Infections in patients with cystic fibrosis: Diagnostic microbiology update

Clinics in Laboratory Medicine

Volumn 34, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 197-217

  Gilligan, Peter H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Cystic fibrosis; Diagnostic microbiology; Infection; Update

Indexed keywords

AMINOGLYCOSIDE; AMPHOTERICIN; AZTREONAM; CEFTAZIDIME; CEPHALOSPORIN DERIVATIVE; COLISTIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; ECHINOCANDIN; MEROPENEM; MINOCYCLINE; OXACILLIN; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; TIMENTIN; TOBRAMYCIN; VANCOMYCIN;

ANAEROBIC BACTERIUM; ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY; ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS; ATYPICAL MYCOBACTERIUM; BACTERIUM IDENTIFICATION; BURKHOLDERIA CEPACIA COMPLEX; CANDIDA; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DISEASE EXACERBATION; FUNGUS IDENTIFICATION; GENOMICS; HUMAN; LUNG INFECTION; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MICROBIAL DIVERSITY; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECI; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEOMICS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; RESPIRATORY VIRUS; REVIEW; SCEDOSPORIUM APIOSPERMUM; STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; STREPTOCOCCUS; STREPTOCOCCUS ANGIONSUS; SURVIVAL; TRICHOSPORON; VANCOMYCIN INTERMEDIATE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; VIRUS DETECTION; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; BACTERIUM; CLASSIFICATION; COMPLICATION; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; GENETICS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; MICROFLORA; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION;

BACTERIA; BACTERIAL INFECTIONS; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; DRUG RESISTANCE, BACTERIAL; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HUMANS; MICROBIOTA; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS;

EID: 84901285208     PISSN: 02722712     EISSN: 15579832     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2014.02.001     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. ACOG Committee Opinion No. 486: update on carrier screening for cystic fibrosis. Obstet Gynecol 2011, 117:1028-1031.
2. Goss C.H., Ratjen F. Update in cystic fibrosis 2012. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013, 187:915-919.
3. Donaldson S.H., Wolgang M.C., Gilligan P.G., et al. Cystic fibrosis. Principles and practices of infectious diseases 2006, 947-955. Churchill Livingstone, New York. 7th edition. G.L. Mandell, J.E. Bennett, R. Dolin (Eds.).
4. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation. Cystic Fibrosis Foundation patient registry 2012 annual data report. 2013.
5. Goss C.H., Burns J.L. Exacerbations in cystic fibrosis. 1: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Thorax 2007, 62:360-367.
6. Sibley C.D., Grinwis M.E., Field T.R., et al. Culture enriched molecular profiling of the cystic fibrosis airway microbiome. PLoS One 2011, 6:e22702.
7. Chattoraj S.S., Ganesan S., Jones A.M., et al. Rhinovirus infection liberates planktonic bacteria from biofilm and increases chemokine responses in cystic fibrosis airway epithelial cells. Thorax 2011, 66:333-339.
8. Flume P.A., Mogayzel P.J., Robinson K.A., et al. Cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: treatment of pulmonary exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009, 180:802-808.
9. Hansen C.R., Pressler T., Hoiby N. Early aggressive eradication therapy for intermittent Pseudomonas aeruginosa airway colonization in cystic fibrosis patients: 15 years experience. JCyst Fibros 2008, 7:523-530.
10. Klepac-Ceraj V., Lemon K.P., Martin T.R., et al. Relationship between cystic fibrosis respiratory tract bacterial communities and age, genotype, antibiotics and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Environ Microbiol 2010, 12:1293-1303.
11. Zhao J., Schloss P.D., Kalikin L.M., et al. Decade-long bacterial community dynamics in cystic fibrosis airways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012, 109:5809-5814.
12. Sibley C.D., Parkins M.D., Rabin H.R., et al. The relevance of the polymicrobial nature of airway infection in the acute and chronic management of patients with cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009, 10:787-794.
13. Fodor A.A., Klem E.R., Gilpin D.F., et al. The adult cystic fibrosis airway microbiota is stable over time and infection type, and highly resilient to antibiotic treatment of exacerbations. PLoS One 2012, 7:e45001.
14. Anderson D.H. Therapy and prognosis of fibrocystic disease of the pancreas. Pediatrics 1949, 3:406-417.
15. Gilligan P., Kiska D.L., Appleman M.D. Cumitech 43: cystic fibrosis microbiology 2006, ASM Press, Washington, DC.
16. Gilligan P.H., Gage P.A., Welch D.F., et al. Prevalence of thymidine-dependent Staphylococcus aureus in patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 1987, 25:1258-1261.
17. Proctor R.A., von Eiff C., Kahl B.C., et al. Small colony variants: a pathogenic form of bacteria that facilitates persistent and recurrent infections. Nat Rev Microbiol 2006, 4:295-305.
18. Wolter D.J., Emerson J.C., McNamara S., et al. Staphylococcus aureus small-colony variants are independently associated with worse lung disease in children with cystic fibrosis. Clin Infect Dis 2013, 57:384-391.
19. Garcia L.G., Lemaire S., Kahl B.C., et al. Antibiotic activity against small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus: review of invitro, animal and clinical data. JAntimicrob Chemother 2013, 68:1455-1464.
20. Champion E.A., Miller M.B., Popowitch E.B., et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular typing of MRSA in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014, 49:230-237.
21. Dasenbrook E.C., Checkley W., Merlo C.A., et al. Association between respiratory tract methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and survival in cystic fibrosis. JAMA 2010, 303:2386-2392.
22. David M.Z., Daum R.S. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010, 23:616-687.
23. Goodrich J.S., Sutton-Shields T.N., Kerr A., et al. Prevalence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 2009, 47:1231-1233.
24. Cui L., Iwamoto A., Lian J.Q., et al. Novel mechanism of antibiotic resistance originating in vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006, 50:428-438.
25. Report of the UK Cystic Fibrosis Trust Microbiology Laboratory Standards Working Group: Laboratory standards for processing microbiological samples form people with cystic fibrosis. Cystic Fibrosis Trust 2010.
26. Kipp F., Kahl B.C., Becker K., et al. Evaluation of two chromogenic agar media for recovery and identification of Staphylococcus aureus small-colony variants. JClin Microbiol 2005, 43:1956-1959.
27. Kipp F., Becker K., Peters G., et al. Evaluation of different methods to detect methicillin resistance in small-colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus. JClin Microbiol 2004, 42:1277-1279.
28. Desai A.P., Stanley T., Atuan M., et al. Use of matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry in a paediatric clinical laboratory for identification of bacteria commonly isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. JClin Pathol 2012, 65:835-838.
29. Howden B.P., Davies J.K., Johnson P.D., et al. Reduced vancomycin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus, including vancomycin-intermediate and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate strains: resistance mechanisms, laboratory detection, and clinical implications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010, 23:99-139.
30. Al-Aloul M., Crawley J., Winstanley C., et al. Increased morbidity associated with chronic infection by an epidemic Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain in CF patients. Thorax 2004, 59:334-336.
31. Folkesson A., Jelsbak L., Yang L., et al. Adaptation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to the cystic fibrosis airway: an evolutionary perspective. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012, 10:841-851.
32. Marko D.C., Saffert R.T., Cunningham S.A., et al. Evaluation of the Bruker Biotyper and Vitek MS matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry systems for identification of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli isolated from cultures from cystic fibrosis patients. JClin Microbiol 2012, 50:2034-2039.
33. Burns J.L., Saiman L., Whittier S., et al. Comparison of two commercial systems (Vitek and MicroScan-WalkAway) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2001, 39:257-260.
34. Gilligan P.H. Is there value in susceptibility testing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa causing chronic infection in patients with cystic fibrosis?. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2006, 4:711-715.
35. Moskowitz S.M., Foster J.M., Emerson J., et al. Clinically feasible biofilm susceptibility assay for isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 2004, 42:1915-1922.
36. Su S., Hassett D.J. Anaerobic Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other obligately anaerobic bacterial biofilms growing in the thick airway mucus of chronically infected cystic fibrosis patients: an emerging paradigm or "old hat"?. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2012, 16:859-873.
37. Lo D., VanDevanter D.R., Flume P., et al. Aerosolized antibiotic therapy for chronic cystic fibrosis airway infections: continuous or intermittent?. Respir Med 2011, 105(Suppl 2):S9-S17.
38. Foweraker J.E., Laughton C.R., Brown D.F., et al. Phenotypic variability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in sputa from patients with acute infective exacerbation of cystic fibrosis and its impact on the validity of antimicrobial susceptibility testing. JAntimicrob Chemother 2005, 55:921-927.
39. Aaron S.D., Ferris W., Henry D.A., et al. Multiple combination bactericidal antibiotic testing for patients with cystic fibrosis infected with Burkholderia cepacia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000, 161:1206-1212.
40. Aaron S.D., Vandemheen K.L., Ferris W., et al. Combination antibiotic susceptibility testing to treat exacerbations of cystic fibrosis associated with multiresistant bacteria: a randomised, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Lancet 2005, 366:463-471.
41. Isles A., Maclusky I., Corey M., et al. Pseudomonas cepacia infection in cystic fibrosis: an emerging problem. JPediatr 1984, 104:206-210.
42. Tablan O.C., Chorba T.L., Schidlow D.V., et al. Pseudomonas cepacia colonization in patients with cystic fibrosis: risk factors and clinical outcome. JPediatr 1985, 107:382-387.
43. Tablan O.C., Martone W.J., Doershuk C.F., et al. Colonization of the respiratory tract with Pseudomonas cepacia in cystic fibrosis. Risk factors and outcomes. Chest 1987, 91:527-532.
44. Yabuuchi E., Kosako Y., Oyaizu H., et al. Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov. Microbiol Immunol 1992, 36:1251-1275.
45. Vandamme P., Holmes B., Vancanneyt M., et al. Occurrence of multiple genomovars of Burkholderia cepacia in cystic fibrosis patients and proposal of Burkholderia multivorans sp. nov. Int J Syst Bacteriol 1997, 47:1188-1200.
46. Lipuma J.J. The changing microbial epidemiology in cystic fibrosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010, 23:299-323.
47. Peeters C., Zlosnik J.E., Spilker T., et al. Burkholderia pseudomultivorans sp. nov., a novel Burkholderia cepacia complex species from human respiratory samples and the rhizosphere. Syst Appl Microbiol 2013, 36:483-489.
48. Heath D.G., Hohneker K., Carriker C., et al. Six-year molecular analysis of Burkholderia cepacia complex isolates among cystic fibrosis patients at a referral center for lung transplantation. JClin Microbiol 2002, 40:1188-1193.
49. Holmes A., Nolan R., Taylor R., et al. An epidemic of Burkholderia cepacia transmitted between patients with and without cystic fibrosis. JInfect Dis 1999, 179:1197-1205.
50. Sun L., Jiang R.Z., Steinbach S., et al. The emergence of a highly transmissible lineage of cbl+ Pseudomonas (Burkholderia) cepacia causing CF centre epidemics in North America and Britain. Nat Med 1995, 1:661-666.
51. Steinbach S., Sun L., Jiang R.Z., et al. Transmissibility of Pseudomonas cepacia infection in clinic patients and lung-transplant recipients with cystic fibrosis. NEngl J Med 1994, 331:981-987.
52. Aris R.M., Routh J.C., LiPuma J.J., et al. Lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis patients with Burkholderia cepacia complex. Survival linked to genomovar type. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001, 164:2102-2106.
53. Murray S., Charbeneau J., Marshall B.C., et al. Impact of Burkholderia infection on lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008, 178:363-371.
54. Noone P.G. Lung transplant and cystic fibrosis: what's new from the UK and France?. Thorax 2008, 63:668-670.
55. Henry D., Campbell M., McGimpsey C., et al. Comparison of isolation media for recovery of Burkholderia cepacia complex from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 1999, 37:1004-1007.
56. Gilligan P.H., Gage P.A., Bradshaw L.M., et al. Isolation medium for the recovery of Pseudomonas cepacia from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 1985, 22:5-8.
57. Welch D.F., Muszynski M.J., Pai C.H., et al. Selective and differential medium for recovery of Pseudomonas cepacia from the respiratory tracts of patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 1987, 25:1730-1734.
58. Kiska D.L., Kerr A., Jones M.C., et al. Accuracy of four commercial systems for identification of Burkholderia cepacia and other gram-negative nonfermenting bacilli recovered from patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 1996, 34:886-891.
59. Shelly D.B., Spilker T., Gracely E.J., et al. Utility of commercial systems for identification of Burkholderia cepacia complex from cystic fibrosis sputum culture. JClin Microbiol 2000, 38:3112-3115.
60. Saiman L., Siegel J. Infection control in cystic fibrosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004, 17:57-71.
61. Bressler A.M., Kaye K.S., LiPuma J.J., et al. Risk factors for Burkholderia cepacia complex bacteremia among intensive care unit patients without cystic fibrosis: a case-control study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007, 28:951-958.
62. Wilsher M.L., Kolbe J., Morris A.J., et al. Nosocomial acquisition of Burkholderia gladioli in patients with cystic fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997, 155:1436-1440.
63. Ferroni A., Sermet-Gaudelus I., Abachin E., et al. Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for identification of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli recovered from patients attending a single cystic fibrosis center. JClin Microbiol 2002, 40:3793-3797.
64. Kennedy M.P., Coakley R.D., Donaldson S.H., et al. Burkholderia gladioli: five year experience in a cystic fibrosis and lung transplantation center. JCyst Fibros 2007, 6:267-273.
65. Fehlberg L.C., Andrade L.H., Assis D.M., et al. Performance of MALDI-ToF MS for species identification of Burkholderia cepacia complex clinical isolates. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2013, 77:126-128.
66. Alby K., Gilligan P.H., Miller M.B. Comparison of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry platforms for the identification of gram-negative rods from patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 2013, 51:3852-3854.
67. Degand N., Carbonnelle E., Dauphin B., et al. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry for identification of nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli isolated from cystic fibrosis patients. JClin Microbiol 2008, 46:3361-3367.
68. Leitao J.H., Sousa S.A., Cunha M.V., et al. Variation of the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Burkholderia cepacia complex clonal isolates obtained from chronically infected cystic fibrosis patients: a five-year survey in the major Portuguese treatment center. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008, 27:1101-1111.
69. Clinical and Laboratory Institute: Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 23rd Informational Supplement, M100-S23. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2013.
70. Horsley A., Jones A.M. Antibiotic treatment for Burkholderia cepacia complex in people with cystic fibrosis experiencing a pulmonary exacerbation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012, (10). CD009529.
71. Ronne Hansen C., Pressler T., Hoiby N., et al. Chronic infection with Achromobacter xylosoxidans in cystic fibrosis patients; a retrospective case control study. JCyst Fibros 2006, 5:245-251.
72. Raso T., Bianco O., Grosso B., et al. Achromobacter xylosoxidans respiratory tract infections in cystic fibrosis patients. APMIS 2008, 116:837-841.
73. De Baets F., Schelstraete P., Van Daele S., et al. Achromobacter xylosoxidans in cystic fibrosis: prevalence and clinical relevance. JCyst Fibros 2007, 6:75-78.
74. Goss C.H., Mayer-Hamblett N., Aitken M.L., et al. Association between Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and lung function in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2004, 59:955-959.
75. Waters V., Atenafu E.G., Lu A., et al. Chronic Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infection and mortality or lung transplantation in cystic fibrosis patients. JCyst Fibros 2013, 12:482-486.
76. Zbinden A., Bottger E.C., Bosshard P.P., et al. Evaluation of the colorimetric VITEK 2 card for identification of gram-negative nonfermentative rods: comparison to 16S rRNA gene sequencing. JClin Microbiol 2007, 45:2270-2273.
77. Biswas S., Dubus J.C., Reynaud-Gaubert M., et al. Evaluation of colistin susceptibility in multidrug-resistant clinical isolates from cystic fibrosis, France. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013, 32:1461-1464.
78. Goncalves-Vidigal P., Grosse-Onnebrink J., Mellies U., et al. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in cystic fibrosis: improved detection by the use of selective agar and evaluation of antimicrobial resistance. JCyst Fibros 2011, 10:422-427.
79. Wang M., Ridderberg W., Hansen C.R., et al. Early treatment with inhaled antibiotics postpones next occurrence of Achromobacter in cystic fibrosis. JCyst Fibros 2013, 12:638-643.
80. Amoureux L., Bador J., Siebor E., et al. Epidemiology and resistance of Achromobacter xylosoxidans from cystic fibrosis patients in Dijon, Burgundy: First French data. JCyst Fibros 2013, 12:170-176.
81. Leung J.M., Olivier K.N. Nontuberculous mycobacteria: the changing epidemiology and treatment challenges in cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013, 19:662-669.
82. Kilby J.M., Gilligan P.H., Yankaskas J.R., et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria in adult patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest 1992, 102:70-75.
83. Olivier K.N., Weber D.J., Lee J.H., et al. Nontuberculous mycobacteria. II: nested-cohort study of impact on cystic fibrosis lung disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003, 167:835-840.
84. Esther C.R., Esserman D.A., Gilligan P., et al. Chronic Mycobacterium abscessus infection and lung function decline in cystic fibrosis. JCyst Fibros 2010, 9:117-123.
85. Catherinot E., Roux A.L., Vibet M.A., et al. Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium abscessus complex target distinct cystic fibrosis patient subpopulations. JCyst Fibros 2013, 12:74-80.
86. Bryant J.M., Grogono D.M., Greaves D., et al. Whole-genome sequencing to identify transmission of Mycobacterium abscessus between patients with cystic fibrosis: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2013, 381:1551-1560.
87. Whittier S., Hopfer R.L., Knowles M.R., et al. Improved recovery of mycobacteria from respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 1993, 31:861-864.
88. Bange F.C., Kirschner P., Bottger E.C. Recovery of mycobacteria from patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 1999, 37:3761-3763.
89. Ferroni A., Vu-Thien H., Lanotte P., et al. Value of the chlorhexidine decontamination method for recovery of nontuberculous mycobacteria from sputum samples of patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 2006, 44:2237-2239.
90. Esther C.R., Hoberman S., Fine J., et al. Detection of rapidly growing mycobacteria in routine cultures of samples from patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 2011, 49:1421-1425.
91. Blauwendraat C., Dixon G.L., Hartley J.C., et al. The use of a two-gene sequencing approach to accurately distinguish between the species within the Mycobacterium abscessus complex and Mycobacterium chelonae. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012, 31:1847-1853.
92. Waters V., Ratjen F. Antibiotic treatment for nontuberculous mycobacteria lung infection in people with cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012, (12). CD010004.
93. Choi G.E., Shin S.J., Won C.J., et al. Macrolide treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense infection and inducible resistance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012, 186:917-925.
94. Lobo L.J., Chang L.C., Esther C.R., et al. Lung transplant outcomes in cystic fibrosis patients with pre-operative Mycobacterium abscessus respiratory infections. Clin Transplant 2013, 27:523-529.
95. Pihet M., Carrere J., Cimon B., et al. Occurrence and relevance of filamentous fungi in respiratory secretions of patients with cystic fibrosis-a review. Med Mycol 2009, 47:387-397.
96. Bonvillain R.W., Valentine V.G., Lombard G., et al. Post-operative infections in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis patients after lung transplantation. JHeart Lung Transplant 2007, 26:890-897.
97. Morio F., Horeau-Langlard D., Gay-Andrieu F., et al. Disseminated Scedosporium/Pseudallescheria infection after double-lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 2010, 48:1978-1982.
98. Middleton P.G., Chen S.C., Meyer W. Fungal infections and treatment in cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2013, 19:670-675.
99. Hernandez-Hernandez F., Frealle E., Caneiro P., et al. Prospective multicenter study of Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization among cystic fibrosis patients in France. JClin Microbiol 2012, 50:4107-4110.
100. Miceli M.H., Diaz J.A., Lee S.A. Emerging opportunistic yeast infections. Lancet Infect Dis 2011, 11:142-151.
101. Hickey P.W., Sutton D.A., Fothergill A.W., et al. Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans, a novel respiratory pathogen in patients with cystic fibrosis. JClin Microbiol 2009, 47:3091-3097.
102. Hirschi S., Letscher-Bru V., Pottecher J., et al. Disseminated Trichosporon mycotoxinivorans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Scedosporium apiospermum coinfection after lung and liver transplantation in a cystic fibrosis patient. JClin Microbiol 2012, 50:4168-4170.
103. Paulson J, Kerr A, Gilligan P, etal. Trichosporon acquisition is linked to accelerated lung function decline in nontransplant cystic fibrosis patients. In: Am J Respir Crit Care Med. vol. 185. San Francisco (CA): American Thoracic Society International Meeting, poster discussion; 2012. p. A5274.
104. Burns J.L., Emerson J., Kuypers J., et al. Respiratory viruses in children with cystic fibrosis: viral detection and clinical findings. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012, 6:218-223.
105. Viviani L., Assael B.M., Kerem E. Impact of the A (H1N1) pandemic influenza (season 2009-2010) on patients with cystic fibrosis. JCyst Fibros 2011, 10:370-376.
106. Etherington C., Naseer R., Conway S.P., et al. The role of respiratory viruses in adult patients with cystic fibrosis receiving intravenous antibiotics for a pulmonary exacerbation. JCyst Fibros 2014, 13(1):49-55.
107. Esther C.R., Lin F.C., Kerr A., et al. Respiratory viruses are associated with common respiratory pathogens in cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2013, [Epub ahead of print].
108. Kieninger E., Singer F., Tapparel C., et al. High rhinovirus burden in lower airways of children with cystic fibrosis. Chest 2013, 143:782-790.
109. Novak-Weekley S.M., Marlowe E.M., Poulter M., et al. Evaluation of the Cepheid Xpert Flu Assay for rapid identification and differentiation of influenza A, influenza A 2009 H1N1, and influenza B viruses. JClin Microbiol 2013, 50:1704-1710.
110. Popowitch E.B., O'Neill S.S., Miller M.B. Comparison of the Biofire FilmArray RP, Genmark eSensor RVP, Luminex xTAG RVPv1, and Luminex xTAG RVP fast multiplex assays for detection of respiratory viruses. JClin Microbiol 2013, 51:1528-1533.
111. Alby K., Popowitch E.B., Miller M.B. Comparative evaluation of the Nanosphere Verigene RV+ assay and the Simplexa Flu A/B & RSV kit for detection of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses. JClin Microbiol 2013, 51:352-353.
112. Chartrand C., Leeflang M.M., Minion J., et al. Accuracy of rapid influenza diagnostic tests: a meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2012, 156:500-511.