3D printed molecules and extended solid models for teaching symmetry and point groups

Journal of Chemical Education

Volumn 91, Issue 8, 2014, Pages 1174-1180

  Scalfani, Vincent F ^a   Vaid, Thomas P ^b  

^a The University of Alabama   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA   (United States)

Author keywords

3D Printing; Group Theory; Hands On Learning; Inorganic Chemistry; Molecular Models; Symmetry

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901923940     PISSN: 00219584     EISSN: 19381328     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/ed400887t     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Mann, A. W. Models for simple, close-packed crystal structures J. Chem. Educ. 1973, 50, 652-653
2. Bindel, T. H. Crystal Models Made from Clear Plastic Boxes and Their Use in Determining Avogadro's Number J. Chem. Educ. 2002, 79, 468-472
3. Kenney, M. E. Permanent packing type crystal models J. Chem. Educ. 1958, 35, 513-513
4. Gibb, T. R. P.; Bassow, H. Construction of crystal models from styrofoam spheres J. Chem. Educ. 1957, 34, 99-101
5. Birk, J. P.; Foster, J. Molecular models for the do-it-yourselfer J. Chem. Educ. 1989, 66, 1015-1018
6. Siodłak, D. Building Molecular Models Using Screw-On Bottle Caps J. Chem. Educ. 2013, 90, 1247-1249
7. Scattergood, A. The making of crystal lattice and unit cell models J. Chem. Educ. 1937, 14, 140-140
8. He, F.; Liu, L.; Li, X. Molecular models constructed in an easy way. Part 1. Models of tetrahedron, trigonal bipyramid, octahedron, pentagonal bipyramid, and capped octahedron J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 556-558
9. He, F.; Lubin, L.; Li, X. Molecular models constructed in an easy way. Part 2. Models constructed by using tetrahedral units as building blocks J. Chem. Educ. 1990, 67, 650-652
10. Chuang, C.; Jin, B.; Tsoo, C.; Tang, N. Y. W.; Cheung, P. S. M.; Cuccia, L. A. Molecular Modeling of Fullerenes with Beads J. Chem. Educ. 2012, 89, 414-416
11. Berman, B. 3-D printing: The new industrial revolution Bus. Horiz. 2012, 55, 155-162
12. Pham, D. T.; Gault, R. S. A comparison of rapid prototyping technologies Int. J. Mach. Tools Manuf. 1998, 38, 1257-1287
13. Wendel, B.; Rietzel, D.; Kuhnlein, F.; Feulner, R.; Hulder, G.; Schmachtenberg, E. Additive Processing of Polymers Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2008, 293, 799-809
14. Castle Island Co. Castle Island'sWorldwide Guideto Rapid Prototyping. http://www.additive3d.com/home.htm (accessed Apr 2014).
15. Frauenfelder, M. Make: Ultimate guide to 3D printing 2014; Maker Media: Sebastopol, CA, 2013.
16. Robey, R. F. Molecular models in inorganic chemistry J. Chem. Educ. 1935, 12, 378-381
17. Flint, E. B. Teaching Point-Group Symmetry with Three-Dimensional Models J. Chem. Educ. 2011, 88, 907-909
18. Johnson, L.; Becker, S. A.; Cummins, M.; Estrada, V.; Freeman, A.; Ludgate, H. In NMC Horizon Report: 2013 Higher Education Edition; The New Media Consortium: Austin, TX, 2013.
19. Chakraborty, P.; Zuckermann, R. N. Coarse-grained, foldable, physical model of the polypeptide chain Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2013, 110, 13368-13373
20. Wedler, H. B.; Cohen, S. R.; Davis, R. L.; Harrison, J. G.; Siebert, M. R.; Willenbring, D.; Hamann, C. S.; Shaw, J. T.; Tantillo, D. J. Applied Computational Chemistry for the Blind and Visually Impaired J. Chem. Educ. 2012, 89, 1400-1404
21. Rzepa, H. Chemistry With a Twist Blog: Full-colour 3D printing of molecular models and orbitals (wavefunctions). Posted 8/18/2013. http://www.ch.imperial.ac.uk/rzepa/blog (accessed Apr 2014).
22. Szczȩsny, P. Freelancing Science Blog: Images of Molecules. http://freelancingscience.com/molecular-renderings/ (accessed Apr 2014).
23. Jenny Iron Chef SynBio Blog: 3-D Printed Enzyme-Proof of Concept. http://ironchefsynbio.wordpress.com (accessed Apr 2014).
24. Pannen, R. Phlegmatic Prototyping Blog: Printing a Molecule- Part 1. http://phlegmatic-prototyping.tumblr.com/ (accessed Apr 2014).
25. Shapeways Discussion Forums Converting crystal structures to printable files [and message replies therein]. http://www.shapeways.com/forum/ (accessed Apr 2014).
26. Werner, A. Über mehrkernige Metallammoniake Chem. Ber. 1907, 40, 2103-2125
27. Cotton, F. A. Chemical applications of group theory, 3 rd ed.; Wiley: New York, 1990.
28. Vaid, T. P. A Porphyrin with a C=C Unit at Its Center J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 15838-15841
29. Tornroos, K. W.; Chernyshov, D.; Hostettler, M.; Burgi, H. B. Co-crystallized cis and trans isomers of dichlorobis(2-picolylamine)iron(II) Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun. 2005, 61, M450-M452
30. Rupar, P. A.; Staroverov, V. N.; Ragogna, P. J.; Baines, K. M. A Germanium(II)-Centered Dication J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 15138-15139
31. Turner, D. L.; Vaid, T. P.; Stephens, P. W.; Stone, K. H.; DiPasquale, A. G.; Rheingold, A. L. Semiconducting Lead-Sulfur-Organic Network Solids J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 130, 14-15
32. 8] Inorg. Chim. Acta 1994, 217, 79-84
33. Turner, D. L.; Stone, K. H.; Stephens, P. W.; Vaid, T. P. Cadmium and zinc thiolate and selenolate metal-organic frameworks Dalton Trans. 2010, 39, 5070-5073
34. Jeannin, O.; Clérac, R.; Fourmigué, M. Order-Disorder Transition Coupled with Magnetic Bistability in the Ferricinium Salt of a Radical Nickel Dithiolene Complex J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 14649-14656
35. - J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. 1999, 0, 4325-4329
36. 2- Anions Chem.-Eur. J. 2001, 7, 3783-3790
37. Claus, K. H.; Kruger, C. Structure of cyclooctatetraene at 129 K Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun. 1988, 44, 1632-1634
38. Avitabile, G.; Ganis, P.; Petraccone, V. Crystal and molecular structure of 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcycloocta- cis, cis, cis -1,3,5,7-tetraene J. Phys. Chem. 1969, 73, 2378-2381
39. Donohue, J.; Goodman, S. H. The crystal structure of adamantane: an example of a false minimum in least squares Acta Crystallogr. 1967, 22, 352-354
40. 14 Driven By Absorption of Water and Alcohols J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2008, 130, 10038-10039
41. Kaspi, A. W.; Goldberg, I.; Vigalok, A. Reagent-Dependent Formation of C-C and C-F Bonds in Pt Complexes: An Unexpected Twist in the Electrophilic Fluorination Chemistry J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 10626-10627
42. Charbonneau, G. P.; Delugeard, Y. Biphenyl: three-dimensional data and new refinement at 293 K Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Crystallogr. Cryst. Chem. 1977, 33, 1586-1588
43. Lipka, A.; Mootz, D. Die kristallstruktur des 2;1-Adduktes zwischen Antimontrichlorid und Diphenyl, 2SbCl3 ·(C6H5)2 Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 1978, 440, 217-223
44. 3) J. Organomet. Chem. 2003, 680, 182-187
45. Takahashi, H.; Matsubara, E.; Shiro, M.; Matsubara, S.; Sato, N.; Muramatsu, A.; Tohji, K. Co-deposition of fullerenes and sulfur from diluted solution Fullerenes, Nanotubes, Carbon Nanostruct. 2002, 10, 217-226
46. Wang, M.; Wang, B.; Zheng, P.; Wang, W.; Lin, J. Structure of the extraction complex bis[(dicyclohexano-18-crown-6)oxonium] hexanitratothorate(IV) isomer Acta Crystallogr., Sect. C: Cryst. Struct. Commun. 1988, 44, 1913-1916
47. Abrahams, S. C.; Bernstein, J. L. Accuracy of an Automatic Diffractometer. Measurement of Sodium Chloride Structure Factors Acta Crystallogr. 1965, 18, 926-932
48. Ahtee, M. Lattice constants of some binary alkali halide solid solutions Ann. Acad. Sci. Fenn., Ser. A6 1969, 313, 1-11
49. Batchelder, D. N.; Simmons, R. O. Lattice Constants + Thermal Expansivities of Silicon + of Calcium Fluoride between 6 Degrees + 322 Degrees K J. Chem. Phys. 1964, 41, 2324-2329
50. Wyckoff, R. W. G. Crystal structures, 2 nd ed.; Interscience Publishers: New York, 1963.
51. Aminoff, G. Untersuchungen ueber die kristallstrukturen von wurtzit und rotnickelkies Z. Kristallogr. 1923, 58, 203-219
52. Jumpertz, E. A. Uber Die Elektronendichteverteilung in Der Zinkblende Z. Elektrochem. 1955, 59, 419-425
53. Howard, C. J.; Sabine, T. M.; Dickson, F. Structural and Thermal Parameters for Rutile and Anatase Acta Crystallogr., Sect. B: Struct. Sci. 1991, 47, 462-468
54. Pettersen, E. F.; Goddard, T. D.; Huang, C. C.; Couch, G. S.; Greenblatt, D. M.; Meng, E. C.; Ferrin, T. E. UCSF chimera-A visualization system for exploratory research and analysis J. Comput. Chem. 2004, 25, 1605-1612
55. Sanner, M. F. Python: A programming language for software integration and development J. Mol. Graphics Modell. 1999, 17, 57-61
56. Castle Island Co. Comparison Chart of All 3D Printer Choicesfor Approximately 20,000 or Less. http://www.additive3d.com/3dpr/cht.htm (accessed Apr 2014).