The spread of marine anoxia on the northern Tethys margin during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum

Paleoceanography

Volumn 29, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 471-488

  Dickson, Alexander J ^a,b   Rees Owen, Rhian L ^c,d   März, Christian ^e   Coe, Angela L ^a   Cohen, Anthony S ^a   Pancost, Richard D ^c   Taylor, Kyle ^c   Shcherbinina, Ekaterina ^f  

^a OPEN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^e NEWCASTLE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^f GEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE   (Russian Federation)

Author keywords

biomarkers; carbon burial; PETM; redox; Tethys; trace elements

Indexed keywords

EID: 84901739637     PISSN: 08838305     EISSN: 19449186     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2014PA002629     Document Type: Article

References (136)

1. Adams, D. D., M. T. Hurtgen, and, B. B. Sageman, (2010), Volcanic triggering of a biogeochemical cascade during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Nat. Geosci., 3, 201-204.
2. 2, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 256, 130-155.
3. Anderson, T. F., and, R. Raiswell, (2004), Sources and mechanisms for the enrichment of highly reactive iron in euxinic Black Sea sediments, Am. J. Sci., 304, 203-233. (Pubitemid 38762833)
4. Aubry, M.-P., K. Ouda, C. Dupuis, W. A. Berggren, J. A. van Couvering, and members of the Working Group on the Paleocene/Eocene boundary (2007), The Global Standard Stratotype-Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene Series in the Dababiya section (Egypt), Episodes, 30, 271-286.
5. Birck, J. L., M. Roy Barman, and, F. Capmas, (1997), Re-Os isotopic measurements at the femtomole level in natural samples, Geostand. Newslett., 20, 19-27. (Pubitemid 43892004)
6. Blumer, M., R. R. Guillard, and, T. Chase, (1971), Hydrocarbons of marine phytoplankton, Mar. Biol., 8, 183.
7. Bolle, M.-P., and, T. Adatte, (2001), Palaeocene-early Eocene climatic evolution in the Tethyan realm: Clay mineral evidence, Clay Miner., 36, 249-261. (Pubitemid 32541201)
8. Bolle, M. P., A. Pardo, K.-U. Hinrichs, T. Adatte, K. von Salis, S. Burns, G. Keller, and, N. Muzylev, (2000), The Paleocene-Eocene transition in the marginal northeastern Tethys [Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan], Int. J. Earth Sci., 89, 390-414.
9. Bralower, T. J., D. J. Thomas, J. C. Zachos, M. M. Hirschmann, U. Röhl, H. Sigurdsson, E. Thomas, and, D. L. Whitney, (1997), High-resolution records of the late Paleocene thermal maximum and circum-Caribbean volcanism: Is there a causal link?, Geology, 25, 963-966.
10. Brassell, S. C., A. M. K. Wardroper, I. D. Thomson, J. R. Maxwell, and, G. Eglinton, (1981), Specific acyclic isoprenoids as biological markers of methanogenic bacteria in marine sediments, Nature, 290, 693-696.
11. Bray, E. E., and, E. D. Evans, (1961), Distribution of n-paraffins as a clue to recognition of source beds, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 22, 2-15.
12. Brumsack, H.-J., (2006), The trace metal content of recent organic carbon-rich sediments: Implications for Cretaceous black shale formation, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 232, 344-361. (Pubitemid 43363439)
13. Calvert, S. E., and, T. F. Pederson, (2007), Elemental proxies for palaeoclimatic and palaeoceanographic variability in marine sediments: Interpretation and application, Dev. Mar. Geol., 1, 567-644.
14. Canudo, J. I., G. Keller, E. Molina, and, N. Ortiz, (1995), Planktic foraminiferal turnover and 13C isotopes across the Paleocene-Eocene transition at Caravaca and Zumaya, Spain, Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 114, 75-100.
15. 18O isotopes from foraminiferal calcite, Paleoceanography, 13, 106-118, doi: 10.1029/97PA02585.
16. Charles, A. J., D. J. Condon, I. C. Harding, H. Pälike, J. E. A. Marshall, Y. Cui, L. Kump, and, I. W. Croudace, (2011), Constraints on the numerical age of the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 12, Q0AA17, doi: 10.1029/2010GC003426.
17. Chun, C. O. J., M. L. Delaney, and, J. C. Zachos, (2010), Paleoredox changes across the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Walvis Ridge [ODP Sites 1262, 1263, and 1266]: Evidence from Mn and U enrichment factors, Paleoceanography, 25, PA4202, doi: 10.1029/2009PA001861.
18. Cleveland, C. C., and, D. Liptzin, (2007), C:N:P stoichiometry in soil: Is there a "Redfield" ratio for the microbial biomass?, Biogeochemistry, 85, 235-252. (Pubitemid 47246575)
19. 2 by continental weathering, Geology, 32, 157-160. (Pubitemid 38319373)
20. Cohen, A. S., A. L. Coe, and, D. B. Kemp, (2007), The late Palaeocene-early Eocene and Toarcian [early Jurassic] carbon isotope excursions: A comparison of their time scales, associated environmental changes, causes and consequences, J. Geol. Soc. London, 164, 1093-1108. (Pubitemid 350047991)
21. Colisimo, A. B., T. J. Bralower, and, J. C. Zachos, (2006), Evidence for lysocline shoaling at the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum on Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Sci. Res., vol. 198 [online], edited by, T. J. Bralower, I. P. Silva, and, M. J. Malone, pp. 1-36. [Available at http://www-odp.tamu.edu/publications/198-SR/112/112.htm.]
22. Colombo, J. C., E. Pelletier, C. Brochu, and, M. Khall, (1989), Determination of hydrocarbon sources using n-alkane and polyaromatic hydrocarbon distribution indexes. Case study: Rio de le Plata estuary, Argentina, Environ. Sci. Technol., 23, 888-894. (Pubitemid 19191439)
23. Cope, J. T., and, A. Winguth, (2011), On the sensitivity of ocean circulation to arctic freshwater input during the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 306, 82-94.
24. Crouch, E. M., G. R. Dickens, H. Brinkhuis, M.-P. Aubry, C. J. Hollis, K. M. Rogers, and, H. Visscher, (2003), The Apectodinium acme and terrestrial discharge during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Nannoplankton observations at Tawanui, New Zealand, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 194, 387-403. (Pubitemid 36610534)
25. Crusius, J., S. Calvert, T. Pedersen, and, D. Sage, (1996), Rhenium and molybdenum enrichments in sediments as indicators of oxic, suboxic and sulphidic conditions of deposition, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 145, 65-78.
26. Crusius, J., T. F. Pederson, S. E. Calvert, G. L. Cowie, and, O. Tadamichi, (1999), A 36 kyr geochemical record of organic matter flux variations and changes in intermediate water oxygen concentrations, Paleoceanography, 14, 248-259. (Pubitemid 29388524)
27. Davelaar, D., (1993), Ecological significance of bacterial polyphosphate metabolism in sediments, Hydrobiologia, 253, 179-192. (Pubitemid 24410523)
28. Dickens, G. R., (2011), Down the rabbit hole: towards appropriate discussion of methane release from gas hydrate systems during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum and other past hyperthermal events, Clim. Past, 7, 831-846.
29. Dickens, G. R., J. R. O'Neil, D. K. Rea, and, R. M. Owen, (1995), Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene, Paleoceanography, 10, 965-971. (Pubitemid 26462021)
30. Dickson, A. J., A. S. Cohen, and, A. L. Coe, (2012), Seawater oxygenation during the Paleocene Eocene Thermal Maximum, Geology, 40, doi: 10.1130/G32977.1.
31. Dupuis, C., M.-P. Aubry, E. Steurbaut, W. A. Berggren, K. Ouda, R. Magioncalda, B. S. Cramer, D. V. Kent, R. P. Speijer, and, C. Heilmann-Clausen, (2003), The Dababiya Quarry section: Lithostratigraphy, clay mineralogy, geochemistry and palaeontology, Micropaleontology, 49, 41-59. (Pubitemid 36953730)
32. Duursma, E. K., and, M. P. R. M. Boisson, (1994), Global oceanic and atmospheric oxygen stability considered in relation to the carbon cycle and to different time scales, Oceanologica Acta., 17, 117-141. (Pubitemid 2156192)
33. Emerson, S. R., and, S. S. Huested, (1991), Ocean anoxia and the concentrations of molybdenum and vanadium in seawater, Mar. Chem., 34, 177-196.
34. Eriksson, B. E., and, G. R. Helz, (2000), Molybdenum [IV] speciation in sulphidic waters: Stability and lability of thiomolybdates, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 1149-1158. (Pubitemid 30239468)
35. Francois, R., S. Honjo, S. J. Manganini, and, G. E. Ravizza, (1995), Biogenic barium fluxes to the deep sea: Implications for paleoproductivity reconstruction, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 9, 289-303, doi: 10.1029/95GB00021. (Pubitemid 26438589)
36. Friedrich, O., (2010), Benthic foraminifera and their role to decipher paleoenvironment during mid-Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events-The "anoxic benthic foraminifera" paradox, Rev. Micropaleontol., 53, 175-192.
37. Friedrich, O., J. Erbacher, and, J. Mutterlose, (2006), Paleoenvironmental change across the Cenomanian/Turonian Boundary Event [Oceanic Anoxic Event 2] as indicated by benthic foraminifera from the Demerara Rise [ODP Leg 207], Rev. Micropaleontol., 49, 121-139. (Pubitemid 44350038)
38. Gavrilov, Y. O., and, N. G. Muzylöv, (1992), The geochemistry of sapropelite interbeds in the Paleogene of Central Caucasus, Lithol. Min. Resour., 26, 548-559. (Pubitemid 23372715)
39. Gavrilov, Y. O., L. A. Kodina, I. Y. Lubchenko, and, N. G. Muzylev, (1997), The late Paleocene anoxic event in epicontinental seas of Peri-Tethys and formation of the sapropelite unit: Sedimentology and geochemistry, Lithol. Min. Resour., 32, 427-450. (Pubitemid 127125899)
40. Gavrilov, Y. O., E. A. Shcherbinina, and, N. G. Muzylöv, (2000), A Paleogene sequence in central North Caucasus: A response to paleoenvironmental changes, GFF, 122, 51-53.
41. Gavrilov, Y. O., E. A. Shcherbinina, and, H. Oberhänsli, (2003), Paleocene-Eocene boundary events in the northeastern Peri-Tethys, in Causes and Consequences of Globally Warm Climates in the Early Palaeogene, GSA Special Paper, vol. 198, edited by, S. L. Wing, et al., pp. 25-47, Geol. Soc. Am., Boulder, Colo.
42. Gavrilov, Y., E. Shcherbinina, O. Golovanova, and, B. Porovsky, (2009), A variety of PETM records in different settings, northeastern Peri-Tethys, in Climatic and Biotic Events of the Paleogene [CBEP 2009], Extended Abstracts From an International Conference in Wellington, New Zealand, GNS Science Miscellaneous Series, vol. 18, edited by, E. M. Crouch, C. P. Strong, and, C. J. Hollis, pp. 67-70.
43. Gavrilov, Y., E. A. Shcherbinina, O. V. Golovanova, and, B. G. Porovsky, (2013), The late Cenomanian Paleoecological event (OAE 2) in the Eastern Caucasus Basin of Northern Peri-Tethys, Lithology and Mineral Resources, 48, 457-488.
44. Georgiev, S., et al. (2012), Chemical signals for oxidative weathering predict Re-Os isochroneity in black shales, East Greenland, Chem. Geol., 324-325, 108-121.
45. Gibbs, S. J., T. J. Bralower, P. R. Bown, J. C. Zachos, and, M. Bybell, (2006), Shelf and open ocean calcareous phytoplankton assemblages across the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Implications for global productivity gradients, Geology, 34, 233-236.
46. Giger, W., C. Schnaffner, and, S. G. Wakeham, (1980), Aliphatic and olefinic hydrocarbons in recent sediments of Greifensee, Switzerland, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 44, 119-129.
47. Handley, L., A. O'Halloran, P. N. Pearson, E. Hawkins, C. J. Nicholas, S. Schouten, I. K. McMillan, and, R. D. Pancost, (2012), Changes in the hydrological cycle in tropical East Africa during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 329-330, 10-21.
48. Harding, I. C., et al. (2011), Sea-level and salinity fluctuations during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum in Arctic Spitsbergen, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 303, 97-107.
49. Helz, G. R., E. Bura-Nakic̈, N. Mikac, and, I. Ciglenečki, (2011), New model for molybdenum behaviour in euxinic waters, Chem. Geol., 284, 323-332.
50. Higgs, N. C., J. Thomson, T. R. S. Wilson, and, I. W. Croudace, (1994), Modification and complete removal of eastern Mediterranean sapropels by postdepositional oxidation, Geology, 22, 423-426. (Pubitemid 24404482)
51. Hollis, C. J., G. R. Dickens, B. D. Field, C. M. Jones, and, C. P. Strong, (2005), The Paleocene-Eocene transition at Mead Stream, New Zealand: A southern Pacific record of early Cenozoic global change, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 215, 313-343. (Pubitemid 39623112)
52. Huber, M., and, L. C. Sloan, (2001), Heat transport, deep waters, and thermal gradients: Coupled simulation of an Eocene Greenhouse Climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 3481-3484, doi: 10.1029/2001GL012943. (Pubitemid 32989789)
53. Jenkyns, H. C., (2003), Evidence for rapid climate change in the Mesozoic-Palaeogene greenhouse world, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 361, 1885-1916. (Pubitemid 37256172)
54. Jenkyns, H. C., (2010, Geochemistry of Oceanic Anoxic Events, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 11, Q03004, doi: 10.1029/2009GC002788.
55. Jimenez Berrocoso, A., K. G. MacLeod, E. E. Martin, E. Bourbon, C. Isaza Londono, and, C. Basak, (2010), Nutrient trap for Late Cretaceous black shales in the tropical North Atlantic, Geology, 38, 1111-1114.
56. John, C. M., S. M. Bohaty, J. C. Zachos, A. Sluijs, S. Gibbs, H. Brinkhuis, and, T. J. Bralower, (2008), North American continental margin records of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Implications for global carbon and hydrological cycling, Paleoceanography, 23, PA2217, doi: 10.1029/2007PA001465.
57. Kaiho, K., K. Takeda, M. R. Petrizzo, and, J. C. Zachos, (2006), Anomalous shifts in tropical Pacific planktonic and benthic foraminiferal test size during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 237, 456-464. (Pubitemid 44041540)
58. Keeling, R. F., A. Körtzinger, and, N. Gruber, (2010), Ocean deoxygenation in a warming world, Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci., 2, 199-229.
59. Khozyem, H., T. Adatte, J. E. Spangenberg, A. A. Tantawy, and, G. Keller, (2013), Palaeoenvironmental and climatic changes during the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) at the Wadi Nukhul section, Sinai, Egypt, J. Geol. Soc., 170, 341-352.
60. Knox, R. W. O.' B., M.-P. Aubry, W. A. Berggren, C. Dupuis, K. Ouda, R. Magioncalda, and, M. Soliman, (2003), The Qreiya section at Gebel Abu Had: Lithostratigraphy, clay mineralogy, geochemistry and biostratigraphy, Micropaleontology, 49, 93-104. (Pubitemid 36953732)
61. Kodina, L. A., Y. Huang, Y. O. Gavrilov, M. Jones, and, G. Eglinton, (1995), Environment of upper Paleocene black shale deposition in Southern Russia and adjacent regions as revealed by isotope and biomarker study, in Organic Geochemistry: Developments and Applications to Energy, Climate, Environment and Human History: Selected Papers from the 17th International Meeting on Organic Geochemistry, Special Papers, vol. 369, edited by, J. O. Grimalt, and, C. Dorrosoro, pp. 194-192, Geol. Soc. Am., Denostia-San Sebastian, The Basque Country.
62. Kuypers, M. M. M., R. D. Pancost, I. A. Nijenhuis, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damste, (2002), Enhanced productivity led to increased organic carbon burial in the euxinic North Atlantic basin during the late Cenomanian oceanic anoxic event, Paleoceanography, 17 (4), 1051, doi: 10.1029/2000PA000569.
63. Lippert, P. C., and, J. C. Zachos, (2007), A biogenic origin for anomalous fine-grained magnetic material at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary at Wilson Lake, New Jersey, Paleoceanography, 22, PA4104, doi: 10.1029/2007/ PA001471.
64. Lyons, T. W., and, S. Severmann, (2006), A critical look at iron paleoredox proxies: New insights from modern euxinic marine basins, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 70, 5698-5722. (Pubitemid 44712469)
65. Lytle, J. S., T. F. Lytle, J. N. Gearing, and, P. J. Gearing, (1979), Hydrocarbons in benthic algae from the Eastern Gulf of Mexico, Mar. Biol., 51, 279-288. (Pubitemid 9231216)
66. Mangini, A., M. Jung, and, S. Laukenmann, (2001), What do we learn from peaks of uranium and of manganese in deep sea sediments?, Mar. Geol., 177, 63-78.
67. März, C., S. W. Poulton, B. Beckmann, K. Kuester, T. Wagner, and, S. Kasten, (2008), Redox sensitivity of P cycling during marine black shale formation: Dynamics of sulfidic and anoxic, non-sulfidic bottom waters, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 72, 3703-3717.
68. McInerney, F. A., and, S. L. Wing, (2011), The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A perturbation of carbon cycle, climate and biosphere with implications for the future, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 39, 489-516.
69. Monterio, F. M., R. D. Pancost, A. Ridgwell, and, Y. Donnadieu, (2012), Nutrients as the dominant control on the spread of anoxia and euxinia across the Cenomanian-Turonian oceanic anoxic event [OAE2]: Model-data comparison, Paleoceanography, 27, PA4209, doi: 10.1029/2012PA002351.
70. Morford, J. L., and, S. Emerson, (1999), The geochemistry of redox sensitive trace metals in sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 63, 1735-1750.
71. Mort, H. P., T. Adatte, K. B. Föllmi, G. Keller, P. Steinmann, V. Matera, Z. Berner, and, D. Stüben, (2007), Phosphorous and the roles of productivity and nutrient recycling during Oceanic Anoxic Event 2, Geology, 35, 483-486. (Pubitemid 46971592)
72. Nesbitt, H. W., and, G. M. Young, (1998), Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites, Nature, 299, 715-717.
73. Nicolo, M. J., G. R. Dickens, C. J. Hollis, and, J. C. Zachos, (2008), Multiple early Eocene hyperthermals: Their sedimentary expression on the New Zealand continental margin and in the deep sea, Geology, 35, 699-702. (Pubitemid 47289085)
74. Nicolo, M. J., G. R. Dickens, and, C. J. Hollis, (2010), South Pacific intermediate water oxygen depletion at the onset of the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum as depicted in New Zealand margin settings, Paleoceanography, 225, PA4210, doi: 10.1029/2009PA001904.
75. O'Connell, S., M. A. Chandler, and, R. Ruedy, (1996), Implications for the creation of warm saline deep water: Late Paleocene reconstructions and global climate model simulations, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 108, 270-284.
76. Pagani, M., N. Pedentchouk, M. Huber, A. Sluijs, S. Schouten, H. Brinkhuis, J. S. Sinninghe Damste, G. R. Dickens, and Expedition 302 Scientists (2006), Arctic hydrology during global warming at the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum, Nature, 442, 671-675. (Pubitemid 44215319)
77. Pak, D. K., and, K. G. Miller, (1992), Paleocene to Eocene benthic foraminiferal isotopes and assemblages: Implications for deepwater circulation, Paleoceanography, 7, 405-422, doi: 10.1029/92PA01234. (Pubitemid 23387379)
78. Pancost, R. D., N. Crawford, S. Magness, A. Turner, H. C. Jenkyns, and, J. R. Maxwell, (2004), Further evidence for the development of photic-zone euxinic conditions during Mesozoic Oceanic Anoxic Events, J. Geol. Soc. London, 161, 353-364. (Pubitemid 38546686)
79. Passier, H. F., H-J. Bosch, I. A. Nijenhuis, L. J. Lourens, M. E. Böttcher, A. Leenders, J. S. Sinninghe Damsté, G. J. de Lange, and, J. W. Leeuw, (1999), Sulphidic Mediterranean surface waters during Pliocene sapropel formation, Nature, 397, 146-149.
80. Pearce, C. R., A. S. Cohen, and, I. J. Parkinson, (2009), Quantitative separation of molybdenum and rhenium from geological materials for isotopic determination by MC-ICP-MS, Geostand. Geoanal. Res., 33, 219-229.
81. Peucker-Ehrenbrink, B., and, R. E. Hannigan, (2000), Effects of black shale weathering on the mobility of rhenium and platinum group elements, Geology, 28, 475-478. (Pubitemid 32836068)
82. Piper, D. Z., and, S. E. Calvert, (2009), A marine biogeochemical perspective on black shale deposition, Earth Sci. Rev., 95, 63-96.
83. Poulton, S. W., and, D. E. Canfield, (2005), Development of a sequential extraction procedure for iron: Implications for iron partitioning in continentally derived particles, Chem. Geol., 214, 209-221. (Pubitemid 40140813)
84. Poulton, S. W., and, D. E. Canfield, (2011), Ferruginous conditions: A dominant feature of the ocean through Earth's history, Elements, 7, 107-112.
85. Pruysers, P. A., G. J. De Lange, J. J. Middelburg, and, D. J. Hydes, (1993), The diagenetic formation of metal-rich layers in sapropel-containing sediments in the eastern Mediterranean, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 527-536. (Pubitemid 23380166)
86. Radionova, E. P., G. N. Aleksandrova, T. T. Gavtadze, S. I. Stupin, and, I. E. Khokhlova, (2009), Analysis of late Paleocene-early Eocene microplankton from the Kheu River section, west pre-Caucasus, in Climatic and Biotic Events of the Paleogene [CBEP 2009]: Extended Abstracts From an International Conference in Wellington, New Zealand, GNS Science Misc. Series, vol. 18, edited by, E. M. Crouch, C. P. Strong, and, C. J. Hollis, pp. 111-116.
87. Raiswell, R., and, D. E. Canfield, (1998), Sources of iron for pyrite formation in marine sediments, Am. J. Sci., 298, 219-245.
88. Ravizza, G., R. N. Norris, J. Blusztajn, and, M.-P. Aubry, (2001), An osmium isotope excursion associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum: Evidence of intensified chemical weathering, Paleoceanography, 16, 155-163, doi: 10.1029/2000PA000541. (Pubitemid 32554833)
89. Reitz, A., M. Wille, T. F. Nägler, and, G. J. de Lange, (2007), Atypical Mo isotope signatures in eastern Mediterranean sediments, Chem. Geol., 245, 1-8. (Pubitemid 47471345)
90. Rieley, G., R. J. Collier, D. M. Jones, G. Eglinton, P. A. Eakin, and, A. E. Fallick, (1991), Sources of sedimentary lipids deduced from stable carbon-isotope analyses of individual compounds, Nature, 352, 425-427. (Pubitemid 21896737)
91. Roberts, C. D., A. N. LeGrande, and, A. K. Tripati, (2009), Climate sensitivity to Arctic seaway restriction during the early Paleogene, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 286, 576-585.
92. Rowland, S. J., (1990), Production of acyclic isoprenoid hydrocarbons by laboratory maturation of methanogenic bacteria, Org. Geochem., 15, 9-16.
93. Rudnick, R. L., and, S. Gao, (2003), Composition of the continental crust, in Treatise on Geochemistry, vol. 3, edited by, D. H. Heinrich, and, K. T. Karl, pp. 1-64, Elsevier, Pergamon, Oxford, U. K.
94. Sannigrahi, P., and, E. Ingall, (2005), Polyphosphates as a source of enhanced P fluxes in marine sediments overlain by anoxic waters: Evidence from 31P NMR, Geochem. Trans., 6, 52-59. (Pubitemid 41601004)
95. Scalan, E. S., and, J. E. Smith, (1970), An improved measure of the odd-even predominance in the normal alkanes of sediment extracts and petroleum, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 34 (5), 611-620.
96. Schmitz, B., and, V. Pujalte, (2007), Abrupt increase in seasonal extreme precipitation at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary, Geology, 35, 215-218. (Pubitemid 46437824)
97. 18O] records, Geology, 24, 347-350.
98. Schmitz, B., S. D. Charisi, E. I. Thompson, and, R. P. Speijer, (1997), Barium, SiO2 (excess), and P2O5 as proxies of biological productivity in the Middle East during the Palaeocene and the latest Palaeocene benthic extinction event, Terra Nova, 9, 95-99.
99. Schmitz, B., B. Peucker-Ehrenbrink, C. Heilmann-Clausen, G. Åberg, F. Asaro, and, C.-T. A. Lee, (2004), Basaltic explosive volcanism, but no comet impact, at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary: High-resolution chemical and isotopic records from Egypt, Spain and Denmark, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 225, 1-17. (Pubitemid 39122620)
100. Schulte, S., F. Rostek, E. Bard, J. Rullktter, and, O. Marchal, (1999), Variations of oxygen-minimum and primary productivity recorded in sediments of the Arabian Sea, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 173, 205-221. (Pubitemid 30065805)
101. Schulte, P., C. Scheibner, and, R. P. Speijer, (2011), Fluvial discharge and sea-level changes controlling black shale deposition during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in the Dababiya Quarry section, Egypt, Chem. Geol., 285, 167-183.
102. Scott, C., and, T. W. Lyons, (2012), Contrasting molybdenum cycling and isotopic properties in euxinic versus non-euxinic sediments and sedimentary rocks: Refining the paleoproxies, Chem. Geol., 324-325, 19-27.
103. Seto, K., (1995), Carbon and oxygen isotopic paleoceanography of the Indian and South Atlantic Oceans: Paleoclimate and paleo-ocean circulation, J. Sci. Hiroshima Univ., 10, 393-485.
104. Sinninghe Damste, J. S., M. M. M. Kuypers, S. Schouten, S. Schulte, and, J. Rullkötter, (2003), The lycopaneC31 n-alkane ratio as a proxy to assess palaeoxicity during sediment deposition, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 209, 215-226. (Pubitemid 36425302)
105. Slomp, C. P., and, P. van Cappellen, (2007), The global marine phosphorous cycle: Sensitivity to oceanic circulation, Biogeosciences, 4, 155-171. (Pubitemid 46346821)
106. Slomp, C. P., J. Thomson, and, G. J. De Lange, (2002), Enhanced regeneration of phosphorous during formation of the most recent eastern Mediterranean sapropel, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 66, 171-1184.
107. Sluijs, A., and, H. Brinkhuis, (2009), A dynamic climate and ecosystem state during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: Inferences from dinoflagellate cyst assemblages on the New Jersey shelf, Biogeosciences, 6, 1755-1781.
108. Sluijs, A., et al. (2006), Subtropical Arctic Ocean temperatures during the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum, Nature, 441, 610-613. (Pubitemid 43927289)
109. Sluijs, A., L. van Roij, G. J. Harrington, S. Schouten, J. A. Sessa, L. J. LeVay, G.-J. Reichart, and, C. P. Slomp, (2013), Extreme warming, photic zone euxinia and sea level rise during the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum on the Gulf of Mexico coastal plain; connecting marginal marine biotic signals, nutrient cycling and ocean deoxygenation, Clim. Past Discuss., 9, 6459-6494.
110. Sluijs, A., et al. (2008), Eustatic variations in the Paleocene-Eocene greenhouse world, Paleoceanography, 23, PA4216, doi: 10.1029/2008PA001615.
111. Soliman, M. F., (2003), Chemostratigraphy of the Paleocene/Eocene [P/E] boundary sediments at Gabal el-Qreiya, Egypt, Micropaleontology, 49, 123-138. (Pubitemid 36941727)
112. Soliman, M. F., M.-P. Aubry, B. Schmitz, and, R. M. Sherrell, (2011), Enhanced coastal productivity and nutrient supply in upper Egypt during the Paleocene/Eocene Thermla Maximum [PETM]: Mineralogical and geochemical evidence, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 310, 365-377.
113. Speijer, R. J., and, B. Schmitz, (1998), A benthic foraminiferal record of Paleocene sea level and trophic/redox conditions at Gebel Aweina, Egypt, Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 137, 79-101. (Pubitemid 28084513)
114. Speijer, R. P., and, A. M. Morsi, (2002), Ostracode turnover and sea-level changes associated with the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum, Geology, 30, 23-26. (Pubitemid 35016085)
115. Speijer, R. P., and, T. Wagner, (2002), Sea-level changes and black shales associated with the late Paleocene Thermal Maximum: Organic-geochemical and micropaleontologic evidence from the southern Tethyan margin [Egypt-Israel], in Catastrophic Events and Mass Extinctions: Impacts and Beyond, Special Paper, vol. 356, edited by, C. Koeberl, and, K. G. MacLead, pp. 533-549, Geol. Soc. Am, Boulder, Colo.
116. Speijer, R. P., G. J. van der Zwaan, and, B. Schmitz, (1996), The impact of Paleocene/Eocene boundary events on middle neritic benthic foraminiferal assemblages from Egypt, Mar. Micropaeontoll., 28, 99-132.
117. Speijer, R. P., B. Schmitz, and, G. J. van der Zwaan, (1997), Benthic foraminiferal extinction and repopulation in response to latest Paleocene Tethyan anoxia, Geology, 25, 683-686.
118. Stassen, P., C. Dupuis, E. Steurbaut, J. Yans, and, R. P. Speijer, (2012), Perturbation of a Tethyan coastal environment during the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in Tunisia [Sidi Nasseur and Wadi Mezzaz], Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., 317-318, 66-92.
119. Stein, R., B. Boucsein, and, H. Meyer, (2006), Anoxia and high primary production in the Paleogene central Arctic Ocean: First detailed records from Lomonosov Ridge, Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L18606, doi: 10.1029/2006GL026776.
120. Stupin, S. I., and, N. G. Muzylöv, (2001), Late Paleocene ecological crisis in the epicontinental basins of the eastern Peri-Tethys: Microbiota and accumulation conditions of sapropelic bed, Stratigr. Geol. Correl., 9, 501-507. (Pubitemid 33743473)
121. Thomas, E., (1998), Biogeography of the Late Paleocene benthic foraminiferal extinction, in Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records, edited by, M.-P. Aubry, S. Lucas, and, W. A. Berggren, pp. 214-243, Columbia Univ. Press, New York.
122. Thurow, J., H.-J. Brumsack, J. Rullkötter, R. Littke, and, P. Meyers, (1992), The Cenomanian-Turonian Boundary event in the Indian Ocean-A key to understand the global picture, AGU Geophys. Monogr., 70, 253-274.
123. Tossell, J. A., (2005), Calculating the partitioning of the isotopes of Mo between oxidic and sulfidic species in aqueous solution, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 69, 2981-2993. (Pubitemid 40882147)
124. Tribovillard, N., T. J. Algeo, T. Lyons, and, A. Riboulleau, (2006), Trace metals as paleoredox and paleoproductivity proxies: An update, Chem. Geol., 232, 12-32. (Pubitemid 44123513)
125. van Bentum, E. C., G.-J. Reichart, and, J. S. Sinninghe Damste, (2012), Organic matter provenance, palaeoproductivity and bottom water anoxia during the Cenomanian/Turonian oceanic anoxic event in the Newfoundland Basin [Northern proto North Atlantic Ocean], Org. Geochem., 50, 11-18.
126. van Cappellen, P., and, E. D. Ingall, (1994), Benthic phosphorous regeneration, net primary production, and ocean anoxia: A model of the coupled marine biogeochemical cycles of carbon and phosphorous, Paleoceanography, 9, 677-692, doi: 10.1029/94PA01455.
127. Wakeham, S. G., K. H. Freeman, T. K. Pease, and, J. M. Hayes, (1993), A photoautotrophic source for lycopene in marine sediments, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 57, 159-165. (Pubitemid 23377941)
128. Weller, P., and, R. Stein, (2008), Paleogene biomarker records from the central Arctic Ocean [Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 302]: Organic carbon sources, anoxia, and sea surface temperature, Paleoceanography, 23, PA1S17, doi: 10.1029/2007PA001472.
129. Westerhold, T., U. Röhl, H. K. McCarren, and, J. C. Zachos, (2009), Latest on the absolute age of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum [PETM]: New insights from exact stratigraphic position of key ash layers +19 and -17, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 287, 412-419.
130. Wijsman, J. W. M., J. J. Middelburg, P. M. J. Herman, M. E. Böttcher, and, C. H. R. Heip, (2001), Sulfur and iron speciation in surface sediments along the northwestern margin of the Black Sea, Mar. Chem., 74, 261-278. (Pubitemid 32449486)
131. Winguth, A., C. Shellito, C. Shields, and, C. Winguth, (2010), Climate response at the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum to greenhouse gas forcing: A model study with CCSM3, J. Clim., 23, 2562-2584.
132. Young, G. M., and, H. W. Nesbitt, (1998), Processes controlling the distribution of Ti and Al in weathering profiles, siliciclastic sediments and sedimentary rocks, J. Sed. Res., A68, 448-455.
133. Zachos, J. C., S. M. Bohaty, C. M. John, H. McCarren, D. C. Kelly, and, T. Nielsen, (2007), The Palaeocene-Eocene carbon isotope excursion: Constraints from individual shell planktonic foraminifer records, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 365, 1829-1842.
134. Zachos, J. C., G. R. Dickens, and, R. E. Zeebe, (2008), An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics, Nature, 451, 279-283.
135. Zeebe, R. E., (2013), What caused the long duration of the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum?, Paleoceanography, 28, 440-452, doi: 10.1002/palo.20039.
136. Zeebe, R. E., J. C. Zachos, and, G. R. Dickens, (2009), Carbon dioxide forcing alone insufficient to explain Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum warming, Nat. Geosci., 2, 576-580.