September 12: Community and neighborhood recovery at ground zero

September 12: Community and Neighborhood Recovery at Ground Zero

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-283

  Smithsimon, Gregory ^a  

^a CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 84900787680     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (288)

1. M. Christine Boyer, "Cities for Sale: Merchandising History at South Street Seaport," in Variations on a Theme Park: The New American City and the End of Public Space, ed. Michael Sorkin (New York: Hill and Wang, 1992)
2. M. Christine Boyer, The City of Collective Memory: The Historical Imagery and Architectural Entertainments (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994)
3. Richard Sennett, The Conscience of the Eye: The Design and Social Life of Cities (New York: W. W. Norton, 1990)
4. Francis Russell, "Battery Park City: An American Dream of Urbanism," in Design Review: Challenging Urban Aesthetic Control, ed. Brenda Case Scheer and Wolfgang F. E. Preiser (New York: Chapman and Hall, 1994), 197-209
5. Sigurd Grava, "Battery Park City in the Last Decade of the Twentieth Century," in Between Edge and Fabric: Battery Park City, exh. cat., ed. R. Strickland (New York: Columbia University, Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation, 1991)
6. Luc Nadal, "Discourse of Urban Public Space, USA, 1960-1995: A Historical Critique" (PhD diss., Columbia University, 2000)
7. Phillip Lopate, "Planners' Dilemma," 7 Days, February 15, 1989
8. Susan J. Fainstein, The City Builders: Property, Politics, and Planning in London and New York (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994), 183.
9. John Friedmann and Goetz Wolff, "World City Formation: An Agenda for Research and Action," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 6, no. 3 (1982): 309-44
10. Janet L. Abu-Lughod, New York, Chicago, Los Angeles: America's Global Cities (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999)
11. Peter Marcuse, "The Enclave, the Citadel, and the Ghetto: What Has Changed in the Post-Fordist U.S. City," Urban Affairs Review 33, no. 2 (1997): 228-24.
12. Raymond W. Gastil, Beyond the Edge: New York's New Waterfront (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002), 46.
13. Michael Sorkin and Sharon Zukin, eds., After the World Trade Center: Rethinking New York City (New York: Routledge, 2002).
14. Philip Kasinitz, Gregory Smithsimon, and Binh Pok, "Disaster at the Doorstep: Battery Park City and Tribeca Respond to the Events of 9/11," in Wounded City: The Social Impact of 9/11, ed. Nancy Foner (New York: Russell Sage, 2003), 79-105.
15. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States, 2nd ed. (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006).
16. Dennis Hevesi, "Residential Real Estate; Downtown Rentals Up; Survey Cites Subsidy," New York Times, June 14, 2002).
17. Alan S. Oser, "Deciding Whether to Make a Home Near Ground Zero," New York Times, February 24, 2002.
18. Greg Winter and Kevin Flynn, "Living Space: About the Survey," New York Times, September 11, 2002.
19. Greg Winter, "Reverse Exodus in Apartments Near Tower Site," New York Times, August 20, 2002.
20. Real Estate Group, "The Manhattan Rental Market Report," January 2008, www.tregny.com.
21. Joshua Freeman, Working-Class New York: Life and Labor since World War II (New York: Free Press, 2000).
22. Robert Fitch, The Assassination of New York (New York: Verso, 1993).
23. Friedmann and Wolff, "World City Formation," 325.
24. Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991), 4, 251
25. Manuel Castells, "European Cities, the Informational Society, and the Global Economy," New Left Review 204 (March/April 1994): 26.
26. Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Verso, 1990).
27. Sharon Zukin, Landscapes of Power: From Detroit to Disney World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 183.
28. "F.B.I. Agents Raid Currency Offices." New York Times, November 19, 2003
29. Jonathan Fuerbringer and William K. Rashbaum, "Currency Fraud Ran Deep, Officials Say," New York Times, November 20, 2003.
30. Maynard T. Robison, "Rebuilding Lower Manhattan, 1955-1974" (PhD diss., City University of New York, 1976)
31. Maynard T. Robison, "Vacant Ninety Acres, Well Located, River View," in The Apple Sliced: Sociological Studies of New York City, ed. Vernon Boggs, Gerald Handel, and Sylvia F. Fava (South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey, 1984).
32. David L. A. Gordon, Battery Park City: Politics and Planning on the New York Waterfront (Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Press, 1997)
33. Russell, "Battery Park City"
34. Sennett, Conscience of the Eye
35. Sorkin, Variations on a Theme Park.
36. Lopate, "Planners' Dilemma," quoted in Fainstein, City Builders, 183.
37. Boyer, City of Collective Memory, 450.
38. Russell, "Battery Park City," 208.
39. Emphasis mine. On urban "authenticity,"
40. Sharon Zukin, Naked City: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010).
41. Thomas F. Gieryn, "A Space for Place in Sociology," Annual Review of Sociology 26 (2000): 463-96
42. Peter Dreier, John Mollenkopf, and Todd Swanstrom, Place Matters: Metropolitics for the Twenty-First Century, 2nd ed. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005).
43. Fredric Jameson, Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Durham: Duke University Press. 1991), 42.
44. Tamara Mose Brown, Raising Brooklyn: Nannies, Child Care, and Caribbeans Creating Community (New York: NYU Press, 2011).
45. Benjamin Heim Shepard and Gregory Smithsimon, The Beach beneath the Streets: Contesting New York City's Public Spaces (Albany: SUNY Press, forthcoming).
46. Richard Shepard, "Exploring Battery Park City," New York Times, May 19, 1989, C1.
47. The classic ethnography that includes domestic space is Carol Stack's All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community (New York: Basic Books, 1983)
48. Rick Fantasia, Cultures of Solidarity: Consciousness, Action, and Contemporary American Workers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988)
49. "Street corner" ethnographies include William F. Whyte, Street Corner Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993)
50. Elliott Liebow, Tally's Corner (Boston: Little, Brown, 1967).
51. Mitchell Duneier, Sidewalk (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999).
52. Miriam Greenberg, Branding New York: How a City in Crisis Was Sold to the World (New York: Routledge, 2008).
53. Two recent ethnographies that include studies of elites (and workers) are Corey Dolgon's The End of the Hamptons: Scenes from the Class Struggle in America's Paradise (New York: NYU Press, 2005)
54. Rachel Sherman's study of workers and guests in luxury hotels, Class Acts: Service and Inequality in Luxury Hotels (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).
55. Gregory Smithsimon, The Beach beneath the Streets: Contesting New York City's Public Spaces (Albany: SUNY Press, forthcoming).
56. Stephen Carr, Mark Francis, Leanne G. Rivlin, and Andrew M. Stone, Public Space (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992)
57. Lewis Dijkstra, "Public Spaces: A Comparative Discussion of the Criteria for Public Space," in Constructions of Public Space: Research in Urban Sociology, ed. Ray Hutchinson (Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 2000), 5:1-22.
58. Raymond W. Gastil, Beyond the Edge: New York's New Waterfront (New York: Princeton Arch Press, 2002), 20.
59. Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association, Major Improvements: Land Use, Transportation, Traffic (New York: Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association, 1963), 12.
60. Battery Park City Authority, "1962: Revitalization," www.batteryparkcity.org/pages/page14.html.
61. Joshua Freeman, Working-Class New York: Life and Labor since World War II (New York: Free Press, 2000), 8.
62. Sharon Zukin, Naked City: The Death and Life of Authentic Urban Places (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010), 223.
63. Robert Fitch, The Assassination of New York (New York: Verso, 1993).
64. Maynard T. Robison, "Rebuilding Lower Manhattan, 1955-1974" (PhD diss., City University of New York, 1976).
65. Eric Darton, Divided We Stand: A Biography of New York's World Trade Center (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 13.
66. David Rockefeller, Memoirs (New York, Random House, 2002), 388.
67. Stephanie Strom, "Last of the Big-Time Rockefellers: Almost Alone, He Keeps the Flame Alive," New York Times, December 10, 1995.
68. Darton, Divided We Stand, 75.
69. Peter Collier and David Horowitz, The Rockefellers: An American Dynasty (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976).
70. Robert Battaly, "Records of the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association," Rockefeller Archive Center, January 2008, www.rockarch.org/collections/rockorgs/dlma.pdf.
71. "A World Center of Trade Mapped off Wall Street," New York Times, January 27, 1960, 1.
72. "1,600-Unit Project for Battery Park Submitted to City," New York Times, June 10, 1961.
73. "Plans for Battery Park City are patterned after a waterfront development proposal prepared by the city's Department of Marine and Aviation in April, 1963.
74. Henry Raymon, "Split on Planning Looms Downtown: State Renewal Program for Area Conflicts with City's," New York Times, September 12, 1966, 38.
75. Anthony Flint, Wrestling with Moses: How Jane Jacobs Took on New York's Master Builder and Transformed the American City (New York: Random House, 2009), 148.
76. Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1974), 734.
77. Battaly, "Records." Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Liberalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), 57.
78. Derek Edgell, The Movement for Community Control of New York City's Schools, 1966-1970: Class Wars (Lewistown, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1988), 12.
79. Eric M. Javits, SOS New York: A City in Distress (New York: Dial Press, 1961), 128.
80. Richard J. Whalen, A City Destroying Itself: An Angry View of New York (New York: William Morrow, 1965), 7.
81. Edgell, Movement for Community Control, 12.
82. Murray Illson, "Fear Said to Keep City Parks Empty: Civic Group Says Its Survey Shows People Are Afraid Even during Daylight," New York Times, May 20, 1963, 33.
83. Joe Flood, The Fires: How a Computer Formula, Big Ideas, and the Best of Intentions Burned Down New York City - and Determined the Future of Cities (New York: Riverhead Books, 2010), 114-15.
84. Murray Illson, "Parks Fears Scored as Exaggerated: Police Aide Says Impression of Public Is Erroneous," New York Times, September 28, 1963, 21, 44
85. Battery Park City Authority, "Master Plan: Integrated Society," 1966, www.batteryparkcity.org/page/page14_2.html.
86. Wallace K. Harrison, "Battery Park City": New Living Space for New York, a Proposal for Creating a Site for Residential and Business Facilities in Lower Manhattan, 1966
87. "Battery Park My Start", (New York: Harrison and Abramovitz, Architects, 1966), 13.
88. Gregory Smithsimon, "Dispersing the Crowd: Bonus Plazas and the Creation of Public Space," Urban Affairs Review 43 no. 3 ( January 2008): 325-51.
89. John Logan and Harvey Molotch, Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).
90. Carol Willis, ed., The Lower Manhattan Plan: The 1966 Vision for Downtown New York (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2002).
91. Deirdre Carmody, "Cheering Throng Jams Fulton Street for Opening," New York Times, July 29, 1983.
92. Joshua Olsen, "James Rouse Made a Difference in the American Landscape," n.d., Columbia Archives, www.columbiaarchives.org/?action=content.sub&page=biography_1&oid=1.
93. Nicholas Dagen Bloom, Merchant of Illusion: James Rouse: America's Salesman of the Businessman's Utopia (Ohio State University Press, 2004)
94. Joseph Rocco Mitchell and David L. Stebenne, New City upon a Hill: A History of Columbia, Maryland (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2007).
95. New York City Planning Commission, Plan for New York City: A Proposal (New York: Department of City Planning, 1969).
96. Maynard T. Robison, "Vacant Ninety Acres, Well Located, River View," in The Apple Sliced: Sociological Studies of New York City, ed. Vernon Boggs, Gerald Handel, and Sylvia F. Fava (South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey, 1984).
97. Robison, "Rebuilding Lower Manhattan"
98. Robison, "Vacant Ninety Acres," 192.
99. Robison, "Vacant Ninety Acres."
100. Robin Pogrebin, "The Incredible Shrinking Daniel Libeskind," New York Times, June 20, 2004.
101. Gregory Smithsimon, "The Technologies of Public Space and Alternatives to a Privatized New York," paper presented at the annual meetings of the American Sociological Association, August 2001.
102. Oscar Newman, Defensible Space: Crime Prevention through Urban Design (New York: Macmillan, 1972), 3.
103. Mayor Abraham Beame, "Battery Park City Is Alive and Well and Growing in NYC!" ca. 1976, Mayor Abraham Beame Papers, New York Municipal Archives.
104. David L. A. Gordon, Battery Park City: Politics and Planning on the New York Waterfront (Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1997), 50.
105. Kirk Johnson, "A Green Foothold in the Downtown Concrete," New York Times, October 15, 2002, B1.
106. Jack Byers, "The Privatization of Downtown Public Space: The Emerging Grade-Separated City in North America," Journal of Planning Education and Research 17 (Spring 1998): 189-205.
107. Battery Park City, "Master Plan: 1975 -Defensible Space," www.batteryparkcity.org/page/page14_4.html
108. Beame, "Battery Park City Is Alive."
109. Robert D. McFadden, "Abraham Beame Is Dead at 94; Mayor during 70's Fiscal Crisis," New York Times, February 11, 2001.
110. Joyce Purnick, "Beame's Goal: Setting History Straight," New York Times, August 3, 1995.
111. David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 45.
112. David Firestone, "3 Tell Council They Beat Homeless to Clear Out Business District," New York Times, May 11, 1995
113. Thomas J. Lueck, "Grand Central Partnership Is Subject of U.S. Inquiry," New York Times, May 26, 1995.
114. Mitchell Duneier, Sidewalk (New York: Farrar Straus, and Giroux, 2000).
115. Clifford Krauss, "Special Unit Ushers Homeless from Subways," New York Times, September 4, 1994.
116. Bruce Lambert, "Neighborhood Report: Union Square; Confronted by the Homeless Domino Effect, Another Park Cracks Down," New York Times, June 12, 1994.
117. Janet Abu-Lughod, ed., From Urban Village to East Village: The Battle for New York's Lower East Side (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 1995).
118. Rick Bragg, "Police Captain Apologizes for Remarks on Homeless," New York Times, July 20, 1994.
119. "Homeless Plan Needs More Work" (editorial), New York Times, May 17, 1994.
120. Shawn G. Kennedy, "Subsidy Cuts Raise Concern for Homeless," New York Times, September 11, 1994.
121. Raymond Hernandez, "Suit Faults New York City over Upstate Homeless Site," New York Times, November 23, 1994.
122. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 293-95.
123. Zukin, Naked City, 222-23.
124. Alexander Cooper Associates, Battery Park City Draft Summary Report and 1979 Master Plan, 1979, www.batteryparkcity.org/pdf_n/1979_Master_Plan.pdf, 42.
125. Anthony D. King, Global Cities: Post Imperialism and the Internationalization of London (New York: Routledge, 1990).
126. Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage, 1961).
127. Flint, Wrestling with Moses.
128. "Top Projects Started, 2005-2006," New York Construction, June 2006, www.newyork.construction.com/projects/TopPrj_05-06/TPstrt1-5.pdf.
129. "Testimony from Lloyd C. Blankfein Chairman and CEO, the Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., Permanent Senate Subcommittee on Investigations, April 27, 2010," www.google.com/search?client=safari&rls=en&q=Testimony+from+Lloyd+C.+Blankfein+Chairman+and+CEO%22&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8.
130. Christine Hauser, "Investors Were Not Duped, Goldman Tells Senators," New York Times, April 27, 2010.
131. Calvin Tomkins, "Big Art, Big Money: Julie Mehretu's 'Mural' for Goldman Sachs," New Yorker, March 29, 2010, 62-69.
132. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Seabury Press, 1970).
133. James C. McKinley Jr., "Spitzer and Hevesi Propose Overhauling Operation of State Authorities," New York Times, February 25, 2004, B6.
134. City Project, "The Failed Promise of Battery Park City: Housing and Governance Issues along the Hudson," September 2000, author's private collection.
135. David L. A. Gordon, Battery Park City: Politics and Planning on the New York Waterfront (Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach Press, 1997).
136. Maynard T. Robison, "Vacant Ninety Acres, Well Located, River View," in The Apple Sliced: Sociological Studies of New York City, ed. Vernon Boggs, Gerald Handel, and Sylvia F. Fava (South Hadley, MA: Bergin and Garvey, 1984), 187.
137. Gordon, Battery Park City, 101.
138. Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993)
139. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States, 2nd ed. (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006).
140. Joe Flood, The Fires: How a Computer Formula, Big Ideas, and the Best of Intentions Burned Down New York City - and Determined the Future of Cities (New York: Riverhead Books, 2010).
141. David Halberstam, "Journalist Chronicled the Culture of America," Baltimore Sun, April 24, 2007.
142. Deborah and Roderick Wallace, A Plague on Your Houses: How New York Was Burned Down and National Public Health Crumbled (New York: Verso, 1999).
143. Massey and Denton, American Apartheid, 230.
144. "Lower Manhattan Development Corporation Approves Revised Version of Individual Assistance Plan," press release, April 9, 2002, Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, www.renewnyc.com/displaynews.aspx?newsid=87609911-c567-4755-8fa5-638335ac3104.
145. Ida Susser, Norman Street: Poverty and Politics in an Urban Neighborhood (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982).
146. Susan J. Fainstein, The City Builders: Property, Politics, and Planning in London and New York (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 1994), 266 n. 35.
147. Shawn G. Kennedy, "Subsidy Cuts Raise Concern for Homeless," New York Times, September 11, 1994.
148. David W. Dunlap, "At Battery Park City, 'Pioneers' Like Life," New York Times, July 22, 1983, B1.
149. Jerry Cheslow, "If You're Thinking of Living in Battery Park City; A New Neighborhood along the Hudson," New York Times, December 26, 1993, 10:3.
150. Alex Krieger, "Reinventing Public Space," Architectural Record 183 (June 1995): 76-77.
151. Iris Marion Young, "The Ideal of Community and the Politics of Difference," in Feminism/Postmodernism, ed. Linda J. Nicholson (New York: Routledge, 1990), 300-23.
152. Richard Sennett, The Fall of Public Man (New York: Norton, 1976), 301-11.
153. Peter Marcuse, "The Enclave, the Citadel, and the Ghetto: What Has Changed in the Post-Fordist U.S. City," Urban Affairs Review 33, no. 2 (1997): 249.
154. Thomas Sugrue, The Origins of the Urban Crisis: Race and Inequality in Postwar Detroit (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996).
155. George W. Goodman, "At Battery Park City, a Rent Strike," New York Times, January 16, 1983, 8:6
156. Dunlap, "At Battery Park City," B1.
157. Susan Chira, "Battery Park City Rousing from a 2-Year Fiscal Sleep," New York Times, November 7, 1989, B1.
158. Peter Malbin, "If You're Thinking of Living in Battery Park City
159. David W. Dunlap, "Opening New Fronts at Battery Park City," New York Times, September 4, 1994.
160. Sarah Lyall, "Battery Park City Moves to Adolescence," New York Times, June 30, 1987, B1.
161. "New South Park Design Gets Warmer Reception," Downtown Express, March 8, 1994, 4
162. David L. A. Gordon, Battery Park City: Politics and Planning on the New York Waterfront (Amsterdam: Gordon and Breach, 1997), 95.
163. Jeffrey K. Olick, In the House of the Hangman: The Agonies of German Defeat, 1943-1949 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).
164. Dunlap, "At Battery Park City."
165. "Homegrown Revolution," in Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (New York: Verso, 1990), 151-263.
166. Andrew Weise, Places of Their Own: African American Suburbanization in the Twentieth Century (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004), 282-83.
167. Alexander Cooper Associates, Battery Park City Draft Summary Report and 1979 Master Plan, 1979, www.batteryparkcity.org/pdf_n/1979_Master_Plan .pdf, 62.
168. Steven Flusty, Building Paranoia: The Proliferation of Interdictory Space and the Erosion of Spatial Justice (Los Angeles: Los Angeles Forum for Architecture and Urban Design, 1994), 17.
169. Julia Trilling, "A Future That Looks Like the Past: Planners in Downtown San Francisco and at Battery Park City, in New York, Are Trying to Design New Buildings That Look Like They Belong Next to Old Ones," Atlantic, July 1985, 28-34.
170. Battery Park City Authority, "Battery Place Residential Area: Design Guidelines, May 1985, amended February 1989," p. 4, Avery Library, Columbia University.
171. Battery Park City Authority, Battery Park City Design Guidelines for the North Residential Neighborhood (New York: Battery Park City Authority, 1994), 15. Repeated in design guidelines for other sections.
172. Setha Low, Behind the Gates: Life, Security, and the Pursuit of Happiness in Fortress America (New York: Routledge, 2003).
173. Jeffrey K. Olick, States of Memory: Continuities, Conflicts, and Transformations in National Retrospection, ed. Jeffrey K. Olick (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003), 8.
174. Phillip Lopate, Waterfront: A Journey around Manhattan (1989; repr., New York: Crown, 2004), 28.
175. Manuel Castells, The City and the Grassroots: A Cross-cultural Theory of Urban Social Movements (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983), 311.
176. www.tpl.org/tier3_cd.cfm?content_item_id=6120&folder_id=631.
177. Low, Behind the Gates, and Corey Dolgon, End of the Hamptons: Scenes from the Class Struggle in America's Paradise (New York: NYU Press, 2005).
178. William Foote Whyte, Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1943)
179. Elijah Anderson, Streetwise: Race, Class and Change in an Urban Community (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
180. Steven Gregory, Black Corona: Race and the Politics of Place in an Urban Community (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 250.
181. Sudhir Alladi Venkatesh, American Project: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Ghetto (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000), 3.
182. Jonathan Rieder, Canarsie: The Jews and Italians of Brooklyn against Liberalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1985), 132-67.
183. Eight Battery Park City residents died in the World Trade Center, according to "September 11, 2002," Battery Park City Broadsheet, September 21-October 6, 2002, 2.
184. Carol Stack, All Our Kin: Strategies for Survival in a Black Community (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
185. Kathryn Edin and Maria Kefalas, Promises I Can Keep: Why Poor Women Put Motherhood before Marriage (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
186. Jed Tucker, "Making Difference in the Aftermath of the September 11th 2001 Terrorist Attacks," Critique of Anthropology 24, no. 1 (2004): 34-50.
187. "Winter Garden Opens," Battery Park City Broadsheet, October 6, 2002, 3.
188. Kathleen J. Tierney, "Strength of a City: A Disaster Research Perspective on the World Trade Center Attack," 2001, Social Science Research Council, After September 11 Archive, www.ssrc.org/sept11/essays/tierney.htm.
189. Fran Tonkiss, Space, the City and Social Theory (Malden, MA: Polity Press, 2005), 72.
190. Lewis Dijkstra, "Public Spaces: A Comparative Discussion of the Criteria for Public Space," in Constructions of Public Space: Research in Urban Sociology, ed. Ray Hutchinson (Stamford, CT: JAI Press, 2000), 5:1-22.
191. Benjamin Heim Shepard and Gregory Smithsimon, The Beach beneath the Streets: Contesting New York City's Public Spaces (Albany: SUNY Press, forthcoming).
192. Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Vintage, 1961).
193. Ray Oldenburg, The Great Good Place: Cafés, Coffee Shops, Community Centers, Beauty Parlors, General Stores, Bars, Hangouts and How They Get You through the Day (New York: Paragon House, 1989).
194. Margaret Crawford, "Blurring the Boundaries: Public Space and Private Life," in Everyday Urbanism, ed. John Chase, Margaret Crawford, and John Kaliski (New York: Monacelli Press, 1999), 23.
195. Jacobs, Death and Life, 63-64.
196. Kai Erikson, A New Species of Trouble: The Human Experience of Modern Disasters (New York: Norton, 1994), 235-36
197. C. E. Fritz, "Disasters," in Social Problems, ed. Robert Merton and R. Nisbet (New York; Harcourt, Brace and World, 1961), 651-94
198. A. H. Barton, Communities in Disaster (Garden City, NY: Anchor, Doubleday, 1970)
199. G. A. Kreps, "Sociological Inquiry and Disaster Research," Annual Review of Sociology 10 (1984): 309-30.
200. Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster), 267.
201. Erikson, New Species of Trouble, 235, 236.
202. Peter E. Hodgkinson and Michael Stewart, Coping with Catastrophe: A Handbook of Postdisaster Psychosocial Aftercare, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1998).
203. Kai Erikson, Everything in Its Path: Destruction of Community in the Buffalo Creek Flood (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1978), 47.
204. Douglas M. Glandon, Jocelyn Muller, and Astier M. Almedom, "Resilience in Post-Katrina New Orleans, Louisiana: A Preliminary Study," African Health Sciences 8, no. 1 (2008): S21-S27.
205. Chris Kromm and Sue Sturgis, "Hurricane Katrina and the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement: A Global Human Rights Perspective on a National Disaster," Institute for Southern Studies Special Report, Southern Exposure 36, nos. 1-2 (January 2008), www.southernstudies.org/ISSKatrinaHumanRightsJan08.pdf.
206. David Abramson, Tasha Stehling-Ariza, Richard Garfield, and Irwin Redlener, "Prevalence and Predictors of Mental Health Distress Post-Katrina: Findings from the Gulf Coast Child and Family Health Study," Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 2, no. 2 (2008): 77-86.
207. Erikson, New Species of Trouble, 19.
208. Erikson, New Species of Trouble, 239.
209. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States, The 9/11 Report (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2004).
210. "Social as well as physical dimensions"
211. Kreps, "Sociological Inquiry"
212. Charman Pincha, "Indian Ocean Tsunami through the Gender Lens: Insights from Tamil Nadu, India," Oxfam, 2008, www.gdnonline.org/resources/Pincha_IndianOceanTsunamiThroughtheGender%20Lens.pdf.
213. Robin Dunbar, "Neocortex Size as a Constraint on Group Size in Primates," Journal of Human Evolution 22, no. 6 (1992): 469-93.
214. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (New York: Back Bay Books, 2002).
215. William H. Whyte, City: Rediscovering the Center (New York: Doubleday, 1988).
216. F. Scott Fitzgerald, "The Rich Boy," 1926, published in the public domain by Feedbooks (www.feedbooks.com/book/1153).
217. "Everyday Heroes," Battery Park City Broadsheet, February 12-27, 2002.
218. The Levittowners: Ways of Life and Politics in a New Suburban Community (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967).
219. Dave Stanke, "Limit the Remains at Ground Zero," Daily News, March 14, 2003, 35.
220. "Celebrate the Spirit of Battery Park City at the First Annual Block Party," Battery Park City Broadsheet, October 6, 2002, 1.
221. Richard Perez-Pena, "Downtown, State Plans Rebuilding Agency, Perhaps Led by Giuliani," New York Times, November 3, 2001, B10.
222. Robin Finn, "Public Lives: The Reluctant Director of Downtown Restoration," New York Times, January 18, 2002, B2.
223. Frank Lombardi, "Rudy, Gov. Ready to Rebuild: Unveil Corp. to Redevelop Lower Manhattan," Daily News (New York), November 3, 2001, 15.
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