Impacts of climate change on water resources in southern Africa: A review

Physics and Chemistry of the Earth

Volumn 67-69, Issue , 2014, Pages 47-54

  Kusangaya, Samuel ^a   Warburton, Michele L ^a   Archer van Garderen, Emma ^b   Jewitt, Graham P W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL   (South Africa)

^b CSIR Natural Resources and the Environment   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Climate change; Hydrological modelling; Southern Africa; Uncertainty; Water resources

Indexed keywords

ENERGY UTILIZATION; FLOOD CONTROL; GREENHOUSE GASES; HYDROLOGY; RAIN; SEA LEVEL; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; WATER RESOURCES; WATER SUPPLY;

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY; ATMOSPHERIC GREENHOUSE; HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING; HYDROLOGICAL RESPONSE; INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY; INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGES; SOUTHERN AFRICA; UNCERTAINTY;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE; CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATE EFFECT; HYDROLOGICAL MODELING; RAINFALL; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS; WATER RESOURCE;

SOUTHERN AFRICA;

EID: 84901696557     PISSN: 14747065     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pce.2013.09.014     Document Type: Article

References (123)

1. Andersson L., Wilk J., Todd M.C., Hughes D.A., Earle A., Kniveton D., Layberry R., Savenije H.H.G. Impact of climate change and development scenarios on flow patterns in the Okavango River. Journal of Hydrology 2006, 331:43-57.
2. Andersson, L., Wilk, J., Graham, P., Warburton, M., 2009. Local Assessment of Vulnerability to Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Upper Thukela River Basin, South Africa. Climatology Report Number 1, Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, S-601 76 NORRKÖPING, Sweden.
3. Andersson, L., Samuelsson, P., Kjellstro, E., 2010. Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Water Resources in the Pungwe River Basin. Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. S-601 76 Norrköping, Sweden.
4. Arnell N.W. Climate change and global water resources. Global Environmental Change 1999, 9:S31-S50.
5. Arnell N.W. Relative effects of multi-decadal climatic variability and changes in the mean and variability of climate due to global warming: future stream flows in Britain. Journal of Hydrology 2003, 270:195-213.
6. Arnell N.W. Climate change and global water resources: SRES emissions and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change 2004, 14:31-52.
7. Arnell N.W., Hudson D.A., Jones R.G. Climate change scenarios from a regional climate model: Estimating change in runoff in southern Africa. Journal of Geophysical Research 2003, 108(D16):4519.
8. AWDR, 2006. African Water Development Report: Freshwater Resources in Africa. UN-Waterm/Africa. <> (accessed 24.09.12). http://www.uneca.org/awich/AWDR_2006.htm.
9. Bates, B.C., Kundzewicz, Z.W., Wu, S., Palutikof, J.P. (Eds), 2008. Climate Change and Water. Technical Paper of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC Secretariat, Geneva.
10. Beck L., Bernauer T. How will combined changes in water demand and climate affect water availability in the Zambezi river basin?. Global Environmental Change 2011, 21:1061-1072.
11. Boko M., Niang I., Nyong A., Vogel C., Githeko A., Medany M., Osman-Elasha B., Tabo R., Yanda P. Africa. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, 433-467. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, C.E. Hanson (Eds.).
12. Bunyavanich S., Landrigan C.P., McMichael A.J., Epstein P.R. The impact of climate change on child health. Ambulatory Paediatrics 2003, 3:44-52.
13. Callaway J.M. Adaptation benefits and costs: how important are they in the global policy picture and how can we estimate them?. Global Environmental Change 2004, 14:273-284.
14. Cambula P. Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources of Mozambique 1999, Republic of Mozambique.
15. Chamaillé-Jammes S., Fritza H., Murindagomoc F. Detecting climate changes of concern in highly variable environments - Quantile regressions reveal that droughts worsen in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe (Short communication). Journal of Arid Environments 2007, 71:321-326.
16. Chhetri N., Chaudhary P., Tiwari P.R., Yadaw R.B. Institutional and technological innovation: Understanding agricultural adaptation to climate change in Nepal. Applied Geography 2012, 33:142-150.
17. Christensen J.H., Hewitson B., Busuioc A., Chen A., Gao X., Held I., Jones R., Kolli R.K., Kwon W.T., Laprise R., Magaña Rueda V., Mearns L., Menéndez C.G., Räisänen J., Rinke A., Sarr A., Whetton P. Regional climate projections. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H.L. Miller (Eds.).
18. Collins J.M. Temperature variability over Africa. Journal of Climate 2011, 24:3649-3666.
19. Crane T.A., Roncoli C., Hoogenboom G. Adaptation to climate change and climate variability: the importance of understanding agriculture as performance. NJAS - Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 2011, 57(3-4):179-185. ISSN: 1573-5214.
20. Desanker, P.V., 2002. Impact of Climate Change on Life in Africa. WWF Climate Change Program. <> (accessed 18.11.12). http://www.worldwildlife.org/climate/Publications/WWFBinaryitem4926.pdf.
21. Desanker P.V., Magadza C.H.D. Africa. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. IPCC Working Group II, Third Assessment Report 2001, Cambridge University Press. J.J. McCarthy, O.F. Canziani, N.A. Leary, D.J. Doken, K.S. White (Eds.).
22. Dore Mohammed H.I. Climate change and changes in global rainfall patterns: What do we know?. Environment International 2005, 31(8):1167-1181.
23. Engelbrecht F. Simulations of climate and climate changeover southern and tropical Africa with the conformal-cubic atmospheric model. Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa: Studies on Scenarios, Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation 2005, 57-73. Water Research Commission, RSA. R.E. Schulze (Ed.).
24. Engelbrecht F.A., McGregorb L., Engelbrecht C.J. Dynamics of the conformal-cubic atmospheric model projected climate-change signal over southern Africa. International Journal of Climatology 2008, 29:1013-1033.
25. Eriksen S.E.H., Watson H.K. The dynamic context of southern African savannas: investigating emerging threats and opportunities to sustainability. Environmental Science & Policy 2009, 12(1):5-22. ISSN: 1462-9011.
26. Gage K.L., Burkot T.R., Eisen R.J., Edward B., Hayes M.D. Climate and vector borne diseases. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2008, 35(5):436-450.
27. Gallego-Ayala, J., Juízo, D., 2011. Strategic Implementation of Integrated Water Resources Management in Mozambique: An A'WOT Analysis, Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C. 36:14-15, 1103-1111, ISSN: 1474-7065.
28. Graham L.P., Andersson L., Horan M., Kunz R., Lumsden T., Schulze R.E., Warburton M., Wilk J., Yang W. Using multiple climate projections for assessing hydrological response to climate change in the Thukela River Basin, South Africa. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 2011, 36(14-15):727-735.
29. Hewitson B.C., Crane R.G. Gridded area-averaged daily precipitation via conditional interpolation. Journal of Climate 2005, 18:41-57.
30. Hewitson, B.C., Tadross, M.A., 2011. Developing regional climate change projections. In: Schulze, R.E., Hewitson, B.C., Barichievy, K.R., Tadross, M.A., Kunz, R.P., Horan, M.J.C., Lumsden, T.G. (Eds.), Methodological Approaches to Assessing Eco-Hydrological Responses to Climate Change in South Africa. Water Research Commission, South Africa, Rep. K5/1562.
31. Hudson, D.A., Jones, R.G., 2002. Regional Climate Model Simulations of Present-day and Future Climates of Southern Africa. Report for the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research. London Road, Bracknell, UK.
32. Hughes D.A. Three decades of hydrological modelling research in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 2004, 100:638-642.
33. Hughes W.S., Balling R.C. Urban influences on South African temperature trends. International Journal of Climatology 1996, 16:935-940.
34. Hughes D.A., Andersson L., Wilk J., Savenije H.H.G. Regional calibration of the Pitman model for the Okavango River. Journal of Hydrology 2006, 331:30-42. ISSN: 0022-1694.
35. Hulme M. Rainfall changes in Africa: 1931-1960 to 1961-1990. International Journal of Climatology 1992, 12:685-699.
36. Hulme, M. (Eds.), 1996. Climate Change in Southern Africa: An Exploration of Some Potential Impacts and Implications in the SADC Region. Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia.
37. Hulme M., Doherty R.M., Ngara T., New M.G., Lister D. African climate change: 1900-2100. Climate Research 2001, 17:145-168.
38. IPCC Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2001, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
39. IPCC Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. S. Solomon, D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor, H.L. Miller (Eds.).
40. IPCC Summary for policymakers. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
41. IPCC, 2008. Climate Change and Water. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Working Group II Technical Support. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
42. Jewitt G.P.W., Schulze R.E. Verification of the ACRU model for forest hydrology applications. Water SA 1999, 25:483-489.
43. Jones P.D. Hemispheric surface air temperature variations - a reanalysis and an update to 1993. Journal of Climate 1994, 7:1794-1802.
44. Jones, C., Giorgi, F., Asrar, G., 2011. The Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment: CORDEX, An International Downscaling Link to CMIP5: CLIVAR Exchanges No. 56, 16:2, pp. 34-40.
45. 2 climate. International Journal of Climatology 1996, 16:1149-1156.
46. Kane R.P. Periodicities, ENSO effects and trends of some South African rainfall series - an update. South African Journal of Science 2009, 105.
47. Karl T.R., Jones P.D., Knight R.W., Kukla G., Plummer N., Razuvayev V., Gallo K.P., Lindseay J., Charlson R.J., Peterson T.C. Asymmetric trends of daily maximum and minimum temperature. Bulletin of American Meteorology Society 1993, 74:1007-1023.
48. Kenabatho P.K., Parida B.P., Moalafhi D.B. The value of large scale climate variables in climate change assessment - the case of Botswana's rainfall. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 2012, 50(52):64-71.
49. Kruger A.C. Observed trends in daily precipitation indices in South Africa 1910-2004. International Journal of Climatology 2006, 26:2275-2285.
50. Kruger A.C., Sekele S.S. Trends in extreme temperature indices in South Africa 1962-2009. International Journal of Climatology 2012, 10.1002/joc.3455.
51. Kruger A.C., Shongwe S. Temperature trends in South Africa: 1960-2003. International Journal of Climatology 2004, 24:1929-1945.
52. Kundzewicz Z.W., Mata L.J., Arnell N.W., Döll P., Kabat P., Jiménez B., Miller K.A., Oki T., Sen Z., Shiklomanov I.A. Freshwater resources and their management. Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, 173-210. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, C.E. Hanson (Eds.).
53. Kundzewicz Z.W., Mata L.J., Arnell N.W., Döll P., Jimenez B., Miller K., Oki T., Şen Z., Shiklomanov I. The implications of projected climate change for freshwater resources and their management. Hydrological Sciences Journal 2008, 53(1):3-10.
54. Leavesley G.H. Modeling the effects of climate change on water resources - a review. Climatic Change 1994, 28(1). Springer Netherland. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01094105.
55. Levy K.E. Interannual temperature variability and associated synoptic climatology at Cape Town. International Journal of Climatology 1996, 16:293-306.
56. Losjö, K., Andersson, L., Samuelsson, P., 2007. Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in the Pungwe Drainage Basin. SMHI Report No: 2006 45.
57. Magadza C.H.D. Climate change some likely multiple impacts in southern Africa. Food Policy 1994, 19(2):165-191.
58. Magadza C.H.D. Climate change impacts and human settlements in Africa: prospects for adaptation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 2000, 61(1):193-205.
59. Magadza C.H.D. Indicators of above normal rates of climate change in the Middle Zambezi Valley, southern Africa. Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management 2010, 15:167-192.
60. Malisawa, M.S., Rautenbach, C.J., 2012. Evaluating water scarcity in the southern African Development Community (SADC) region by using a climate moisture index (CMI) indicator. Water Science & Technology: Water Supply, 12(1) (IWA Publishing).
61. Manase, G., 2010. Impact of Climate Change on Water in Southern Africa: Research on Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa Report Prepared for the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research and the Danish Water Forum.
62. Matondo, J.I., 2012. World environmental and water resources congress 2012: crossing boundaries. In: Proceedings of the 2012 Congress, 2036 2051.
63. Matondo J.I., Graciana P., Msibi K.M. Evaluation of the impact of climate change on hydrology and water resources in Swaziland Part I. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 2004, 29:1181-1191.
64. Matondo J.I., Graciana P., Msibi K.M. Managing water under climate change for peace and prosperity in Swaziland. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 2005, 30:943-949.
65. Mazvimavi, D., 1998. Expected Impacts of Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessments in Zimbabwe. Zimbabwe's Initial National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change - 1998.
66. Mazvimavi, D., 2003. Estimation of Flow Characteristics of Ungauged Catchments. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University and International Institute for Geo Information and Earth Observation, ITC, Enschede, The Netherlands.
67. Mazvimavi D. Investigating possible changes of extreme annual rainfall in Zimbabwe. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2008, 5:1765-1785.
68. Mazvimavi D. Investigating changes over time of annual rainfall in Zimbabwe. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 2010, 14:2671-2679.
69. Mazvimavi, D., 2011. Climate change, water availability and supply. In: Kotecha, P. (Ed.), Climate Change, Adaptation and Higher Education: Securing our future. SARUA Leadership Dialogue Series, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 81-100.
70. McBean G., Ajibade I. Climate change, related hazards and human settlements. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 2009, 1(2):179-186.
71. McMullen, C.P., 2009. Climate Change Science Compendium 2009. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
72. Mhlanga N.K., Matondo J.I., Nobert J., Salam A. Evaluation of the impact of climate change on the inflow to Lubovane reservoir in Usutu catchment, Swaziland. Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 2012, 14(4):1520-5509.
73. Mirza M.M.Q. Climate change and extreme weather events: can developing countries adapt?. Climate Policy 2003, 3(3). (Taylor & Francis).
74. Morishima W., Akasaka M. Seasonal trends of rainfall and surface temperature over southern Africa. African Study Monographs 2010, 40:67-76.
75. Mouton, J., Boshoff, N., de Waal, L., Esau, S., Imbayarwo, B., Ritter, M., van Niekerk, D., 2010. The State of Public Science in the SADC Region (Chapter 4, In Towards a Common Future: SARUA Study Series 2008).
76. Mühlenbruch Tegen A. Long term temperature variations in South Africa. South African Journal of Science 1992, 88:197-205.
77. Mujere N., Mazvimavi D. Impact of climate change on reservoir reliability. African Crop Science Journal 2012, 20(s2):545-551. ISSN: 1021 9730/2012.
78. New M. Climate change and water resources in the south Western Cape, South Africa. South African Journal of Science 2002, 98(July/August).
79. New M., Hewitson B., Stephenson D.B., Tsiga A., Kruger A., Manhique A., Gomez B., Coelho C.A.S., Masisi D.N., Kululanga M.E., Adesina F., Saleh H., Kanyanga J., Adosi J., Bulane L., Fortunata L., Mdoka M.L., Lajoie R. Evidence of trends in daily climate extremes over Southern and West Africa. Journal of Geophysic Research 2006, 111:1-11.
80. Ngigi S.N. Climate Change Adaptation Strategies: Water Resources Management Options for Smallholder Farming Systems in Sub Saharan Africa. The MDG Centre for East and Southern Africa 2009, The Earth Institute at Columbia University, New York, 189p.
81. Ngongondo C.S., Xu Chong Yu, Gottschalk L., Alemaw B. Evaluation of spatial and temporal characteristics of rainfall in Malawi: a case of data scarce region. Theoretical and Applied Climatology 2011, 106(1-2):79-93.
82. Nicholls R.J., Wong P.P., Burkett V.R., Codignotto J.O., Hay J.E., McLean R.F., Ragoonaden S., Woodroffe C.D. Coastal systems and low lying areas. Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007, 315-356. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden, C.E. Hanson (Eds.).
83. Nicholson S.E. A semi quantitative, regional precipitation data set for studying African climates of the nineteenth century, Part I. Overview of the data set. Climate Change 2000, 50:317-353.
84. Nicholson S.E. Climatic and environmental change in Africa during the last two centuries. Climate Research 2001, 17(1):123-144. ISSN: 0936 577X.
85. Nikulin G., Jones C., Giorgi F., Asrar G., Büchner M., Cerezo Mota R., Christensen O.B., Déqué M., Fernandez J., Hänsler A., van Meijgaard E., Samuelsson P., Sylla M.B., Sushamak L. Precipitation climatology in an ensemble of CORDEX Africa regional climate simulations. Journal of Climate 2012, 25:6057-6078.
86. Omari, K., 2010. Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation Preparedness in Southern Africa - A Case Study of Botswana. A Report Commissioned by the Heinrich Böll Stiftung Southern Africa (HBS) in Botswana.
87. Pielke R.A.Sr., Adegoke J.O., Chase T.N., Marshall C.H., Matsui T., Niyogi D. A new paradigm for assessing the role of agriculture in the climate system and in climate change. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2007, 142(2-4):234-254.
88. Rahmstorf, S., 2010. A New View on Sea Level Rise. Nature Reports: Climate Change, vol. 4. Macmillan Publishers Limited. (accessed 02.13). http://www.nature.com/reports/climatechange.
89. Reason C.J.C. Tropical cyclone Dera, the unusual 2000 01 tropical cyclone season in the South West Indian Ocean and associated rainfall anomalies over southern Africa. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics 2007, 97:181-188.
90. Reason C.J.C., Keibel A. Cyclone Eline and its unusual penetration over the southern African Mainland. Weather and Forecasting 2004, 19:789-805.
91. Renard B., Kavetski D., Kuczera G., Thyer M., Franks S.W. Understanding predictive uncertainty in hydrologic modeling: the challenge of identifying input and structural errors. Water Resources Research 2010, 46:W05521. 10.1029/2009WR008328.
92. Rosenzweig C., Iglesias A., Yang X.B., Epstein P.R., Chivian E. Climate change and extreme weather events: implications for food production, plant diseases, and pests. Global Change & Human Health 2001, 2(2). (Springer, Netherlands).
93. Rutashobya D.G. Climate change scenarios impacts and adaptation strategies in Africa climate and water department. Towards Climate Change Adaptation Building Adaptive Capacity in Managing African Transboundary River Basins 2008, InWEnt, Zschortau, Germany. T. Petermann (Ed.).
94. Saunyama, T., 2008. Evaluating Uncertainty in Water Resources Estimation in Southern Africa: A Case Study of South Africa. Unpublished PhD Thesis, Rhodes University, South Africa.
95. Schulze, R.E., 1995. Hydrology and Agrohydrology: A Text to Accompany the ACRU 3.00 Agrohydrological Modeling System, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
96. Schulze R.E. Modeling hydrological responses to land use and climate change: a southern Africa perspective. Ambio 2000, 29:12-22.
97. Schulze R.E. Transcending scales of space and time in impact studies of climate and climate change on agrohydrological responses. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 2000, 82:185-212.
98. Schulze, R.E., 2005a. Looking into the future: why research impacts of possible climate change on hydrological responses in southern Africa? In: Schulze, R.E. (Ed.), Climate Change and Water Resources in southern Africa: Studies on Scenarios, Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, RSA, WRC Report 1430/1/05, pp. 3-17 (Chapter 1).
99. Schulze, R.E., 2005b. Selection of a suitable agrohydrological model for climate change impact studies over southern Africa. In: Schulze, R.E. (Ed.), Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa: Studies on Scenarios, Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, South Africa.
100. Schulze R.E. Approaches towards practical adaptive management options for selected water related sectors in South Africa in a context of climate change. Water SA 2011, 37(5).
101. Schulze, R.E., Kunz, R.P. and Knoesen, D.M. 2010. Atlas of Climate Change and Water Resources in South Africa, Water Research Commission, Pretoria, RSA, WRC Report 1843/1/10.
102. Schulze, R.E., Hewitson, B.C., Barichievy, K.R., Tadross, M.A., Kunz, R.P., Horan, M.J.C., Lumsden, T.G., 2011. Methodological Approaches to Assessing Eco Hydrological Responses to Climate Change in South Africa. Report to the Water Research Commission. WRC Report No. 1562/1/10. ISBN 978 1 4312 0050 4.
103. Schulze Roland, Michele Warburton and Graham Jewitt. 2012. Challenges in modelling hydrological responses of the Mgeni catchment to land use and climate change impacts and their interactions. [in Stuart-Hill S.I. and Schulze R.E. (Eds). 2012. An Evaluation of the Sensitivity of Socio-Economic Activities to Climate Change in Climatically Divergent South African Catchments. Report to the Water Research Commission. WRC Report No. 1843/1/12].
104. Shongwe M.E., Van Oldenborgh G.J., Van Den Hurk B.J.J.M., De Boer B., Coelho C.A.S., Van Aalst M.K. Projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation in Africa under global warming. Part I southern Africa. Journal of Climate 2009, 22:3819-3837.
105. Sichingabula, H.M., 1998. Rainfall variability, drought and implications of its impacts on Zambia - 1886-1996. Water resources variability in Africa during the XXth century. In: Proceedings of the Abidjan 98 Conference held at Abidjan, Cote de Ivoire, November 1998. IAHS Publication No. 252.
106. Simms, A., Reid, H., 2005. Africa - Up in Smoke? The Second Report from the Working Group on Climate Change and Development. New Economics Foundation, London.
107. Smithers, J.C., Schulze, R.E., 1995. ACRU Agrohydrological Modelling System: User Manual Version 3.00. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, Report TT69/95. PpAM7 1 to AM7 21.
108. Tadross M., Jack C., Hewitson B. On RCM based projections of change in southern African summer climate. Geophysical Research Letters 2005, 32:L23713, 4. 10.1029/2005gl024460.
109. Tadross, M., Davis, C., Engelbrecht, F., Joubert, A., Archer van Garderen, E., 2011. Regional scenarios of future climate change over southern Africa. In: Davis, C.L. (Ed.), Climate Risk and Vulnerability: A Handbook for Southern Africa. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa, p. 92. ISBN 978 0 620 50627 4] (Chapter 3).
110. Thornton P.K., Jones P.G., Alagarswamy A., Andresen J. Spatial variation of crop yield responses to climate change in East Africa. Global Environmental Change 2009, 19:54-65.
111. Thornton P.K., Jones P.G., Alagarswamy G., Andresen J., Herrero M. Adapting to climate change: agricultural system and household impacts in East Africa. Agricultural Systems 2010, 103(2):73-82.
112. Tshiala F.M., Olwoch J.M., Engelbrecht F.A. Analysis of temperature trends over Limpopo Province, South Africa. Journal of Geography and Geology 2011, 3(1).
113. Unganai L.S. Historic and future climatic change in Zimbabwe. Climate Research 1996, 6:137-145.
114. United Nations, 2011. Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development: An International Perspective. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division.
115. Vermeulen S.J., Aggarwal P.K., Ainslie A., Angelone C., Campbell B.M., Challinor A.J., Hansen J.W., Ingram J.S.I., Jarvis A., Kristjanson P., Lau C., Nelson G.C., Thornton P.K. Options for support to agriculture and food security under climate change. Environmental Science & Policy 2012, 15(1):136-144.
116. Warburton, M.L., Schulze, R.E., 2005. Detection of climate change: a review of literature on changes in temperature, rainfall and streamflow, on detection methods and data problems. In: Schulze, R.E. (Ed.), Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa: Studies on Scenarios, Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, RSA, WRC Report 1430/1/05, pp. 257-274 (Chapter 15).
117. Warburton, M.L., Schulze, R.E., Maharaj, M., 2005. Is South Africa's temperature changing? An analysis of trends from daily records, 1950-2000. In: Schulze, R.E. (Ed.), Climate Change and Water Resources in Southern Africa: Studies on Scenarios, Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation. Water Research Commission, Pretoria, RSA, WRC Report 1430/1/05, pp. 275-295 (Chapter 16).
118. Warburton, M.L., Schulze, R.E., Jewitt, G.P.W., 2010. Confirmation of ACRU model results for applications in land use and climate change studies. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 14, 2399-2414. www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/14/2399/2010/.
119. Wilby R.l., Troni J., Biot Y., Tedd L., Hewitson B.C., Smith D.M., Sutton R.T. A review of climate risk information for adaptation and development planning. International Journal of Climatology 2009, 29(9):1193-1215.
120. Xu Chong Yu Climate change and hydrologic models: a review of existing gaps and recent research developments. Water Resources Management 1999, 13:369-382.
121. Yamba F.D., Walimwipi H., Jain S., Zhou P., Cuamba B., Mzezewa C. Climate change/variability implications on hydroelectricity generation in the Zambezi River Basin. Mitigation and Adaption Strategies for Global Change 2011, 16:617-628.
122. Yanda, P.Z., 2011. Climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in southern Africa. In: Kotecha, P. (Ed.), Climate Change, Adaptation and Higher Education: Securing Our Future. SARUA Leadership Dialogue Series, vol. 2(4), pp. 11-30, <> (accessed 10.01.13). http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/joc.1839/pdf.
123. Zhu, T., Ringler, C., 2010. Climate Change Implications for Water Resources in the Limpopo River Basin. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Discussion Paper 00961.