Persistence, variance and toxic levels of organochlorine pesticides in fluvial sediments and the role of black carbon in their retention

Environmental Science and Pollution Research

Volumn 21, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 6525-6546

  Parween, Musarrat ^a   Ramanathan, A L ^a   Khillare, P S ^a   Raju, N J ^a  

^a JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

Black carbon; Correlation; Ecotoxicology; Organochlorine pesticide; Persistent; Principal component analysis; Sediment; Yamuna River

Indexed keywords

BIOAVAILABILITY; BLACK CARBON; DDT; FLUVIAL DEPOSIT; FRESHWATER ENVIRONMENT; ORGANIC COMPOUND; ORGANOCHLORINE; PESTICIDE; PH; TOXICITY; TOXICOLOGY;

INDIA; YAMUNA RIVER;

CHARCOAL; CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON; PESTICIDE; WATER POLLUTANT;

CHEMICAL MODEL; CHEMISTRY; ECOSYSTEM RESTORATION; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; RIVER; SEDIMENT; TOXICITY; WATER POLLUTANT;

CHARCOAL; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; ENVIRONMENTAL RESTORATION AND REMEDIATION; GEOLOGIC SEDIMENTS; HYDROCARBONS, CHLORINATED; MODELS, CHEMICAL; PESTICIDES; RIVERS; WATER POLLUTANTS, CHEMICAL;

EID: 84900854354     PISSN: 09441344     EISSN: 16147499     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2531-6     Document Type: Article

References (151)

1. Accardi-Dey A, Gschwend PM (2002) Assessing the combined roles of natural organic matter and black carbon as sorbents in sediments. Environ Sci Technol 36(1): 21-29.
2. Ajmal M, Khan MA, Nomani AA (1985) Distribution of heavy metals in water and sediments of selected sites of Yamuna river (India). Environ Monit Assess 5(2): 205-214.
3. Akhter MS, Chughtai AR, Smith DM (1985) The structure of hexane soot I: spectroscopic studies. Appl Spectrosc 39(1): 143-153.
4. Ahmad S, Ajmal M, Nomani AA (1996) Organochlorines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of Ganges River (India). Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 57(5): 794-802.
5. Ball WP, Roberts PV (1991) Long-term sorption of halogenated organic chemicals by aquifer material. 1. Equilibrium. Environ Sci Technol 25(7): 1223-1237.
6. Barlas NE (1999) Determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in aquatic systems and organisms in upper Sakarya Basin, Türkiye. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 62: 278-285.
7. Barraclough D, Kearney T, Croxford A (2005) Bound residues: environmental solution or future problem? Environ Pollut 133(1): 85-90.
8. Beulke S, Brown CD, Fryer CJ, van Beinum W (2004) Influence of kinetic sorption and diffusion on pesticide movement through aggregated soils. Chemosphere 57: 481-490.
9. Bhattacharya B, Sarkar SK, Mukherjee N (2003) Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediments of a tropical mangrove estuary, India: implications for monitoring. Environ Int 29(5): 587-592.
10. Binelli A, Sarkar SK, Chatterjee M, Riva C, Parolini M, Bhattacharya AK et al (2008) A comparison of sediment quality guidelines for toxicity assessment in the Sunderban wetlands (Bay of Bengal, India). Chemosphere 73(7): 1129-1137.
11. Bollag JM, Myers C (1992) Detoxification of aquatic and terrestrial sites through binding of pollutants to humic substances. Sci Total Environ 117: 357-366.
12. Bollag JM, Myers CJ, Minard RD (1992) Biological and chemical interactions of pesticides with soil organic matter. Sci Total Environ 123: 205-217.
13. Brusseau ML, Rao PSC (1989) The influence of sorbate-organic matter interactions on sorption nonequillibrium. Chemosphere 18(9): 1691-1706.
14. Bucheli TD, Gustafsson Ö (2000) Quantification of the soot-water distribution coefficient of PAHs provides mechanistic basis for enhanced sorption observations. Environ Sci Technol 34(24): 5144-5151.
15. Buckley DR, Rockne KJ, Li A, Mills WJ (2004) Soot deposition in the Great Lakes: implications for semi-volatile hydrophobic organic pollutant deposition. Environ Sci Technol 38(6): 1732-1739.
16. Calvert CC, Brown A, Brydson R (2005) Determination of the local chemistry of iron in inorganic and organic materials. J Electron Spectrosc Relat Phenom 143(2): 173-187.
17. Castro TF, Yoshida T (1971) Degradation of organochlorine insecticides in flooded soils in the Philippines. J Agric Food Chem 19(6): 1168-1170.
18. Castro TF, Yoshida T (1974) Effect of organic matter on the biodegradation of some organochlorine insecticides in submerged soils. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 20(4): 363-370.
19. Chakraborty P, Zhang G, Li J, Xu Y, Liu X, Tanabe S et al (2010) Selected organochlorine pesticides in the atmosphere of major Indian cities: levels, regional versus local variations, and sources. Environ Sci Technol 44: 8038-8043.
20. Chawla RP, Chopra SL (1967) Persistence of residues of DDT and BHC in normal and alkali soils. J Res Punjab Agric Univ 4: 96.
21. Chefetz B, Xing B (2009) Relative role of aliphatic and aromatic moieties as sorption domains for organic compounds: a review. Environ Sci Technol 43(6): 1680-1688.
22. Cheng CH, Lehmann J, Engelhard MH (2008) Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72(6): 1598-1610.
23. Chiou CT, Kile DE, Rutherford DW, Sheng G, Boyd SA (2000) Sorption of selected organic compounds from water to a peat soil and its humic-acid and humin fractions: potential sources of the sorption nonlinearity. Environ Sci Technol 34(7): 1254-1258.
24. Cornejo J, Celis R, Pavlovic I, Ulibarri MA (2008) Interactions of pesticides with clays and layered double hydroxides: a review. Clay Miner 43(2): 155-175.
25. Cornelissen G, Kukulska Z, Kalaitzidis S, Christanis K, Gustafsson Ö (2004) Relations between environmental black carbon sorption and geochemical sorbent characteristics. Environ Sci Technol 38(13): 3632-3640.
26. Cornelissen G, Gustafsson Ö, Bucheli TD, Jonker MT, Koelmans AA, van Noort PC (2005) Extensive sorption of organic compounds to black carbon, coal, and kerogen in sediments and soils: mechanisms and consequences for distribution, bioaccumulation, and biodegradation. Environ Sci Technol 39(18): 6881-6895.
27. CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) (2006) Water quality status of Yamuna River (1999-2005). New Delhi. http://www. cpcb. nic. in. Accessed 2 July 2013.
28. Csomós E, Héberger K, Simon-Sarkadi L (2002) Principal component analysis of biogenic amines and polyphenols in Hungarian wines. J Agric Food Chem 50(13): 3768-3774.
29. Curtis GP, Roberts PV, Reihard M (1986) A natural gradient experiment on solute transport in a sand aquifer: 4. Sorption of organic solutes and its influence on mobility. Water Resour Res 22(13): 2059-2067.
30. Devi NL, Qi S, Chakraborty P, Zhang G, Yadav IC (2011) Passive air sampling of organochlorine pesticides in a northeastern state of India, Manipur. J Environ Sci 23(5): 808-815.
31. Doong RA, Lin YT (2004) Characterization and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminations in surface sediment and water from Gaoping River, Taiwan. Water Res 38(7): 1733-1744.
32. Doong RA, Peng CK, Sun YC, Liao PL (2002) Composition and distribution of organochlorine pesticide residues in surface sediments from the Wu-Shi River estuary, Taiwan. Mar Pollut Bull 45(1): 246-253.
33. Field LJ, MacDonald DD, Norton SB, Ingersoll CG, Severn CG, Smorong D, Lindskoog R (2002) Predicting amphipod toxicity from sediment chemistry using logistic regression models. Environ Toxicol and Chem 21(9): 1993-2005.
34. Forbes MS, Raison RJ, Skjemstad JO (2006) Formation, transformation and transport of black carbon (charcoal) in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Sci Total Environ 370(1): 190-206.
35. Fuhremann TW, Lichtenstein EP (1980) A comparative study of the persistence, movement, and metabolism of six carbon-14 insecticides in soils and plants. J Agric Food Chem 28(2): 446-452.
36. Gagné JP, Gouteux B, Soubaneh YD, and Brindle JR (2011) Sorption of pesticides on natural geosorbents. In: Margarita Stoytcheva (Ed.) Pesticides-formulations, effects, fate. ISBN: 978-953-307-532-7, InTech. http://www. intechopen. com/books/pesticides-formulationseffects-fate/sorption-of-pesticides-on-natural-geosorbents. Accessed 2 July 2013.
37. Gao JP, Maguhn J, Spitzauer P, Kettrup A (1998) Sorption of pesticides in the sediment of the Teufelsweiher pond (Southern Germany). I: equilibrium assessments, effect of organic carbon content and pH. Water Res 32(5): 1662-1672.
38. Gao F, Jia J, Wang X (2008) Occurrence and ordination of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and hexachlorocyclohexane in agricultural soils from Guangzhou, China. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 54(2): 155-166.
39. Gélinas Y, Prentice KM, Baldock JA, Hedges JI (2001) An improved thermal oxidation method for the quantification of soot/graphitic black carbon in sediments and soils. Environ Sci Technol 35(17): 3519-3525.
40. Gevao B, Semple KT, Jones KC (2000) Bound pesticide residues in soils: a review. Environ Pollut 108(1): 3-14.
41. Goldberg ED (1985). Black carbon in the environment: properties and distribution. www. osti. gov. Accessed 12 January 2012.
42. Gramatica P, Di Guardo A (2002) Screening of pesticides for environmental partitioning tendency. Chemosphere 47(9): 947-956.
43. Gupta PK (2004) Pesticide exposure-Indian scene. Toxicology 198(1-3): 83-90.
44. Gupta R (2010) The economic causes of crop residue burning in Western Indo-Gangetic plains. In conference held at Indian Statistical Institute, Delhi centre, p 1-26.
45. Gustafsson Ö, Gschwend PM (1997) Soot as a strong partition medium for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic systems. In: Molecular markers in environmental geochemistry, 365-381.
46. Gustafsson Ö, Gschwend PM (1998) The flux of black carbon to surface sediments on the New England continental shelf. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 62(3): 465-472.
47. Gustafsson O, Haghseta F, Chan C, MacFarlane J, Gschwend PM (1997) Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase: implication for PAH speciation and bioavailability. Environ Sci Technol 31: 203-209.
48. Gustafsson Ö, Kruså M, Zencak Z, Sheesley RJ, Granat L, Engström E et al (2009) Brown clouds over South Asia: biomass or fossil fuel combustion? Science 323(5913): 495-498.
49. Hamer U, Marschner B, Brodowski S, Amelung W (2004) Interactive priming of black carbon and glucose mineralisation in soil. Org Geochem 35: 823-830.
50. Hammes K, Schmidt MW, Smernik RJ, Currie LA, Ball WP, Nguyen TH et al (2007) Comparison of quantification methods to measure fire-derived (black/elemental) carbon in soils and sediments using reference materials from soil, water, sediment and the atmosphere. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 21(3).
51. Héberger K, Görgényi M (1999) Principal component analysis of Kováts indices for carbonyl compounds in capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 845(1): 21-31.
52. Heiri O, Lotter AF, Lemcke G (2001) Loss on ignition as a method for estimating organic and carbonate content in sediments: reproducibility and comparability of results. J Paleolimnol 25(1): 101-110.
53. Hu L, Zhang G, Zheng B, Qin Y, Lin T, Guo Z (2009) Occurrence and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in surface sediments of the Bohai Sea, China. Chemosphere 77(5): 663-672.
54. Huang W, Peng PA, Yu Z, Fu J (2003) Effects of organic matter heterogeneity on sorption and desorption of organic contaminants by soils and sediments. Appl Geochem 18(7): 955-972.
55. Hung DQ, Thiemann W (2002) Contamination by selected chlorinated pesticides in surface waters in Hanoi, Vietnam. Chemosphere 47(4): 357-367.
56. Hung CC, Gong GC, Chen HY, Hsieh HL, Santschi PH, Wade TL et al (2007) Relationships between pesticides and organic carbon fractions in sediments of the Danshui River estuary and adjacent coastal areas of Taiwan. Environ Pollut 148: 546-554.
57. Hung CC, Gong GC, Ko FC, Chen HY, Hsu ML, Wu JM et al (2010) Relationships between persistent organic pollutants and carbonaceous materials in aquatic sediments of Taiwan. Mar Pollut Bull 60(7): 1010-1017.
58. Ingram RL (1971) Sieve analysis. In: Carver RE (ed), Procedures in sedimentary, petrology. 49-67.
59. International POPs Elimination Project (IPEP) (2006) Assessment of the Lagos Lagoon for POPs sources, types and impacts. Friends Of The Environment (FOTE) Nigeria-Anglophone Africa. www. ipen. org. Accessed 12 January 2012.
60. Iwata H, Tanabe S, Sakai N, Tatsukawa R (1993) Distribution of persistent organochlorines in the oceanic air and surface seawater and the role of ocean on their global transport and fate. Environ Sci Technol 27: 1080-1098.
61. Jain CK (2004) Metal fractionation study on bed sediments of River Yamuna, India. Water Res 38(3): 569-578.
62. Jain CK, Ali I (1997) Determination of pesticides in water, sediments and soils by gas chromatography. Int J Environ Anal Chem 68(1): 83-101.
63. Jha PK, Vaithiyanathan P, Subramanian V (1993) Mineralogical characteristics of the sediments of a Himalayan river: Yamuna River-a tributary of the Ganges. Environ Geol 22(1): 13-20.
64. Jiang YF, Wang XT, Jia Y, Wang F, Wu MH, Sheng GY et al (2009) Occurrence, distribution and possible sources of organochlorine pesticides in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China. J Hazard Mater 170(2): 989-997.
65. Jonker MTO, Koelmans AA (2002) Sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls to soot and soot like materials in the aqueous environment: mechanistic considerations. Environ Sci Technol 36(36): 3725-3734.
66. Jonker MT, Smedes F (2000) Preferential sorption of planar contaminants in sediments from Lake Ketelmeer, The Netherlands. Environ Sci Technol 34(9): 1620-1626.
67. Kah M, Brown CD (2006) Adsorption of ionisable pesticides in soils. In: Reviews of environmental contamination and toxicology (pp. 149-217), Springer, New York.
68. Keiluweit M, Kleber M (2009) Molecular-level interactions in soils and sediments: the role of aromatic π-systems. Environ Sci Technol 43(10): 3421-3429.
69. Konert M, Vandenberghe JEF (1997) Comparison of laser grain size analysis with pipette and sieve analysis: a solution for the underestimation of the clay fraction. Sedimentology 44(3): 523-535.
70. Kroeger T (2010). Black carbon emissions in Asia: sources, impacts and abatement opportunities. contractor report prepared by International Resources Group for USAID, ECO-Asia Clean Development and Climate Program. Bangkok, Thailand.
71. Kuhlbusch TAJ (1998) Black carbon in soils, sediments and ice cores. In: Meyers RA (ed) Encyclopedia of environmental analysis and remediation. Wiley, New York, pp 812-823.
72. Kumar B, Mishra M, Goel G, Gaur R, Singh SK, Prakash D et al (2011) Distribution and ecotoxicological risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in river sediments from Delhi India. Advanced Life Science Technology. www. iiste. org (Online) 1: 1-8. Accessed 12 January 2012.
73. Kumar B, Singh SK, Mishra M, Kumar S, Sharma CS (2012) Assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pesticides in water samples from the Yamuna River. J Xenobiotics 2(1): e6.
74. Kumarasamy P, Govindaraj S, Vignesh S, Rajendran RB, James RA (2012) Anthropogenic nexus on organochlorine pesticide pollution: a case study with Tamiraparani river basin, South India. Environ Monit Assess 184(6): 3861-3873.
75. Lee KT, Tanabe S, Koh CH (2001) Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Kyeonggi Bay and nearby areas, Korea. Environ Pollut 114(2): 207-213.
76. Lenheer JA, Aldrichs J (1971) A kinetic and equilibrium study of the adsorption of cabaryl and parathion upon soil organic matter surfaces. Soil Sci Soc Am Proc 35: 700-705.
77. Li H, Sheng G, Teppen BJ, Johnston CT, Boyd SA (2003) Sorption and desorption of pesticides by clay minerals and humic acid-clay complexes. Soil Sci Soc Am J 67: 122-131.
78. Li J, Zhang G, Qi S, Li X, Peng X (2006) Concentrations, enantiomeric compositions, and sources of HCH, DDT and chlordane in soils from the Pearl River Delta, South China. Sci Total Environ 372(1): 215-224.
79. Luthy RG, Aiken GR, Brusseau ML, Cunningham SD, Gschwend PM, Pignatello JJ et al (1997) Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents. Environ Sci Technol 31(12): 3341-3347.
80. MacDonald DD, Ingersoll CG, Berger TA (2000) Development and evaluation of consensus-based sediment quality guidelines for freshwater ecosystems. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 39(1): 20-31.
81. Maier-Bode H (1968) Properties, effect, residues and analytics of the insecticide endosulfan. In: Residue reviews/Rückstands-Berichte. Springer, US, pp 1-44.
82. Malik A, Ojha P, Singh KP (2009) Levels and distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in water and sediments of Gomti River (India)-a tributary of the Ganges River. Environ Monit Assess 148(1-4): 421-435.
83. Malik A, Verma P, Singh AK, Singh KP (2011) Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water and bed sediments of the Gomti River, India. Environ Monit Assess 172(1-4): 529-545.
84. Mao J, Fang X, Schmidt-Rohr K, Carmo AM, Hundal LS, Thompson ML (2007) Molecular-scale heterogeneity of humic acid in particle-size fractions of two Iowa soils. Geoderma 140(1): 17-29.
85. Masiello CA (2004) New directions in black carbon organic geochemistry. Mar Chem 92(1): 201-213.
86. Mathur SP, Morley HV (1978) Incorporation of methoxychlor-14 C in model humic acids prepared from hydroquinone. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 20(1): 268-274.
87. Miller LL, Harris MO, Little SS, McClure PR, Sutton WR (2002) Toxicological profile for Methoxychlor. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Division of Toxicology/Toxicology Information Branch, U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia.
88. Miranda J, Andrade E, Lopez-Suarez A, Ledesma R, Cahill TA, Wakabayashi PH (1996) A receptor model for atmospheric aerosols from a southwestern site in Mexico City. Atmos Environ 30(20): 3471-3479.
89. Mirsal IA (2008) Soil pollution: origin, monitoring & remediation. Springer.
90. Mishra K, Sharma RC, Kumar S (2012) Contamination levels and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides in soils from India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 76: 215-225.
91. Mitra S, Bianchi TS, McKee BA, Sutula M (2002) Sources and seasonal discharge of fossil fuel-derived fluvial black carbon from the Mississippi River: implications for the global carbon cycle. Environ SciTechnol 36: 2296.
92. Molbert S (2003) The hydrophobic interaction modeling hydrophobic interactions and aggregation of non-polar particles in aqueous solutions. Ph. D thesis. http://doc. rero. ch/record/494/files/Moelbert_these. pdf. Accessed 2 July 2013.
93. Motosugi K, Soda K (1983) Microbial degradation of synthetic organochlorine compounds. Cell Mol Life Sci 39(11): 1214-1220.
94. Muri G, Cermelj B, Faganeli J, Brancelj A (2002) Black carbon in Slovenian alpine lacustrine sediments. Chemosphere 46: 1225.
95. Nam JJ, Gustafsson O, Kurt-Karakus P, Breivik K, Steinnes E, Jones KC (2008) Relationships between organic matter, black carbon and persistent organic pollutants in European background soils: Implications for sources and environmental fate. Environ Pollut 156(3): 809-817.
96. Novakov T (1984) The role of soot and primary oxidants in atmospheric chemistry. Sci Total Environ 36: 1-10.
97. Pan SY, Chang EE, Chiang PC (2012) CO2 Capture by accelerated carbonation of alkaline wastes: a review on its principles and applications. Aerosol Air Qual Res 12(5): 770-791.
98. Pandey P, Khillare PS, Kumar K (2011) Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in the surface sediments of River Yamuna in Delhi, India. J Environ Prot 2(5).
99. Pandit GG, Mohan Rao AM, Jha SK, Krishnamoorthy TM, Kale SP, Raghu K (2001) Monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues in the Indian marine environment. Chemosphere 44: 301-305.
100. Peng X, Wang J, Fan B, Luan Z (2009) Sorption of endrin to montmorillonite and kaolinite clays. J Hazard Mater 168(1): 210-214.
101. Persson NJ, Gustafsson O, Bucheli TD, Ishaq R, Naes K, Broman D (2002) Soot-carbon influenced distribution of PCDD/Fs in the marine environment of the Grenlandsfjords, Norway. Environ Sci Technol 36: 4968.
102. Pierce RH Jr, Olney CE, Felbeck GT Jr (1971) Pesticide adsorption in soils and sediments. Environ Lett 1(2): 157-172.
103. Pignatello JJ, Xing B (1996) Mechanisms of slow sorption of organic chemicals to natural particles. Environ Sci Tech 30: 1-11.
104. Preston CM, Schmidt MWI (2006) Black (pyrogenic) carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions. Biogeosciences 3(4): 397-420.
105. Qiu Y, Xiao X, Cheng H, Zhou Z, Sheng GD (2009) Influence of environmental factors on pesticide adsorption by black carbon: pH and model dissolved organic matter. Environ Sci Technol 43(13): 4973-4978.
106. Ramanathan V, Carmichael G (2008) Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nat Geosci 1(4): 221-227.
107. Rashid A (2011) Investigations on organochlorine pesticide residues in soil from cotton growing areas of Pakistan. PhD Thesis, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad. Accessed 2 July 2013.
108. Rawat M, Moturi MCZ, Subramanian V (2003) Inventory compilation and distribution of heavy metals in wastewater from small-scale industrial areas of Delhi, India. J Environ Monit 5(6): 906-912.
109. Ray S, Khillare PS, Kim KH, Brown RJ (2012) Distribution, sources, and association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, black carbon, and total organic carbon in size-segregated soil samples along a background-urban-rural transect. Environ Eng Sci 29(11): 1008-1019.
110. Reid BJ, Jones KC, Semple KT (2000) Bioavailability of persistent organic pollutants in soils and sediments-a perspective on mechanisms, consequences and assessment. Environ Pollut 108(1): 103-112.
111. Reimann C, Filzmoser P (2000) Normal and lognormal data distribution in geochemistry: death of a myth. Consequences for the statistical treatment of geochemical and environmental data. Environ Geol 39(9): 1001-1014.
112. Renaud FG, Brown CD, Fryer CJ, Walker A (2004) A lysimeter experiment to investigate temporal changes in the availability of pesticide residues for leaching. Environ Pollut 131(1): 81-91.
113. Ridal JJ, Kerman B, Durham L, Fox ME (1996) Seasonality of air-water fluxes of hexachlorocyclohexanes in Lake Ontario. Environ Sci Technol 30(3): 852-858.
114. Sarkar SK, Binelli A, Riva C, Parolini M, Chatterjee M, Bhattacharya AK et al (2008) Organochlorine pesticide residues in sediment cores of Sunderban wetland, northeastern part of Bay of Bengal, India, and their ecotoxicological significance. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 55(3): 358-371.
115. Schmidt MW, Noack AG (2000) Black carbon in soils and sediments: analysis, distribution, implications, and current challenges. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 14(3): 777-793.
116. Seiler W, Crutzen PJ (1980) Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning. Clim Chang 2(3): 207-247.
117. Senesi N (1992) Binding mechanisms of pesticides to soil humic substances. Sci Total Environ 123: 63-76.
118. Sharom MS, Miles JRW, Harris CR, McEwen FL (1980) Behaviour of 12 insecticides in soil and aqueous suspensions of soil and sediment. Water Res 14(8): 1095-1100.
119. Singh RP (2001) Comparison of organochlorine pesticide levels in soil and groundwater of Agra, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 67: 126-132.
120. Singh AP, Ghosh SK (2003) Conceptual modeling and management of water quality in a river basin. In: Ramanathan AL, Ramesh (ed), Recent trends in hydrogeochemistry, Capital Books, New Delhi, pp 207-220.
121. Singh NC, Dasgupta TP, Roberts EV, Mansingh A (1991) Dynamics of pesticides in tropical conditions. 1. Kinetic studies of volatilization, hydrolysis, and photolysis of dieldrin and alpha-and. beta-endosulfan. J Agric Food Chem 39(3): 575-579.
122. Singh KP, Malik A, Mohan D, Takroo R (2005) Distribution of persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in Gomti River, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 74(1): 146-154.
123. Singh KP, Malik A, Sinha S (2007) Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in soil and surface water of northern Indo-Gangetic alluvial plains. Environ Monit Assess 125(1-3): 147-155.
124. Škrbić B, D{stroke}urišić-Mladenović N (2007) Principal component analysis for soil contamination with organochlorine compounds. Chemosphere 68(11): 2144-2152.
125. Song J, Peng P, Huang W (2002) Black carbon and kerogen in soils and sediments: 1. Quantification and characterization. Environ Sci Technol 36(18): 3960-3967.
126. Spark KM, Swift RS (2002) Effect of soil composition and dissolved organic matter on pesticide sorption. Sci Total Environ 298(1): 147-161.
127. Srinivas DSRK (1999) Spatial patterns of air pollution in Delhi, India. J Environ Prot 19: 172-180.
128. Subramanian V, Madhavan N, Saxena R, Lundin LC (2003) Nature of distribution of mercury in the sediments of the River Yamuna (tributary of the Ganges), India. J Environ Monit 5(3): 427-434.
129. Suddaby L (2012) Investigation into irreversible sorption of pesticides to soil. Ph. D thesis.
130. Suzuki M, Yamato Y, Watanabe T (1975) Persistence of BHC (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-exachlorocyclohexane) and dieldrin residues in field soils. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 14(5): 520-529.
131. Tan L, He M, Men B, Lin C (2009) Distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in water and sediments from Daliao River estuary of Liaodong Bay, Bohai Sea (China). Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 84(1): 119-127.
132. Thurman EM (1985) Organic geochemistry of natural waters. Martinus Nijhoff/Dr W. ISBN 90-247-3143-7, Junk Publishers, Dordrecht.
133. Tremblay L, Gagné JP (2009) Organic matter distribution and reactivity in the waters of a large estuarine system. Mar Chem 116(1): 1-12.
134. Tukura BW, Kagbu JA, Gimba CE (2007) Effects of pH and total organic carbon (TOC) on the distribution of trace metals in Kubanni dam sediments, Zaria, Nigeria. Science World 2(3).
135. Tysklind M, Lundgren K, Rappe C, Eriksson L, Jonsson J, Sjoestroem M, Ahlborg UG (1992) Multivariate characterization and modeling of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ Sci Technol 26(5): 1023-1030.
136. UNEP (2003) Global report on regionally based assessment of persistent toxic substances. UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland.
137. USEPA (1995) Test methods for evaluating solid waste, method 3540 Soxhlet extraction. US GPO, Washington, DC.
138. USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) (1980) Water quality criteria documents, availability. Fed Regist 45(231): 79318-79379.
139. Vrind BA, Ten Hulscher TE, van Noort P (2006) Kinetics of adsorption and desorption of some organochlorine compounds on black carbon in a sediment. Environ Toxicol and Chem 25(4): 942-946.
140. Watson JG, Chow JC, Chen LWA (2005) Summary of organic and elemental carbon/black carbon analysis methods and intercomparisons. Aerosol Air Qual Res 5(1): 65-102.
141. Wauchope RD (1978) The pesticide content of surface water draining from agricultural fields-a review. J Environ Qual 7(4): 459-472.
142. Weber WJ Jr, DiGiano FA (1996) Process dynamics in environmental systems. Wiley, New York.
143. Weber WJ Jr, McGinley PM, Katz LE (1992) A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments. 1. Conceptual basis and equilibrium assessments. Environ Sci Technol 26(10): 1955-1962.
144. Weber WJ Jr, LeBoeuf EJ, Young TM, Huang W (2001) Contaminant interactions with geosorbent organic matter: insights drawn from polymer sciences. Water Res 35: 853-868.
145. Willet KL, Ulrich EM, Hites HA (1998) Differential toxicity and environmental fates of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. Environ Sci Technol 32(15): 2197-2207.
146. Wisconsin's Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) (2003) Concensus based sediment quality guidelines. Recommendations for use and application. Department of Interior, Washington D. C. 20240, pp 17.
147. Xia G, Ball WP (1999) Adsorption-partitioning uptake of nine low-polarity organic chemicals on a natural sorbent. Environ Sci Technol 33: 262-269.
148. Xing B, Pignatello JJ (1997) Dual-mode sorption of low-polarity compounds in glassy poly(vinyl chloride) and soil organic matter. Environ Sci Technol 31(3): 792-799.
149. Young TM, Weber WJ Jr (1995) A distributed reactivity model for sorption by soils and sediments: 3. Effects of diagenetic processes on sorption energetics. Environ Sci Technol 29: 92-97.
150. Yuan D, Yang D, Wade TL, Qian Y (2001) Status of persistent organic pollutants in the sediment from several estuaries in China. Environ Pollut 114(1): 101-111.
151. Zhang L, Dong L, Shi S, Zhou L, Zhang T, Huang Y (2009) Organochlorine pesticides contamination in surface soils from two pesticide factories in Southeast China. Chemosphere 77(5): 628-633.