Thyrotropin in the development and management of differentiated thyroid cancer

Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America

Volumn 43, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 367-383

  McLeod, Donald S A ^a,b  

^a ROYAL BRISBANE AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL   (Australia)

^b QIMR BERGHOFER MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Australia)

Author keywords

Recombinant human TSH; Thyroid cancer; Thyroid hormone; Thyrotropin; TSH

Indexed keywords

LEVOTHYROXINE; RADIOACTIVE IODINE; RECOMBINANT THYROTROPIN; THYROGLOBULIN; THYROTROPIN;

CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER PROGNOSIS; CHRONIC DRUG ADMINISTRATION; DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE COURSE; HIGH RISK PATIENT; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; PATIENT IDENTIFICATION; PATIENT MONITORING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOISOTOPE DISTRIBUTION; REVIEW; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK REDUCTION; THYROGLOBULIN BLOOD LEVEL; THYROTROPIN BLOOD LEVEL; TREATMENT INDICATION; BLOOD; THYROID NEOPLASMS;

HUMANS; IODINE RADIOISOTOPES; THYROID NEOPLASMS; THYROTROPIN;

EID: 84901482107     PISSN: 08898529     EISSN: 15584410     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2014.02.012     Document Type: Review

References (108)

1. Smith P.E. Experimental ablation of the hypophysis in the frog embryo. Science 1916, 44(1130):280-282.
2. Allen B.M. The results of extirpation of the anterior lobe of the hypophysis and of the thyroid of Rana pipiens larvae. Science 1916, 44(1143):755-758.
3. Smith P.E., Smith I.P. The repair and activation of the thyroid in the hypophysectomized tadpole by the Parenteral Administration of Fresh Anterior Lobe of the Bovine Hypophysis. J Med Res 1922, 43(3):267-284.1.
4. Aron M. Action de la prehypophyse sur le thyroide chez le cobaye. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1929, 102:682-684.
5. Loeb L., Bassett R.B. Effect of hormones of anterior pituitary on thyroid gland in the guinea pig. Exp Biol Med 1929, 26(9):860-862.
6. Greep R.O. Separation of a thyrotropin from the gonadotropic substances of the pituitary. Am J Physiol 1934, 110(3):692-699.
7. Liao T.H., Pierce J.G. The primary structure of bovine thyrotropin. II. The amino acid sequences of the reduced, S-carboxymethyl alpha and beta chains. J Biol Chem 1971, 246(4):850-865.
8. Magner J.A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone: biosynthesis, cell biology, and bioactivity. Endocr Rev 1990, 11(2):354-385.
9. Hall J.E. Thyroid metabolic hormones. Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology 2011, 907-918. Saunders/Elsevier, Philadelphia. 12th edition.
10. Kimura T., Van Keymeulen A., Golstein J., et al. Regulation of thyroid cell proliferation by TSH and other factors: a critical evaluation of in vitro models. Endocr Rev 2001, 22(5):631-656.
11. Stork P.J., Schmitt J.M. Crosstalk between cAMP and MAP kinase signaling in the regulation of cell proliferation. Trends Cell Biol 2002, 12(6):258-266.
12. Zaballos M.A., Garcia B., Santisteban P. Gβγ dimers released in response to thyrotropin activate phosphoinositide 3-kinase and regulate gene expression in thyroid cells. Mol Endocrinol 2008, 22(5):1183-1199.
13. Suzuki H., Willingham M.C., Cheng S.Y. Mice with a mutation in the thyroid hormone receptor beta gene spontaneously develop thyroid carcinoma: a mouse model of thyroid carcinogenesis. Thyroid 2002, 12(11):963-969.
14. Lu C., Zhao L., Ying H., et al. Growth activation alone is not sufficient to cause metastatic thyroid cancer in a mouse model of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinology 2010, 151(4):1929-1939.
15. Saji M., Narahara K., McCarty S.K., et al. Akt1 deficiency delays tumor progression, vascular invasion, and distant metastasis in a murine model of thyroid cancer. Oncogene 2011, 30(42):4307-4315.
16. Zhao L., Zhu X., Won Park J., et al. Role of TSH in the spontaneous development of asymmetrical thyroid carcinoma in mice with a targeted mutation in a single allele of the thyroid hormone-beta receptor. Endocrinology 2012, 153(10):5090-5100.
17. Parrilla R., Mixson A.J., McPherson J.A., et al. Characterization of seven novel mutations of the c-erbA beta gene in unrelated kindreds with generalized thyroid hormone resistance. Evidence for two "hot spot" regions of the ligand binding domain. J Clin Invest 1991, 88(6):2123-2130.
18. Kim C.S., Vasko V.V., Kato Y., et al. AKT activation promotes metastasis in a mouse model of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Endocrinology 2005, 146(10):4456-4463.
19. Furuya F., Hanover J.A., Cheng S.Y. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling by a mutant thyroid hormone beta receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103(6):1780-1785.
20. Franco A.T., Malaguarnera R., Refetoff S., et al. Thyrotrophin receptor signaling dependence of Braf-induced thyroid tumor initiation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011, 108(4):1615-1620.
21. Boelaert K., Horacek J., Holder R.L., et al. Serum thyrotropin concentration as a novel predictor of malignancy in thyroid nodules investigated by fine-needle aspiration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91(11):4295-4301.
22. Fiore E., Vitti P. Serum TSH and risk of papillary thyroid cancer in nodular thyroid disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012, 97(4):1134-1145.
23. McLeod D.S., Watters K.F., Carpenter A.D., et al. Thyrotropin and thyroid cancer diagnosis: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012, 97(8):2682-2692.
24. Meinhold C.L., Ron E., Schonfeld S.J., et al. Nonradiation risk factors for thyroid cancer in the US Radiologic Technologists Study. Am J Epidemiol 2010, 171(2):242-252.
25. Han J.M., Kim T.Y., Jeon M.J., et al. Obesity is a risk factor for thyroid cancer in a large, ultrasonographically screened population. Eur J Endocrinol 2013, 168(6):879-886.
26. Paragliola R.M., Lovicu R.M., Locantore P., et al. Differentiated thyroid cancer in two patients with resistance to thyroid hormone. Thyroid 2011, 21(7):793-797.
27. Unluturk U., Sriphrapradang C., Erdogan M.F., et al. Management of differentiated thyroid cancer in the presence of resistance to thyroid hormone and TSH-secreting adenomas: a report of four cases and review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013, 98(6):2210-2217.
28. Hamburger J.I. The autonomously functioning thyroid nodule: Goetsch's disease. Endocr Rev 1987, 8(4):439-447.
29. Lyons J., Landis C.A., Harsh G., et al. Two G protein oncogenes in human endocrine tumors. Science 1990, 249(4969):655-659.
30. Parma J., Duprez L., Van Sande J., et al. Somatic mutations in the thyrotropin receptor gene cause hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas. Nature 1993, 365(6447):649-651.
31. Gulcelik M.A., Gulcelik N.E., Dinc S., et al. The incidence of hyperthyroidism in patients with thyroid cancer in an area of iodine deficiency. J Surg Oncol 2006, 94(1):35-39.
32. Pazaitou-Panayiotou K., Perros P., Boudina M., et al. Mortality from thyroid cancer in patients with hyperthyroidism: the Theagenion Cancer Hospital experience. Eur J Endocrinol 2008, 159(6):799-803.
33. Belfiore A., Russo D., Vigneri R., et al. Graves' disease, thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001, 55(6):711-718.
34. Shu X., Ji J., Li X., et al. Cancer risk in patients hospitalised for Graves' disease: a population-based cohort study in Sweden. Br J Cancer 2010, 102(9):1397-1399.
35. Filetti S., Belfiore A., Amir S.M., et al. The role of thyroid-stimulating antibodies of Graves' disease in differentiated thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 1988, 318(12):753-759.
36. Belfiore A., Garofalo M.R., Giuffrida D., et al. Increased aggressiveness of thyroid cancer in patients with Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1990, 70(4):830-835.
37. Ozaki O., Ito K., Kobayashi K., et al. Thyroid carcinoma in Graves' disease. World J Surg 1990, 14(3):437-440. [discussion: 440-1].
38. Pellegriti G., Belfiore A., Giuffrida D., et al. Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer in Graves' patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83(8):2805-2809.
39. Hales I.B., McElduff A., Crummer P., et al. Does Graves' disease or thyrotoxicosis affect the prognosis of thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, 75(3):886-889.
40. Yano Y., Shibuya H., Kitagawa W., et al. Recent outcome of Graves' disease patients with papillary thyroid cancer. Eur J Endocrinol 2007, 157(3):325-329.
41. Gudmundsson J., Sulem P., Gudbjartsson D.F., et al. Common variants on 9q22.33 and 14q13.3 predispose to thyroid cancer in European populations. Nat Genet 2009, 41(4):460-464.
42. Gudmundsson J., Sulem P., Gudbjartsson D.F., et al. Discovery of common variants associated with low TSH levels and thyroid cancer risk. Nat Genet 2012, 44(3):319-322.
43. Haymart M.R., Repplinger D.J., Leverson G.E., et al. Higher serum thyroid stimulating hormone level in thyroid nodule patients is associated with greater risks of differentiated thyroid cancer and advanced tumor stage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93(3):809-814.
44. Fiore E., Rago T., Provenzale M.A., et al. Lower levels of TSH are associated with a lower risk of papillary thyroid cancer in patients with thyroid nodular disease: thyroid autonomy may play a protective role. Endocr Relat Cancer 2009, 16(4):1251-1260.
45. Kim S.S., Lee B.J., Lee J.C., et al. Preoperative serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels in well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma is a predictive factor for lateral lymph node metastasis as well as extrathyroidal extension in Korean patients: a single-center experience. Endocrine 2011, 39(3):259-265.
46. McLeod D.S., Cooper D.S., Ladenson P.W., et al. Prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer in relation to serum TSH and thyroglobulin antibody status at time of diagnosis. Thyroid 2014, 24(1):35-42.
47. Haymart M.R., Glinberg S.L., Liu J., et al. Higher serum TSH in thyroid cancer patients occurs independent of age and correlates with extrathyroidal extension. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009, 71(3):434-439.
48. Jonklaas J., Sarlis N.J., Litofsky D., et al. Outcomes of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma following initial therapy. Thyroid 2006, 16(12):1229-1242.
49. Hovens G.C., Stokkel M.P., Kievit J., et al. Associations of serum thyrotropin concentrations with recurrence and death in differentiated thyroid cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92(7):2610-2615.
50. Ito Y., Masuoka H., Fukushima M., et al. Prognosis and prognostic factors of patients with papillary carcinoma showing distant metastasis at surgery (M1 patients) in Japan. Endocr J 2010, 57(6):523-531.
51. Diessl S., Holzberger B., Mader U., et al. Impact of moderate vs stringent TSH suppression on survival in advanced differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2012, 76(4):586-592.
52. Sands N.B., Karls S., Amir A., et al. McGill Thyroid Nodule Score (MTNS): "rating the risk," a novel predictive scheme for cancer risk determination. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011, 40(Suppl 1):S1-S13.
53. Stanley M.M., Astwood E.B. The response of the thyroid gland in normal human subjects to the administration of thyrotropin, as shown by studies with I131. Endocrinology 1949, 44(1):49-60.
54. Weiss S.J., Philp N.J., Grollman E.F. Iodide transport in a continuous line of cultured cells from rat thyroid. Endocrinology 1984, 114(4):1090-1098.
55. Seidlin S.M., Oshry E., Yalow A.A. Spontaneous and experimentally induced uptake of radioactive iodine in metastases from thyroid carcinoma; a preliminary report. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1948, 8(6):423-432.
56. Sturgeon C.T., Davis F.E., Catz B., et al. Treatment of thyroid cancer metastases with TSH and I131 during thyroid hormone medication. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1953, 13(11):1391-1407.
57. Dohan O., De la Vieja A., Paroder V., et al. The sodium/iodide Symporter (NIS): characterization, regulation, and medical significance. Endocr Rev 2003, 24(1):48-77.
58. Cavalieri R.R. Iodine metabolism and thyroid physiology: current concepts. Thyroid 1997, 7(2):177-181.
59. Edmonds C.J., Hayes S., Kermode J.C., et al. Measurement of serum TSH and thyroid hormones in the management of treatment of thyroid carcinoma with radioiodine. Br J Radiol 1977, 50(599):799-807.
60. Valle L.A., Gorodeski Baskin R.L., Porter K., et al. In thyroidectomized patients with thyroid cancer, a serum thyrotropin of 30 muU/mL after thyroxine withdrawal is not always adequate for detecting an elevated stimulated serum thyroglobulin. Thyroid 2013, 23(2):185-193.
61. Torres M.S., Ramirez L., Simkin P.H., et al. Effect of various doses of recombinant human thyrotropin on the thyroid radioactive iodine uptake and serum levels of thyroid hormones and thyroglobulin in normal subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86(4):1660-1664.
62. Trippel O.H., Sheline G.E., Moe R.H., et al. Clinical applications of radioactive iodine in diseases of the thyroid. Med Clin North Am 1951, 35(1):37-50.
63. Hays M.T., Solomon D.H., Werner S.C. The effect of purified bovine thyroid-stimulating hormone in men. II. Loss of effectiveness with prolonged administration. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1961, 21:1475-1482.
64. Cooper D.S., Doherty G.M., Haugen B.R., et al. Revised American Thyroid Association management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2009, 19(11):1167-1214.
65. Watanabe S., Hayashizaki Y., Endo Y., et al. Production of human thyroid-stimulating hormone in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1987, 149(3):1149-1155.
66. Wondisford F.E., Usala S.J., DeCherney G.S., et al. Cloning of the human thyrotropin beta-subunit gene and transient expression of biologically active human thyrotropin after gene transfection. Mol Endocrinol 1988, 2(1):32-39.
67. Cole E.S., Lee K., Lauziere K., et al. Recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone: development of a biotechnology product for detection of metastatic lesions of thyroid carcinoma. Biotechnology (N Y) 1993, 11(9):1014-1024.
68. Meier C.A., Braverman L.E., Ebner S.A., et al. Diagnostic use of recombinant human thyrotropin in patients with thyroid carcinoma (phase I/II study). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 78(1):188-196.
69. Ladenson P.W., Braverman L.E., Mazzaferri E.L., et al. Comparison of administration of recombinant human thyrotropin with withdrawal of thyroid hormone for radioactive iodine scanning in patients with thyroid carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1997, 337(13):888-896.
70. Haugen B.R., Pacini F., Reiners C., et al. A comparison of recombinant human thyrotropin and thyroid hormone withdrawal for the detection of thyroid remnant or cancer. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84(11):3877-3885.
71. Robbins R.J., Tuttle R.M., Sharaf R.N., et al. Preparation by recombinant human thyrotropin or thyroid hormone withdrawal are comparable for the detection of residual differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001, 86(2):619-625.
72. Pacini F., Ladenson P.W., Schlumberger M., et al. Radioiodine ablation of thyroid remnants after preparation with recombinant human thyrotropin in differentiated thyroid carcinoma: results of an international, randomized, controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91(3):926-932.
73. Schlumberger M., Catargi B., Borget I., et al. Strategies of radioiodine ablation in patients with low-risk thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 2012, 366(18):1663-1673.
74. Mallick U., Harmer C., Yap B., et al. Ablation with low-dose radioiodine and thyrotropin alfa in thyroid cancer. N Engl J Med 2012, 366(18):1674-1685.
75. Tuttle R.M., Brokhin M., Omry G., et al. Recombinant human TSH-assisted radioactive iodine remnant ablation achieves short-term clinical recurrence rates similar to those of traditional thyroid hormone withdrawal. J Nucl Med 2008, 49(5):764-770.
76. Elisei R., Schlumberger M., Driedger A., et al. Follow-up of low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer patients who underwent radioiodine ablation of postsurgical thyroid remnants after either recombinant human thyrotropin or thyroid hormone withdrawal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94(11):4171-4179.
77. Hugo J., Robenshtok E., Grewal R., et al. Recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone-assisted radioactive iodine remnant ablation in thyroid cancer patients at intermediate to high risk of recurrence. Thyroid 2012, 22(10):1007-1015.
78. Schroeder P.R., Haugen B.R., Pacini F., et al. A comparison of short-term changes in health-related quality of life in thyroid carcinoma patients undergoing diagnostic evaluation with recombinant human thyrotropin compared with thyroid hormone withdrawal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91(3):878-884.
79. Taieb D., Sebag F., Cherenko M., et al. Quality of life changes and clinical outcomes in thyroid cancer patients undergoing radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA) with recombinant human TSH (rhTSH): a randomized controlled study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009, 71(1):115-123.
80. Lee J., Yun M.J., Nam K.H., et al. Quality of life and effectiveness comparisons of thyroxine withdrawal, triiodothyronine withdrawal, and recombinant thyroid-stimulating hormone administration for low-dose radioiodine remnant ablation of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Thyroid 2010, 20(2):173-179.
81. Borget I., Corone C., Nocaudie M., et al. Sick leave for follow-up control in thyroid cancer patients: comparison between stimulation with Thyrogen and thyroid hormone withdrawal. Eur J Endocrinol 2007, 156(5):531-538.
82. Wang T.S., Cheung K., Mehta P., et al. To stimulate or withdraw? A cost-utility analysis of recombinant human thyrotropin versus thyroxine withdrawal for radioiodine ablation in patients with low-risk differentiated thyroid cancer in the United States. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95(4):1672-1680.
83. Driedger A.A., Kotowycz N. Two cases of thyroid carcinoma that were not stimulated by recombinant human thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004, 89(2):585-590.
84. Hanscheid H., Lassmann M., Luster M., et al. Iodine biokinetics and dosimetry in radioiodine therapy of thyroid cancer: procedures and results of a prospective international controlled study of ablation after rhTSH or hormone withdrawal. J Nucl Med 2006, 47(4):648-654.
85. Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J., Burman K.D., Van Nostrand D., et al. Radioiodine treatment of metastatic thyroid cancer: relative efficacy and side effect profile of preparation by thyroid hormone withdrawal versus recombinant human thyrotropin. Thyroid 2012, 22(3):310-317.
86. Klubo-Gwiezdzinska J., Burman K.D., Van Nostrand D., et al. Potential use of recombinant human thyrotropin in the treatment of distant metastases in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. Endocr Pract 2013, 19(1):139-148.
87. Tala H., Robbins R., Fagin J.A., et al. Five-year survival is similar in thyroid cancer patients with distant metastases prepared for radioactive iodine therapy with either thyroid hormone withdrawal or recombinant human TSH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011, 96(7):2105-2111.
88. Uller R.P., Van Herle A.J., Chopra I.J. Comparison of alterations in circulating thyroglobulin, triiodothyronine and thyroxine in response to exogenous (bovine) and endogenous (human) thyrotropin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973, 37(5):741-745.
89. Schlumberger M., Charbord P., Fragu P., et al. Circulating thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones in patients with metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: relationship to serum thyrotropin levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980, 51(3):513-519.
90. Heemstra K.A., Liu Y.Y., Stokkel M., et al. Serum thyroglobulin concentrations predict disease-free remission and death in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2007, 66(1):58-64.
91. Kloos R.T., Mazzaferri E.L. A single recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated serum thyroglobulin measurement predicts differentiated thyroid carcinoma metastases three to five years later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90(9):5047-5057.
92. Tuttle R.M., Tala H., Shah J., et al. Estimating risk of recurrence in differentiated thyroid cancer after total thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine remnant ablation: using response to therapy variables to modify the initial risk estimates predicted by the new American Thyroid Association staging system. Thyroid 2010, 20(12):1341-1349.
93. Smallridge R.C., Meek S.E., Morgan M.A., et al. Monitoring thyroglobulin in a sensitive immunoassay has comparable sensitivity to recombinant human tsh-stimulated thyroglobulin in follow-up of thyroid cancer patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007, 92(1):82-87.
94. Miyauchi A., Kudo T., Miya A., et al. Prognostic impact of serum thyroglobulin doubling-time under thyrotropin suppression in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent total thyroidectomy. Thyroid 2011, 21(7):707-716.
95. Hurley J.R. Historical note: TSH suppression for thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2011, 21(11):1175-1176.
96. Crile G. Treatment of cancer of the thyroid with desiccated thyroid. Cleve Clin Q 1955, 22(4):161-163.
97. Mazzaferri E.L., Young R.L., Oertel J.E., et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma: the impact of therapy in 576 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1977, 56(3):171-196.
98. Mazzaferri E.L., Young R.L. Papillary thyroid carcinoma: a 10 year follow-up report of the impact of therapy in 576 patients. Am J Med 1981, 70(3):511-518.
99. Mazzaferri E.L., Jhiang S.M. Long-term impact of initial surgical and medical therapy on papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. Am J Med 1994, 97(5):418-428.
100. Sugitani I., Fujimoto Y. Does postoperative thyrotropin suppression therapy truly decrease recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma? A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95(10):4576-4583.
101. Biondi B., Fazio S., Carella C., et al. Control of adrenergic overactivity by beta-blockade improves the quality of life in patients receiving long term suppressive therapy with levothyroxine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994, 78(5):1028-1033.
102. Biondi B., Cooper D.S. Benefits of thyrotropin suppression versus the risks of adverse effects in differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2010, 20(2):135-146.
103. Sawin C.T., Geller A., Wolf P.A., et al. Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engl J Med 1994, 331(19):1249-1252.
104. Klein Hesselink E.N., Klein Hesselink M.S., de Bock G.H., et al. Long-term cardiovascular mortality in patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma: an observational study. J Clin Oncol 2013, 31(32):4046-4053.
105. Links T.P., van Tol K.M., Jager P.L., et al. Life expectancy in differentiated thyroid cancer: a novel approach to survival analysis. Endocr Relat Cancer 2005, 12(2):273-280.
106. Eustatia-Rutten C.F., Corssmit E.P., Biermasz N.R., et al. Survival and death causes in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91(1):313-319.
107. Sugitani I., Fujimoto Y. Effect of postoperative thyrotropin suppressive therapy on bone mineral density in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma: a prospective controlled study. Surgery 2011, 150(6):1250-1257.
108. Tuttle RM, Ball DW, Byrd D, et al. Thyroid carcinoma v2. 2013; National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Available at:. Accessed August 31, 2013. http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/thyroid.pdf.