels and chemicals. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2009, 131:1979-1985.
13. Binder J.B., Raines R.T. Fermentable sugars by chemical hydrolysis of biomass. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2010, 107:4516-4521.
14. Bond J.Q., Alonso D.M., Wang D., West R.M., Dumesic J.A. Integrated catalytic conversion of γ-valerolactone to liquid alkenes for transportation fuels. Science 2010, 327:1110-1114.
15. Bozell J.J., Moens L., Elliott D.C., Wang Y., Neuenscwander G.G., Fitzpatrick S.W., Bilski R.J., Jarnefeld J.L. Production of levulinic acid and use as a platform chemical for derived products. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2000, 28:227-239.
16. Bridgwater A.V. Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass and Bioenergy 2012, 38:68-94.
17. Bühler W., Dinjus E., Ederer H.J., Kruse A., Mas C. Ionic reactions and pyrolysis of glycerol as competing reaction pathways in near- and supercritical water. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids 2002, 22:37-53.
18. Bulushev D.A., Ross J.R.H. Catalysis for conversion of biomass to fuels via pyrolysis and gasification: a review. Catalysis Today 2011, 171:1-13.
19. Caballero M.A., Corella J., Aznar M.-P., Gil J. Biomass gasification with air in fluidized bed: hot gas cleanup with selected commercial and full-size nickel-based catalysts. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2000, 39:1143-1154.
20. Casale B., Gomez A.M. Catalytic method of hydrogenating glycerol 1994, EP patent application EP19920830357.
21. Chaminand J., Djakovitch L.A., Gallezot P., Marion P., Pinel C., Rosier C. Glycerol hydrogenolysis on heterogeneous catalysts. Green Chemistry 2004, 6:359-361.
22. Chheda J.N., Dumesic J.A. An overview of dehydration, aldol-condensation and hydrogenation processes for production of liquid alkanes from biomassderived carbohydrates. Catalysis Today 2007, 123:59-70.
23. Chheda J.N., Huber G.W., Dumesic J.A. Liquid-phase catalytic processing of biomass-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons to fuels and chemicals. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2007, 46:7164-7183.
24. Chheda J.N., Roman-Leshkov Y., Dumesic J.A. Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural by dehydration of biomass-derived mono- and poly-saccharides. Green Chemistry 2007, 9:342-350.
25. Chinchen G.C., Denny P.J., Jennings J.R., Spencer M.S., Waugh K.C. Synthesis of methanol: Part 1. Catalysts and kinetics. Applied Catalysis 1988, 36:1-65.
26. Clark J.H., Deswarte F.E.I., Farmer T.J. The integration of green chemistry into future biorefineries. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2009, 3:72-90.
27. Claus P., Vogel H. The roll of chemocatalysis in the establishment of the technology platform 'renewable resources'. Chemical Engineering and Technology 2008, 31:678-699.
28. Corella J., Aznar M.-P., Gil J., Caballero M.A. Biomass gasification in fluidized bed: where to locate the dolomite to improve gasification?. Energy & Fuels 1999, 13:1122-1127.
29. Corma A., Iborra S., Velty A. Chemical routes for the transformation of biomass into chemicals. Chemical Reviews (Washington, D. C.) 2007, 107:2411-2502.
30. 2 systems for the oxidation of lignin and lignin model compounds. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 2006, 14:5292-5302.
31. Crossley S., Faria J., Shen M., Resasco D.E. Solid nanoparticles that catalyze biofuel upgrade reactions at the water/oil interface. Science 2010, 327:68-72.
32. Czernik S., Bridgwater A.V. Overview of applications of biomass fast pyrolysis oil. Energy & Fuels 2004, 18:590-598.
33. Dasari M.A., Kiatsimkul P.-P., Sutterlin W.R., Suppes G.J. Low-pressure hydrogenolysis of glycerol to propylene glycol. Applied Catalysis A: General 2005, 281:225-231.
34. Davda R.R., Shabaker J.W., Huber G.W., Cortright R.D., Dumesic J.A. A review of catalytic issues and process conditions for renewable hydrogen and alkanes by aqueous-phase reforming of oxygenated hydrocarbons over supported metal catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2005, 56:171-186.
35. De la Peña O'Shea V.A., Menéndez N.N., Tornero J.D., Fierro J.L.G. alcohols on bimetallic CoFe catalysts during CO hydrogenation. Catalysis Letters 2003, 88:123-128.
36. 2 catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch slurry reactor synthesis. Catalysis Letters 2005, 100:105-110.
37. De Lasa H., Salaices E., Mazumder J., Lucky R. Catalytic steam gasification of biomass: catalysts, thermodynamics and kinetics. Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC) 2011, 111:5404-5433.
38. De Smit E., Weckhuysen B.M. The renaissance of iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: on the multifaceted catalyst deactivation behaviour. Chemical Society Reviews 2008, 37:2758-2781.
39. Dry M.E. The Fischer-Tropsch process: 1950-2000. Catalysis Today 2002, 71:227-241.
40. Dry M.E. High quality diesel via the Fischer-Tropsch process - a review. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 2002, 77:43-50.
41. Elliott D.C., Hart T.R. Catalytic hydroprocessing of chemical models for bio-oil. Energy & Fuels 2008, 23:631-637.
42. Fisk C.A., Morgan T., Ji Y., Crocker M., Crofcheck C., Lewis S.A. Biooil upgrading over platinum catalysts using in situ generated hydrogen. Applied Catalysis A: General 2009, 358:150-156.
43. FitzPatrick M., Champagne P., Cunningham M.F., Whitney R.A. A biorefinery processing perspective: treatment of lignocellulosic materials for the production of value-added products. Bioresource Technology 2010, 101:8915-8922.
44. Florin N.H., Harris A.T. Enhanced hydrogen production from biomass with in situ carbon dioxide capture using calcium oxide sorbents. Chemical Engineering Science 2008, 63:287-316.
45. Fu J., Shi F., Thompson L.T., Lu X., Savage P.E. Activated carbons for hydrothermal decarboxylation of fatty acids. ACS Catalysis 2011, 1:227-231.
46. Fukuoka A., Dhepe P.L. Catalytic conversion of cellulose into sugar alcohols. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2006, 45:5161-5163.
47. Gallezot P. Catalytic routes from renewables to fine chemicals. Catalysis Today 2007, 121:76-91.
48. Gallezot P. Process options for the catalytic conversion of renewables into bioproducts. Catalysis for Renewables: From Feedstock to Energy Production 2007, WILEY-VCH, Weinheim. G. Centi, R.A. Van Santen (Eds.).
49. Gallezot P. Conversion of biomass to selected chemical products. Chemical Society Reviews 2012, 41:1538-1558.
50. Geboers J.A., Van De Vyver S., Ooms R., Op De Beeck B., Jacobs P.A., Sels B.F. Chemocatalytic conversion of cellulose: opportunities, advances and pitfalls. Catalysis Science & Technology 2011, 1:714-726.
51. González-Carballo J.M., Fierro J.L.G. Fundamentals of syngas production and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Biofuel from Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis 2010, 1-32. Nova Science Publishers, New York. M. Ojeda, S. Rojas (Eds.).
52. González Carballo J.M., Finocchio E., García S., Rojas S., Ojeda M., Busca G., Fierro J.L.G. Support effects on the structure and performance of ruthenium catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Catalysis Science and Technology 2011, 1:1013-1023.
53. Goyal H.B., Seal D., Saxena R.C. Bio-fuels from thermochemical conversion of renewable resources: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2008, 12:504-517.
54. Haas T., Neher A., Arntz D., Klenk D., Girke W. Method of preparation of 1,2- and 1,3-propanediol 1994, European patent application. EP0598228 A1.
55. Haveren J.V., Scott E.L., Sanders J. Bulk chemicals from biomass. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2008, 2:41-57.
56. Herrmann W.A., Weskamp T., Zoller J.P., Fischer R.W. Methyltrioxorhenium: oxidative cleavage of CC-double bonds and its application in a highly efficient synthesis of vanillin from biological waste. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 2000, 153:49-52.
57. Huang W.-D., Percival Zhang Y.H. Analysis of biofuels production from sugar based on three criteria: thermodynamics, bioenergetics, and product separation. Energy & Environmental Science 2011, 4:784-792.
58. Huber G.W., Corma A. Synergies between bio- and oil refineries for the production of fuels from biomass. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2007, 46:7184-7201.
59. Huber G.W., Dumesic J.A. An overview of aqueous-phase catalytic processes for production of hydrogen and alkanes in a biorefinery. Catalysis Today 2006, 111:119-132.
60. Huber G.W., Iborra S., Corma A. Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chemical Reviews (Washington, DC) 2006, 106:4044-4098.
61. Iglesia E., Reyes S.C., Madon R.J., Soled S.L. Selectivity control and catalyst design in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: sites, pellets, and reactors. Advances in Catalysis 1993, Vol. 39:221-302. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. D.D. Eley, H. Pines, P.B. Weisz (Eds.).
62. Ji N., Zhang T., Zheng M., Wang A., Wang H., Wang X., Chen J.G. Direct catalytic conversion of cellulose into ethylene glycol using nickel-promoted tungsten carbide catalysts. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2008, 47:8510-8513.
63. Jiménez-Morales I., Vila F., Mariscal R., Jiménez-López A. Hydrogenolysis of glycerol to obtain 1,2-propanediol on Ce-promoted Ni/SBA-15 catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2012, 253-259:117-118.
64. Jin F., Enomoto H. Rapid and highly selective conversion of biomass into value-added products in hydrothermal conditions: chemistry of acid/base-catalysed and oxidation reactions. Energy & Environmental Science 2011, 4:382-397.
65. 3-catalyzed hydrothermal cellulose dissolution-conversion: influence of the reaction parameters and analysis of the unreacted cellulose. Green Chemistry 2009, 11:2052-2060.
66. Käldström M., Kumar N., Murzin D.Y. Valorization of cellulose over metal supported mesoporous materials. Catalysis Today 2011, 167:91-95.
67. Kamm B., Kamm M. Principles of biorefineries. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 2004, 64:137-145.
68. Kazi F.K., Patel A.D., Serrano-Ruiz J.C., Dumesic J.A., Anex R.P. Techno-economic analysis of dimethylfuran (DMF) and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) production from pure fructose in catalytic processes. Chemical Engineering Journal 2011, 169:329-338.
69. Khodakov A.Y., Chu W., Fongarland P. Advances in the development of novel cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts for synthesis of long-chain hydrocarbons and clean fuels. Chemical Reviews 2007, 107:1692-1744.
70. de Klerk A. Fischer-Tropsch fuels refinery design. Energy & Environmental Science 2011, 4:1177-1205.
71. Klier K. Methanol synthesis. Advances in Catalysis 1982, Vol. 31:243-313. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. D.D. Eley, H. Pines, P.B. Weisz (Eds.).
72. Kotwal M.S., Niphadkar P.S., Deshpande S.S., Bokade V.V., Joshi P.N. Transesterification of sunflower oil catalyzed by flyash-based solid catalysts. Fuel 2009, 88:1773-1778.
73. Kubičková I., Snåre M., Eränen K., Mäki-Arvela P., Murzin D.Y. Hydrocarbons for diesel fuel via decarboxylation of vegetable oils. Catalysis Today 2005, 106:197-200.
74. Kumar S., Singh S.P., Mishra I.M., Adhikari D.K. Recent advances in production of bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass. Chemical Engineering and Technology 2009, 32:517-526.
75. Kusunoki Y., Miyazawa T., Kunimori K., Tomishige K. Highly active metal-acid bifunctional catalyst system for hydrogenolysis of glycerol under mild reaction conditions. Catalysis Communications 2005, 6:645-649.
76. Lahr D.G., Shanks B.H. Effect of sulfur and temperature on ruthenium-catalyzed glycerol hydrogenolysis to glycols. Journal of Catalysis 2005, 232:386-394.
77. Lam E., Majid E., Leung A.C., Chong J.H., Mahmoud K.A., Luong J.H. Synthesis of furfural from xylose by heterogeneous and reusable nafion catalysts. ChemSusChem 2011, 4:535-541.
78. Langan P., Gnanakaran S., Rector K.D., Pawley N., Fox D.T., Cho D.W., Hammel K.E. Exploring new strategies for cellulosic biofuels production. Energy & Environmental Science 2011, 4:3820-3833.
79. Lange J.-P. Methanol synthesis: a short review of technology improvements. Catalysis Today 2001, 64:3-8.
80. Lange J.-P. Lignocellulose conversion: an introduction to chemistry, process and economics. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2007, 1:39-48.
81. Lange J.-P., Price R., Ayoub P.M., Louis J., Petrus L., Clarke L., Gosselink H. Valeric biofuels: a platform of cellulosic transportation fuels. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2010, 49:4479-4483.
82. Lestari S., Mäki-Arvela P., Beltramini J., Lu G.Q.M., Murzin D.Y. Transforming triglycerides and fatty acids into biofuels. ChemSusChem 2009, 2:1109-1119.
83. Lestari S., Mäki-Arvela P.I., Bernas H., Simakova O., Sjöholm R., Beltramini J., Lu G.Q.M., Myllyoja J., Simakova I., Murzin D.Y. Catalytic deoxygenation of stearic acid in a continuous reactor over a mesoporous carbon-supported Pd catalyst. Energy & Fuels 2009, 23:3842-3845.
84. Leung D.Y.C., Wu X., Leung M.K.H. A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Applied Energy 2010, 87:1083-1095.
85. Li C., Wang Q., Zhao Z.K. Acid in ionic liquid: an efficient system for hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Green Chemistry 2008, 10:177-182.
86. Lichtenthaler F.W., Peters S. Carbohydrates as green raw materials for the chemical industry. Comptes Rendus Chimie 2004, 7:65-90.
87. Lima S., Antunes M.M., Pillinger M., Valente A.A. Ionic liquids as tools for the acid-catalyzed hydrolysis/dehydration of saccharides to furanic aldehydes. ChemCatChem 2011, 3:1686-1706.
88. 2. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2003, 42:6518-6530.
89. Lopez Granados M., Zafra Poves M.D., Martin Alonso D., Mariscal R., Cabello Galisteo F., Moreno-Tost R., Santamaria J., Fierro J.L.G. Biodiesel from sunflower oil by using activated calcium oxide. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2007, 73:317-326.
90. Lopez Granados M., Martin Alonso D., Alba-Rubio A.C., Mariscal R., Ojeda M., Brettes P. Transesterification of triglycerides by CaO: increase of the reaction rate by biodiesel addition. Energy & Fuels 2009, 23:2259-2263.
91. Lopez Granados M., Martin Alonso D., Sadaba I., Mariscal R., Ocon P. Leaching and homogeneous contribution in liquid phase reaction catalysed by solids: the case of triglycerides methanolysis using CaO. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2009, 89:265-272.
92. Lopez Granados M., Alba-Rubio A.C., Vila F., Martin Alonso D., Mariscal R. Surface chemical promotion of Ca oxide catalysts in biodiesel production reaction by the addition of monoglycerides, diglycerides and glycerol. Journal of Catalysis 2010, 276:229-236.
93. Lopez Granados M., Alba-Rubio A.C., Sadaba I., Mariscal R., Mateos-Aparicio I., Heras A. Poly(styrenesulphonic) acid: an active and reusable acid catalyst soluble in polar solvents. Green Chemistry 2011, 13:3203-3212.
94. Lovett J.C., Hards S., Clancy J., Snell C. Multiple objectives in biofuels sustainability policy. Energy & Environmental Science 2011, 4:261-268.
95. Luo C., Wang S., Liu H. Cellulose conversion into polyols catalyzed by reversibly formed acids and supported ruthenium clusters in hot water. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2007, 46:7636-7639.
96. Lv D., Xu M., Liu X., Zhan Z., Li Z., Yao H. Effect of cellulose, lignin, alkali and alkaline earth metallic species on biomass pyrolysis and gasification. Fuel Processing Technology 2010, 91:903-909.
97. 2 as the catalyst. Chemosphere 2008, 71:998-1004.
98. Mäki-Arvela P., Kubickova I., Snåre M., Eränen K., Murzin D.Y. Catalytic deoxygenation of fatty acids and their derivatives. Energy & Fuels 2006, 21:30-41.
99. Mäki-Arvela P.I., Rozmysłowicz B., Lestari S., Simakova O., Eränen K., Salmi T., Murzin D.Y. Catalytic deoxygenation of tall oil fatty acid over palladium supported on mesoporous carbon. Energy & Fuels 2011, 25:2815-2825.
100. Mallat T., Baiker A. Catalyst potential: a key for controlling alcohol oxidation in multiphase reactors. Catalysis Today 1995, 24:143-150.
101. Marchetti J.M., Miguel V.U., Errazu A.F. Heterogeneous esterification of oil with high amount of free fatty acids. Fuel 2007, 86:906-910.
102. 3 catalysts. Catalysis Communications 2007, 8:2074-2080.
103. Martin Alonso D., Lopez Granados M., Mariscal R., Douhal A. Polarity of the acid chain of esters and transesterification activity of acid catalysts. Journal of Catalysis 2009, 262:18-26.
104. Martin Alonso D., Mariscal R., Lopez Granados M., Maireles-Torres P. Biodiesel preparation using Li/CaO catalysts: activation process and homogeneous contribution. Catalysis Today 2009, 143:167-171.
105. Martin Alonso D., Bond J.Q., Dumesic J.A. Catalytic conversion of biomass to biofuels. Green Chemistry 2010, 12:1493-1513.
106. Martin Alonso D., Vila F., Mariscal R., Ojeda M., Lopez Granados M., Santamaria-Gonzalez J. Relevance of the physicochemical properties of CaO catalysts for the methanolysis of triglycerides to obtain biodiesel. Catalysis Today 2010, 158:114-120.
107. Martin Alonso D., Bond J.Q., Serrano-Ruiz J.C., Dumesic J.A. Production of liquid hydrocarbon transportation fuels by oligomerization of biomass-derived C9 alkenes. Green Chemistry 2010, 12:992-999.
108. Mehdi H., Fábos V., Tuba R., Bodor A., Mika L.T., Horváth I.T. Integration of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic processes for a multi-step conversion of biomass: from sucrose to levulinic acid, γ-valerolactone, 1,4-pentanediol, 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, and alkanes. Topics in Catalysis 2008, 48:49-54.
109. Meher L., Vidyasagar D., Naik S. Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification - a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2006, 10:248-268.
110. Miller J.E., Evans L., Littlewolf A., Trudell D.E. Batch microreactor studies of lignin and lignin model compound depolymerization by bases in alcohol solvents. Fuel 1999, 78:1363-1366.
111. Miyazawa T., Kusunoki Y., Kunimori K., Tomishige K. Glycerol conversion in the aqueous solution under hydrogen over Ru/C+an ion-exchange resin and its reaction mechanism. Journal of Catalysis 2006, 240:213-221.
112. Miyazawa T., Koso S., Kunimori K., Tomishige K. Development of a Ru/C catalyst for glycerol hydrogenolysis in combination with an ion-exchange resin. Applied Catalysis A: General 2007, 318:244-251.
113. Mokrani T., Scurrell M. Gas conversion to liquid fuels and chemicals: the methanol route - catalysis and processes development. Catalysis Reviews 2009, 51:1-145.
114. Morales-Delarosa S., Campos-Martin J.M., Fierro J.L.G. High glucose yields from the hydrolysis of cellulose dissolved in ionic liquids. Chemical Engineering Journal 2012, 181-182:538-541.
115. Mortensen P.M., Grunwaldt J.D., Jensen P.A., Knudsen K.G., Jensen A.D. A review of catalytic upgrading of bio-oil to engine fuels. Applied Catalysis A: General 2011, 407:1-19.
116. Murat Sen S., Henao C.A., Braden D.J., Dumesic J.A., Maravelias C.T. Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels: process development and technoeconomic evaluation. Chemical Engineering Science 2012, 67:57-67.
117. Murzin D., Simakova I. Catalysis in biomass processing. Catalysis in Industry 2011, 3:218-249.
118. Nenkova S., Vasileva T., Stanulov K. Production of phenol compounds by alkaline treatment of technical hydrolysis lignin and wood biomass. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 2008, 44:182-185.
119. 3 for C2-oxygenates synthesis from syngas: effect of manganese loading. Applied Catalysis A: General 2004, 261:47-55.
120. Okuhara T. Water-tolerant solid acid catalysts. Chemical Reviews 2002, 102:3641-3666.
121. Olivier-Bourbigou H., Magna L., Morvan D. Ionic liquids and catalysis: recent progress from knowledge to applications. Applied Catalysis A: General 2010, 373:1-56.
122. Ott L., Bicker M., Vogel H. Catalytic dehydration of glycerol in sub- and supercritical water: a new chemical process for acrolein production. Green Chemistry 2006, 8:214-220.
123. Pepper J.M., Fleming R.W. Lignin and related compounds. V. The hydrogenolysis of aspen wood lignin using rhodium-on-charcoal as catalyst. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 1978, 56:896-898.
124. Pepper J.M., Hibbert H. Studies on lignin and related compounds. LXXXVII. High pressure hydrogenation of maple wood. Journal of the American Chemical Society 1948, 70:67-71.
125. Pepper J.M., Lee Y.W. Lignin and related compounds. I. A comparative study of catalysts for lignin hydrogenolysis. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 1969, 47:723-727.
126. Pepper J.M., Supathna P. Lignin and related compounds. VI. A study of variables affecting the hydrogenolysis of spruce wood lignin using a rhodium-on-charcoal catalyst. Canadian Journal of Chemistry 1978, 56:899-902.
127. Perego C., Bianchi D. Biomass upgrading through acid-base catalysis. Chemical Engineering Journal 2010, 161:314-322.
128. Pérez-Alonso F.J., Herranz T., Rojas S., Ojeda M., López Granados M., Terreros P., Fierro J.L.G., Gracia M., Gancedo J.R. Evolution of the bulk structure and surface species on Fe-Ce catalysts during the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. Green Chemistry 2007, 9:663-670.
129. Pfeifer C., Rauch R., Hofbauer H. In-bed catalytic tar reduction in a dual fluidized bed biomass steam gasifier. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2004, 43:1634-1640.
130. Phillips S.D., Tarud J.K., Biddy M.J., Dutta A. Gasoline from woody biomass via thermochemical gasification, methanol synthesis, and methanol-to-gasoline technologies: a technoeconomic analysis. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2011, 50:11734-11745.
131. Phillips S.D., Tarud J.K., Biddy M.J., Dutta A. Gasoline from woody biomass via thermochemical gasification, methanol synthesis, and methanol-to-gasoline technologies: a technoeconomic analysis (Addition/Correction). Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2011, 50:14226.
132. Pinkert A., Marsh K.N., Pang S., Staiger M.P. Ionic liquids and their interaction with cellulose. Chemical Reviews 2009, 109:6712-6728.
133. Porta F., Prati L. Selective oxidation of glycerol to sodium glycerate with gold-on-carbon catalyst: an insight into reaction selectivity. Journal of Catalysis 2004, 224:397-403.
134. Portjanskaja E., Preis S. Aqueous photocatalytic oxidation of lignin: the influence of mineral admixtures. International Journal of Photoenergy 2007, 2007, Article 76730.
135. Portjanskaja E., Stepanova K., Klauson D., Preis S. The influence of titanium dioxide modifications on photocatalytic oxidation of lignin and humic acids. Catalysis Today 2009, 144:26-30.
136. Quyn D.M., Wu H., Li C.-Z. Volatilisation and catalytic effects of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the pyrolysis and gasification of Victorian brown coal. Part I. Volatilisation of Na and Cl from a set of NaCl-loaded samples. Fuel 2002, 81:143-149.
137. Ramayya S., Brittain A., Dealmeida C., Mok W., Antal M.J. Acidcatalysed dehydration of alcohols in supercritical water. Fuel 1987, 66:1364-1371.
138. Rinaldi R., Schüth F. Acid hydrolysis of cellulose as the entry point into biorefinery schemes. ChemSusChem 2009, 2:1096-1107.
139. Rinaldi R., Schüth F. Design of solid catalysts for the conversion of biomass. Energy & Environmental Science 2009, 2:610-626.
140. Rinaldi R., Palkovits R., Schüth F. Depolymerization of cellulose using solid catalysts in ionic liquids. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2008, 47:8047-8050.
141. Rinaldi R., Engel P., Büchs J., Spiess A.C., Schüth F. An integrated catalytic approach to fermentable sugars from cellulose. ChemSusChem 2010, 3:1151-1153.
142. Roman-Leshkov Y., Chheda J.N., Dumesic J.A. Phase modifiers promote efficient production of hydroxymethylfurfural from fructose. Science 2006, 312:1933-1937.
143. Roman-Leshkov Y., Barrett C.J., Liu Z.Y., Dumesic J.A. Production of dimethylfuran for liquid fuels from biomass-derived carbohydrates. Nature 2007, 447:982-985.
144. Rubin E.M. Genomics of cellulosic biofuels. Nature 2008, 454:841-845.
145. Ruppert A.M., Weinberg K., Palkovits R. Hydrogenolysis goes bio: from carbohydrates and sugar alcohols to platform chemicals. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2012, 51:2564-2601.
146. Sádaba I., Ojeda M., Mariscal R., Fierro J.L.G., Granados M.L. Catalytic and structural properties of co-precipitated Mg-Zr mixed oxides for furfural valorization via aqueous aldol condensation with acetone. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 2011, 101:638-648.
147. Sádaba I., Ojeda M., Mariscal R., Richards R., Granados M.L. Mg-Zr mixed oxides for aqueous aldol condensation of furfural with acetone: effect of preparation method and activation temperature. Catalysis Today 2011, 167:77-83.
148. Saito M., Murata K. Development of high performance Cu/ZnO-based catalysts for methanol synthesis and the water-gas shift reaction. Catalysis Surveys from Asia 2004, 8:285-294.
149. Sanders J.P.M., Clark J.H., Harmsen G.J., Heeres H.J., Heijnen J.J., Kersten S.R.A., Van Swaaij W.P.M., Moulijn J.A. Process intensification in the future production of base chemicals from biomass. Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification 2012, 51:117-136.
150. Schuster L., Eggersdorfer M. Process for the preparation of 1,2-propanediol 1996, US Patent US5616817 A.
151. Schwenk E., Gehrke M., Aichner F. Production of acrolein 1933, US Patent US1916743 A.
152. Serrano-Ruiz J.C., Wang D., Dumesic J.A. Catalytic upgrading of levulinic acid to 5-nonanone. Green Chemistry 2010, 12:574-577.
153. Shanks B.H. Conversion of biorenewable feedstocks: new challenges in heterogeneous catalysis. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research 2010, 49:10212-10217.
154. Simakova I., Simakova O., Mäki-Arvela P., Simakov A., Estrada M., Murzin D.Y. Deoxygenation of palmitic and stearic acid over supported Pd catalysts: effect of metal dispersion. Applied Catalysis A: General 2009, 355:100-108.
155. Simonetti D.A., Dumesic J.A. Catalytic production of liquid fuels from biomass-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons: catalytic coupling at multiple length scales. Catalysis Reviews 2009, 51:441-484.
156. Smits P.C.C., Kuster B.F.M., Van Der Wiele K., Van Der Baan S. Lead modified platinum on carbon catalyst for the selective oxidation of (2-) hydroxycarbonic acids, and especially polyhydroxycarbonic acids to their 2-keto derivatives. Applied Catalysis 1987, 33:83-96.
157. Snåre M., Kubičková I., Mäki-Arvela P., Eränen K., Murzin D.Y. Heterogeneous catalytic deoxygenation of stearic acid for production of biodiesel. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2006, 45:5708-5715.
158. Snåre M., Kubičková I., Mäki-Arvela P., Chichova D., Eränen K., Murzin D.Y. Catalytic deoxygenation of unsaturated renewable feedstocks for production of diesel fuel hydrocarbons. Fuel 2008, 87:933-945.
159. Stark A. Ionic liquids in the biorefinery: a critical assessment of their potential. Energy & Environmental Science 2011, 4:19-32.
160. Stöcker M. Biofuels and biomass-to-liquid fuels in the biorefinery: catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass using porous materials. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2008, 47:9200-9211.
161. Sun N., Rodríguez H., Rahman M., Rogers R.D. Where are ionic liquid strategies most suited in the pursuit of chemicals and energy from lignocellulosic biomass?. Chemical Communications 2011, 47:1405-1421.
162. Sutton D., Kelleher B., Ross J.R.H. Review of literature on catalysts for biomass gasification. Fuel Processing Technology 2001, 73:155-173.
163. Świerczyński D., Courson C., Bedel L., Kiennemann A., Guille J. Characterization of Ni-Fe/MgO/Olivine catalyst for fluidized bed steam gasification of biomass. Chemistry of Materials 2006, 18:4025-4032.
164. Thring R.W., Breau J. Hydrocracking of solvolysis lignin in a batch reactor. Fuel 1996, 75:795-800.
165. Timokhin B.V., Baransky V.A., Eliseeva G.D. Levulinic acid in organic synthesis. Russian Chemical Reviews 1999, 68:73-84.
166. Toda M., Takagaki A., Okamura M., Kondo J.N., Hayashi S., Domen K., Hara M. Green chemistry: biodiesel made with sugar catalyst. Nature 2005, 438:178.
167. Tong X., Ma Y., Li Y. Biomass into chemicals: conversion of sugars to furan derivatives by catalytic processes. Applied Catalysis A: General 2010, 385:1-13.
168. Upare P.P., Lee J.M., Hwang Y.K., Hwang D.W., Lee J.H., Halligudi S.B., Hwang J.S., Chang J.S. Direct hydrocyclization of biomass-derived levulinic acid to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran over nanocomposite copper/silica catalysts. ChemSusChem 2011, 4:1749-1752.
169. Vanoye L., Fanselow M., Holbrey J.D., Atkins M.P., Seddon K.R. Kinetic model for the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass in the ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium chloride. Green Chemistry 2009, 11:390-396.
170. 2 in the presence of zeolites and ion exchange resins. Catalysis Letters 1998, 56:245-247.
171. 3: effect of the activation process. Catalysis Today 2012, 187:122-128.
172. Voitl T., Von Rohr P.R. Oxidation of lignin using aqueous polyoxometalates in the presence of alcohols. ChemSusChem 2008, 1:763-769.
173. Wahyudiono, Kanetake T., Sasaki M., Goto M. Decomposition of a lignin model compound under hydrothermal conditions. Chemical Engineering & Technology 2007, 30:1113-1122.
174. Wahyudiono, Sasaki M., Goto M. Conversion of biomass model compound under hydrothermal conditions using batch reactor. Fuel 2009, 88:1656-1664.
175. Waldmann H., Petru F. Über die Dehydratisierung von Alkoholen mittels Phthalsäureanhydrids (1. Mitteil.). Chemische Berichte 1950, 83:287-291.
176. Wang P., Yu H., Zhan S., Wang S. Catalytic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in ionic liquid. Bioresource Technology 2011, 102:4179-4183.
177. Wang T., Chang J., Lv P., Zhu J. Novel catalyst for cracking of biomass tar. Energy & Fuels 2004, 19:22-27.
178. Watanabe M., Iida T., Aizawa Y., Aida T.M., Inomata H. Acrolein synthesis from glycerol in hot-compressed water. Bioresource Technology 2007, 98:1285-1290.
179. Werpy T.A., Frye J.G.J., Zacher A.H., Miller D.J. Hydrogenolysis of 6-carbon sugars and other organic compounds 2003, WO patent application, WO 2003035582.
180. West R.M., Liu Z.Y., Peter M., Dumesic J.A. Liquid alkanes with targeted molecular weights from biomass-derived carbohydrates. ChemSusChem 2008, 1:417-424.
181. Wildschut J., Arentz J., Rasrendra C.B., Venderbosch R.H., Heeres H.J. Catalytic hydrotreatment of fast pyrolysis oil: model studies on reaction pathways for the carbohydrate fraction. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy 2009, 28:450-460.
182. Wu H., Quyn D.M., Li C.-Z. Volatilisation and catalytic effects of alkali and alkaline earth metallic species during the pyrolysis and gasification of Victorian brown coal. Part III. The importance of the interactions between volatiles and char at high temperature. Fuel 2002, 81:1033-1039.
183. Yan N., Zhao C., Luo C., Dyson P.J., Liu H., Kou Y. One-step conversion of cellobiose to C6-alcohols using a ruthenium nanocluster catalyst. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2006, 128:8714-8715.
184. 2 doped CuZnO catalyst. Catalysis Today 2006, 115:222-227.
185. Zakrzewska M.E., BogelŁukasik E., BogelŁukasik R. Ionic liquidmediated formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural - a promising biomass-derived building block. Chemical Reviews 2010, 111:397-417.
186. Zakzeski J., Bruijnincx P.C.A., Jongerius A.L., Weckhuysen B.M. The catalytic valorization of lignin for the production of renewable chemicals. Chemical Reviews 2010, 110:3552-3599.
187. 3 (x=0, 0.1, 0.2). Molecules 2009, 14:2747-2757.
188. Zhang Q., Chang J., Wang T., Xu Y. Review of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and upgrading research. Energy Conversion and Management 2007, 48:87-92.
189. Zhao C., Kou Y., Lemonidou A.A., Li X., Lercher J.A. Highly selective catalytic conversion of phenolic bio-oil to alkanes. Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2009, 48:3987-3990.
190. Zhao H., Holladay J.E., Brown H., Zhang Z.C. Metal chlorides in ionic liquid solvents convert sugars to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. Science 2007, 316:1597-1600.
191. Zhao Z., Kuhn J.N., Felix L.G., Slimane R.B., Choi C.W., Ozkan U.S. Thermally impregnated Ni-olivine catalysts for tar removal by steam reforming in biomass gasifiers. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 2008, 47:717-723.
192. Zheng M.-Y., Wang A.-Q., Ji N., Pang J.-F., Wang X.-D., Zhang T. Transition metal-tungsten bimetallic catalysts for the conversion of cellulose into ethylene glycol. ChemSusChem 2010, 3:63-66.
193. Zhou C.H., Beltramini J.N., Fan Y.X., Lu G.Q. Chemoselective catalytic conversion of glycerol as a biorenewable source to valuable commodity chemicals. Chemical Society Reviews 2008, 37:527-549.
194. Zhou C.-H., Xia X., Lin C.-X., Tong D.-S., Beltramini J. Catalytic conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fine chemicals and fuels. Chemical Society Reviews 2011, 40:5588-5617.
195. Zhu S., Wu Y., Chen Q., Yu Z., Wang C., Jin S., Ding Y., Wu G. Dissolution of cellulose with ionic liquids and its application: a mini-review. Green Chemistry 2006, 8:325-327.
196. Zhu Y., Kong Z.N., Stubbs L.P., Lin H., Shen S., Anslyn E.V., Maguire J.A. Conversion of cellulose to hexitols catalyzed by ionic liquid-stabilized ruthenium nanoparticles and a reversible binding agent. ChemSusChem 2010, 3:67-70.