A retrospective analysis of clinical characteristics, hospitalization, and functional outcomes in residents with and without Clostridium difficile infection in US long-term care facilities

Current Medical Research and Opinion

Volumn 30, Issue 6, 2014, Pages 1121-1130

  Friedman, Howard S ^a   Navaratnam, Prakash ^a   Reardon, Gregory ^b,c   High, Kevin P ^d   Strauss, Marcie E ^e  

^a Data Solutions LLC   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF FINDLAY   (United States)

^c Informagenics LLC   (United States)

^d WAKE FOREST SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e Cubist Pharmaceuticals   (United States)

Author keywords

Clostridium difficile infection; Infectious diarrhea; Long term care; Outcomes; Retrospective analysis; Risk factors; Survival analysis

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ANTIDIARRHEAL AGENT; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; ANXIOLYTIC AGENT; ELECTROLYTE; HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; METRONIDAZOLE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OPIATE; PROBIOTIC AGENT; PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR; VANCOMYCIN;

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; AGED; ARTICLE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE INFECTION; COHORT ANALYSIS; COLORECTAL CANCER; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIVERTICULITIS; DRUG UTILIZATION; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; HEALTH STATUS; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART INFARCTION; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INTESTINE OBSTRUCTION; LONG TERM CARE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NURSING HOME; OSTEOMYELITIS; PNEUMONIA; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; SEPTICEMIA; SKIN INFECTION; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; LENGTH OF STAY; MICROBIOLOGY; PEPTOCLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VERY ELDERLY;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE; CLOSTRIDIUM INFECTIONS; FEMALE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMANS; LENGTH OF STAY; LONG-TERM CARE; MALE; REGRESSION ANALYSIS; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84900807045     PISSN: 03007995     EISSN: 14734877     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1185/03007995.2014.895311     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Lucado J, Gould C, Elixhauser A. Clostridium difficile Infections (CDI) in Hospital Stays, 2009. HCUP Statistical Brief #124. January 2012. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available at: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb124.pdf [Last accessed 28 February 2014]
2. Centers for Disease C, Prevention. Vital signs: preventing Clostridium difficile infections. Morbid Mortal Weekly Rep 2012; 61: 157-62
3. Hall AJ, Curns AT, McDonald LC, et al. The roles of Clostridium difficile and Norovirus among gastroenteritis-Associated deaths in the United States, 1999-2007. Clin Infect Dis 2012;55:216-23
4. Simor AE. Diagnosis, management, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infection in long-term care facilities: a review. J Am Geriat Soc 2010;58:1556-64
5. Simor AE, Yake SL, Tsimidis K. Infection due to Clostridium difficile among elderly residents of a long-term-care facility. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:672-8
6. United States Department of Health and Human Services. HHS seeks comment on National Action Plan to eliminate healthcare-Associated infections [press release]. April 19, 2012. Available at: www.hhs.gov/news/press/2012pres/04/ 20120419a.html [Last accessed 15 July 2013]
7. CMS Medicare-Medicaid Coordination Office and Center for Medicare & Medicaid Innovation. Initiative to Reduce Avoidable Hospitalizations Among Nursing Facility Residents. Presentation held on April 3, 2012. Available at: innovations.cms.gov/Files/x/rhnfr.pdf [Last accessed 15 July 2013]
8. Al-Tureihi FI, Hassoun A, Wolf-Klein G, et al. Albumin, length of stay, and proton pump inhibitors: key factors in Clostridium difficile-Associated disease in nursing home patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2005;6:105-8
9. Walker KJ, Gilliland SS, Vance-Bryan K, et al. Clostridium difficile colonization in residents of long-term care facilities: prevalence and risk factors. J Am Geriat Soc 1993;41:940-6
10. Thomas DR, Bennett RG, Laughon BE, et al. Postantibiotic colonization with Clostridium difficile in nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 1990;38:415-20
11. Carpenter GI, Hastie CL, Morris JN, et al. Measuring change in activities of daily living in nursing home residents with moderate to severe cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatr 2006;6:7
12. Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med Care 2005;43:1130-9
13. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chron Dis 1987;40:373-83
14. Romano PS, Roos LL, Jollis JG. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative data: differing perspectives. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46:1075-9, discussion 1081-90
15. Romano PS, Roos LL, Jollis JG. Further evidence concerning the use of a clinical comorbidity index with ICD-9-CM administrative data. J Clin Epidemiol 1993;46:1085-90
16. Morris JN, Fries BE, Mehr DR, et al. MDS Cognitive Performance Scale. J Gerontol 1994;49:M174-82
17. Wodchis WP, Hirdes JP, Feeny DH. Health-related quality of life measure based on the minimum data set. Int J Tech Assess Health Care 2003;19:490-506
18. Wodchis WP, Maxwell CJ, Venturini A, et al. Study of observed and self-reported HRQL in older frail adults found group-level congruence and individual-level differences. J Clin Epidemiol 2007;60:502-11
19. Drummond M. Introducing economic and quality of life measurements into clinical studies. Ann Med 2001;33:344-9
20. Grootendorst P, Feeny D, Furlong W. Health Utilities Index Mark 3: evidence of construct validity for stroke and arthritis in a population health survey. Med Care 2000;38:290-9
21. Kim YG, Graham DY, Jang BI. Proton pump inhibitor use and recurrent Clostridium difficile-Associated disease: a case-control analysis matched by propensity score. J Clin Gastroenterol 2012;46:397-400
22. Laffan AM, Bellantoni MF, Greenough 3rd WB, et al. Burden of Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea in a long-term care facility. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006;54:1068-73
23. Mylotte JM. Surveillance for Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea in long-term care facilities: what you get is not what you see. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 2008;29:760-3
24. Kim JH, Toy D, Muder RR. Clostridium difficile infection in a long-term care facility: hospital-Associated illness compared with long-term care-Associated illness. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 2011;32:656-60
25. McCusker ME, Harris AD, Perencevich E, et al. Fluoroquinolone use and Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:730-3
26. Muto CA, Pokrywka M, Shutt K, et al. A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-Associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 2005;26:273-80
27. Yip C, Loeb M, Salama S, et al. Quinolone use as a risk factor for nosocomial Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 2001;22:572-5
28. Dhalla IA, Mamdani MM, Simor AE, et al. Are broad-spectrum fluoroquino-lones more likely to cause Clostridium difficile-Associated disease? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:3216-19
29. Novell MJ, Morreale CA. The relationship between inpatient fluoroquinolone use and Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea. Ann Pharmacother 2010;44:826-31
30. Pepin J, Saheb N, Coulombe MA, et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec. Clin Infect Dis 2005;41:1254-60
31. Johnson S, Samore MH, Farrow KA, et al. Epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of Clostridium difficile in four hospitals. N Engl J Med 1999;341:1645-51
32. Nelson DE, Auerbach SB, Baltch AL, et al. Epidemic Clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea: role of second-And third-generation cephalosporins. Infect Contr Hosp Epidemiol 1994;15:88-94
33. Brown KA, Khanafer N, Daneman N, et al. Meta-Analysis of antibiotics and the risk of community-Associated Clostridium difficile infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013;57:2326-32
34. Deshpande A, Pasupuleti V, Thota P, et al. Community-Associated Clostridium difficile infection and antibiotics: a meta-Analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68:1951-61
35. Aseeri M, Schroeder T, Kramer J, et al. Gastric acid suppression by proton pump inhibitors as a risk factor for clostridium difficile-Associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:2308-13
36. Deshpande A, Pant C, Pasupuleti V, et al. Association between proton pump inhibitor therapy and Clostridium difficile infection in a meta-Analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;10:225-33
37. Vesteinsdottir I, Gudlaugsdottir S, Einarsdottir R, et al. Risk factors for Clostridium difficile toxin-positive diarrhea: a population-based prospective case-control study. Eur J Clin Microb Infect Dis 2012;31:2601-10
38. Howell MD, Novack V, Grgurich P, et al. Iatrogenic gastric acid suppression and the risk of nosocomial Clostridium difficile infection. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:784-90
39. Hensgens MP, Goorhuis A, van Kinschot CM, et al. Clostridium difficile infection in an endemic setting in the Netherlands. Eur J Clin Microb Infect Dis 2011;30:587-93
40. Lowe DO, Mamdani MM, Kopp A, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and hospi-talization for Clostridium difficile-Associated disease: a population-based study. Clin Infec Dis 2006;43:1272-6
41. Toth AM, Bliss DZ, Savik K, et al. Validating MDS data about risk factors for perineal dermatitis by comparing with nursing home records. J Gerontol Nurs 2008;34:12-18
42. Wang YC, Byers KL, Velozo CA. Rasch analysis of Minimum Data Set mandated in skilled nursing facilities. J Rehab Res Develop 2008;45:1385-99.45
43. Wu N, Mor V, Roy J. Resident, nursing home, and state factors affecting the reliability of Minimum Data Set quality measures. Am J Med Qual 2009;24:229-40
44. Mor V, Intrator O, Unruh MA, et al. Temporal and geographic variation in the validity and internal consistency of the Nursing Home Resident Assessment Minimum Data Set 2.0. BMC Health Serv Res 2011;11:78
45. Mylotte JM, Russell S, Sackett B, et al. Surveillance for Clostridium difficile infection in nursing. J Am Geriatr Soc 2013;61:122-5
46. McDonald LC, Coignard B, Dubberke D, et al.; the Ad Hoc Clostridium difficile Surveillance Working Group. Recommendations for surveillance of Clostridium difficile-Associated disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2007;28:140-5