Editorial commentary: Changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile and emergence of new virulent strains

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 58, Issue 12, 2014, Pages 1731-1733

  Johnson, Stuart ^a,b  

^a LOYOLA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b HINES VA HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

clade type; Clostridium difficile infection; mortality; severity; strain type

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CLINDAMYCIN; RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

BACTERIAL STRAIN; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; CYTOPATHOGENIC EFFECT; DISEASE SEVERITY; MICROARRAY ANALYSIS; NONSENSE MUTATION; NOTE; PHYLOGENY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RIBOTYPING; SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISM; STOP CODON; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS; EPIDEMIC; FEMALE; GENETICS; HUMAN; MALE; MICROBIOLOGY; PEPTOCLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE;

CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; COMMUNICABLE DISEASES, EMERGING; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; ENTEROCOLITIS, PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE;

EID: 84901769294     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: 15376591     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu205     Document Type: Note

References (23)

1. Belmares J, Johnson S, Parada JP, et al. Molecular epidemiology of Clostridium difficile over the course of 10 years in a tertiary care hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 1141-7.
2. Johnson S, Samore MH, Farrow KA, et al. Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1645-51.
3. McDonald LC, Killgore GE, Thompson A, et al. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2433-41.
4. Loo VG, Poirier L, Miller MA, et al. A predominantly clonal multi-institutional outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea with high morbidity and mortality. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:2442-9.
5. Kuijper EJ, van den Berg RJ, Debast S, et al. Clostridium difficile ribotype 027, toxinotype III, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12:827-30.
6. He M, Miyajima F, Roberts P, et al. Emergence and global spread of epidemic healthcare-associated Clostridium difficile. Nat Genet 2013; 45:109-13.
7. Lim SK, Stuart RL, Mackin K, et al. Emergence of a ribotype 244 strain of Clostridium difficile associated with severe disease and related to the epidemic ribotype 027 strain. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 58:1723-30.
8. Huang H, Weintraub A, Fang H, Nord CE. Comparison of a commercial multiplex real-time PCR to the cell cytotoxicity neutralization assay for diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infections. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3729-31.
9. Stabler RA, Gerding DN, Songer JG, et al. Comparative phylogenomics of Clostridium difficile reveals clade specificity and microevolution of hypervirulent strains. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:7297-305.
10. Carter GP, Douce GR, Govind R, et al. The anti-sigma factor TcdC modulates hypervirulence in an epidemic BI/NAP1/027 clinical isolate of Clostridium difficile. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002317.
11. Lyras D, O'Connor JR, Howarth PM, et al. Toxin B is essential for virulence of Clostridium difficile. Nature 2009; 458:1176-9.
12. Kuehne SA, Cartman ST, Heap JT, Kelly ML, Cockayne A, Minton NP. The role of toxin A and toxin B in Clostridium difficile infection. Nature 2010; 467:711-3.
13. GoorhuisA,BakkerD,Corver J, et al.Emergence of Clostridium difficile infectiondue to anewhypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:1162-70.
14. Walker AS, Eyre DW, Wyllie DH, et al. Relationship between bacterial strain type, host biomarkers, and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection. Clin Infect Dis 2013; 56:1589-600.
15. Geric B, Carman RJ, Rupnik M, et al. Binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative Clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters. J Infect Dis 2006; 193:1143-50.
16. Schwan C, Stecher B, Tzivelekidis T, et al. Clostridium difficile toxin CDT induces formation of microtubule-based protrusions and increases adherence of bacteria. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000626.
17. Gerding DN, Johnson S, Rupnik M, Aktories K. Clostridium difficile binary toxin CDT: mechanism, epidemiology, and potential clinical importance [Epub ahead of print]. Gut Microbes 2013; 5.
18. Bauer MP, Notermans DW, van Benthem BH, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: A hospital-based survey. Lancet 2011; 377:63-73.
19. Guastalegname M, Grieco S, Giuliano S, et al. A cluster of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis in an intensive care unit in Italy [Epub ahead of print]. Infection 2014.
20. Wilcox MH, Shetty N, Fawley WN, et al. Changing epidemiology of Clostridium difficile infection following the introduction of a national ribotyping-based surveillance scheme in England. Clin Infect Dis 2012; 55:1056-63.
21. Black SR, Weaver KN, Jones RC, et al. Clostridium difficile outbreak strain BI is highly endemic in Chicago area hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2011; 32: 897-902.
22. See I, Mu Y, Cohen J, et al. NAP1 strain type predicts outcomes from Clostridium difficile infection [Epub ahead of print]. Clin Infect Dis 2014.
23. De Almeida MN, Heffernan H, Dervan A, et al. Severe Clostridium difficile infection in New Zealand associated with an emerging strain, PCR-ribotype 244. N Z Med J 2013; 126:9-14.