Gun crusaders: The NRA's culture war

Gun Crusaders: The NRA's Culture War

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-322

  Melzer, Scott ^a  

^a ALBION COLLEGE   (United States)

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EID: 84900631912     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (405)

1. Scott A Melzer, "Gender, Work, and Intimate Violence: Men's Occupational Violence Spillover and Compensatory Violence," Journal of Marriage and Family 64 (2002): 820-832 (Correction, Journal of Marriage and Family 65 [2003]: 273). For more on compensatory masculinity
2. see Jan E. Stets, "Job Autonomy and Control over One's Spouse: A Compensatory Process," Journal of Health and Social Behavior 36 (1995): 244-258;
3. Karen D. Pyke, "Class-based Masculinities: The Interdependence of Gender, Class, and Interpersonal Power," Gender & Society 10 (1996): 527-549;
4. Michael P. Johnson and Kathleen J. Ferraro, "Research on Domestic Violence in the 1990s: Making Distinctions," Journal of Marriage and Family 62 (2000): 948-963.
5. Michael Bellesiles, Arming America: The Origins of a National Gun Culture, 1st ed. (New York: Knopf, 2000).
6. Wayne LaPierre, "2002 NRA Annual Meeting Speech," May 3, 2002 (retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://nraila.org/news/archives/speeches.aspx).
7. James Davison Hunter, Culture Wars: The Struggle to Define America (New York: Basic Books, 1991), 150.
8. Charlton Heston, "Opening Comments at the NRA Annual Meeting of Members," May 20, 2000 (retrieved July 1, 2002, from http://www.nrahq.org/transcripts/index.asp).
9. Charlton Heston, "Speech to the Opening Session of the Arizona State Legislature," January 8, 2000 (retrieved July 1, 2002, from http://www.nrahq.org/transcripts/index.asp).
10. Charlton Heston, "Speech to the British Columbia Wildlife Federation," March 11, 2000 (retrieved July 1, 2002, from http://www.nrahq.org/transcripts/index.asp).
11. Quoted in Osha Gray Davidson, Under Fire: The NRA and the Battle for Gun Control (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1998), 44, 213.
12. For additional discussion of frontier masculinity, see R. W. Connell, "The Big Picture: Masculinities in Recent World History," Theory and Society 22 (1993): 597-623;
13. Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America (New York: Free Press, 1996);
14. Sine Anahita and Tamara L. Mix, "Retrofitting Frontier Masculinity for Alaska's War against Wolves," Gender & Society 20 (June 2006): 332-353.
15. Sara Diamond, Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Christian Right (Boston: South End Press, 1989);
16. Michael Messner, Politics of Masculinity (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1997);
17. Scott Coltrane, "Marketing the Marriage 'Solution': Misplaced Simplicity in the Politics of Fatherhood. 2001 Presidential Address to the Pacific Sociological Association," Sociological Perspectives 44 (2001): 387-418, esp. 390-391.
18. E. J. Dionne Jr. and Michael Cromartie, eds., Is There a Culture War? A Dialogue on Values and American Public Life (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, Brookings Institution Press, 2006).
19. Supreme Court of the United States, District of Columbia et al. vs. Heller, decided June 26, 2008 (retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://www.supremecourtus. gov/opinions/07pdf/07-290.pdf);
20. Robert Barnes, "Justices Reject D.C. Ban on Handgun Ownership," Washington Post, June 27, 2008 (retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/26/AR2008062600615.html).
21. Quoted in William R. Tonso, Guns and Society: The Social and Existential Roots of the American Attachment to Firearms (Washington, D.C.: University Press of America, 1982), 287-288.
22. Wayne LaPierre, Guns, Freedom, and Terrorism (Nashville, Tenn.: WND Books, 2003), 196.
23. Robert Brannon, "The Male Sex Role, and What It's Done for Us Lately," in The Forty-Nine Percent Majority: The Male Sex Role, ed. Deborah S. David and Robert Brannon, 1-40 (Reading, Mass.: Addison Wesley, 1976), quote at 5.
24. R. W. Connell, Masculinities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 212.
25. Richard Hofstadter, "America as a Gun Culture," American Heritage (October 1970): 3-11, 82-85, quote at 7.
26. Gregg Lee Carter, The Gun Control Movement (New York: Twayne, 1997).
27. David B. Kopel, The Samurai, the Mountie, and the Cowboy: Should America Adopt the Gun Controls of Other Democracies? (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1992);
28. J. L. Malcolm, To Keep and Bear Arms: The Origins of an Anglo-American Right (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994).
29. Carl Bakal, The Right to Bear Arms (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), 84.
30. Hofstadter, "America as a Gun Culture," 82;
31. John Mitchell, "God, Guns and Guts Made America Free," American Heritage (February 1978): 4-17.
32. James William Gibson, Warrior Dreams: Paramilitary Culture in Post-Vietnam America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994).
33. Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America (New York: Free Press, 1996), 20.
34. Michael Messner, Politics of Masculinity (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1997).
35. Kimmel, Manhood, 53.
36. Maxine Baca Zinn, "Family, Feminism, and Race in America," Gender and Society 4 (1990): 68-82, esp. 76-77;
37. Myra Marx Ferree, "Beyond Separate Spheres-Feminism and Family Research," Journal of Marriage and the Family 52 (1990): 866-884.
38. For a summary of scholarship in this area, see Randolph Roth, "Counting Guns: What Social Science Historians Know and Could Learn about Gun Ownership, Gun Culture, and Gun Violence in the United States," Social Science History 26 (2002): 699-708. For competing views on these issues
39. see Malcolm, To Keep and Bear Arms; Kopel, The Samurai, the Mountie, and the Cowboy; Tonso, Guns and Society; Mitchell, "God, Guns and Guts" James B. Trefethen, Americans and Their Guns: The National Rifle Association Story through Nearly a Century of Service to the Nation (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1967);
40. Hofstadter, "America as a Gun Culture"
41. Richard Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in 20th Century America (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998);
42. Robert J. Spitzer, The Politics of Gun Control (Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House, 1995);
43. Gary Kleck, Point Blank: Guns and Violence in America (Edison, N.J.: Aldine Transaction, 2005).
44. Roth, "Counting Guns," 703.
45. Spitzer, Politics of Gun Control, 9, 12.
46. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 4.
47. Alexander DeConde, Gun Violence in America: the Struggle for Control (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 2001).
48. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 4.
49. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 379-380.
50. Spitzer, Politics of Gun Control, 11.
51. Carter, Gun Control Movement, 46.
52. Roth, "Counting Guns," 706.
53. Hofstadter, "America as a Gun Culture," 82.
54. Roth, "Counting Guns," 706.
55. Carter, The Gun Control Movement, 25.
56. Hofstadter, "America as a Gun Culture," 84.
57. Kimmel, Manhood, 79, 89.
58. James B Trefethen, Americans and Their Guns: the National Rifle Association Story through Nearly a Century of Service to the Nation (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1967).
59. Kimmel, Manhood, 182.
60. Joseph Tartaro, Revolt at Cincinnati (Buffalo, N.Y.: Hawkeye, 1981).
61. Davidson, Under Fire, 36.
62. Jack Anderson, Inside the NRA: Armed and Dangerous (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Dove Books, 1996).
63. Edward F. Leddy, Magnum Force Lobby: the National Rifle Association Fights Gun Control (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1987).
64. Trefethen, Americans and Their Guns, 292.
65. Davidson, Under Fire, 295.
66. Gibson, Warrior Dreams, 255.
67. Davidson, Under Fire, 307.
68. Leddy, Magnum Force Lobby, 29.
69. Slotkin, Gunfighter Nation, 658.
70. Quoted in Kimmel, Manhood, 253.
71. Charlton Heston, The Courage to Be Free (Kansas City: Saudade, 2000), 4.
72. CNN, "America Votes 2006: Key Ballot Measures" (retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2006/pages/results/ballot.measures/);
73. CNN, "Election Center 2008: Ballot Measures" (retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/ballot.measures/).
74. Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America (New York: Free Press, 1996).
75. These have been referred to as the two crises in masculinity or crises in the gender order. See R. W. Connell, Masculinities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); and Kimmel, Manhood.
76. Shoon Lio, Scott Melzer, and Ellen Reese, "Constructing Threat and Appropriating 'Civil Rights': Rhetorical Strategies of Gun Rights and English Only Leaders," Symbolic Interaction 31 (2008): 5-31.
77. Clarence Y. H. Lo, "Countermovements and Conservative Movements in the Contemporary U.S.," Annual Review of Sociology 8 (1982): 107-134, quote at 108.
78. Darren K. Carlson, "Americans Softening on Tougher Gun Laws," in The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 2004, ed. Alec M. Gallup and Frank Newport, 472-473 (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006).
79. Quotes from, respectively, Seymour Martin Lipset and Earl Raab, The Politics of Unreason: Right-Wing Extremism in America, 1790-1977, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 428;
80. Susan Marshall, "In Defense of Separate Spheres: Class and Status Politics in the Antisuffrage Movement," Social Forces 65 (1986): 327-351, quote at 359;
81. Joseph R. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade: Status Politics and the American Temperance Movement (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976), 4.
82. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade, 25;
83. George Lakoff, Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 170.
84. Gusfield, Symbolic Crusade; Donileen R. Loseke, "Constructing Conditions: People, Morality, and Emotions: Expanding the Agenda of Constructionism," in Constructivist Controversies: Issues in Social Problems Theory, ed. Gale Miller and James Holstein, 207-216 (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1993);
85. Barry Glassner, The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things (New York: Basic Books, 1999); Lakoff, Moral Politics.
86. Michael Messner, Politics of Masculinity (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1997).
87. Michael S. Kimmel, "The Contemporary 'Crisis' of Masculinity in Historical Perspective," in The Making of Masculinities, ed. Harry Brod, 143-149 (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1987).
88. California Newsreel, Race: The Power of an Illusion, Vol. 3, The House We Live In; produced by Llewellyn M. Smith (2003).
89. Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1990s, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1994).
90. Kimmel, Manhood, 95.
91. Kimmel, "Crisis," 146.
92. Cited in Robert H. MacDonald, Sons of the Empire: The Frontier and the Boy Scout Movement, 1890-1918 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993), 142.
93. Jeffrey P. Hantover, "The Boy Scouts and the Validation of Masculinity," Journal of Social Issues 34 (1978): 184-195.
94. Helen Lefkowitz-Horowitz, Campus Life: Undergraduate Cultures from the End of the Eighteenth Century to the Present (New York: Knopf, 1987);
95. Mary Ann Clawson, Constructing Brotherhood: Class, Gender, and Fraternalism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1989);
96. Michael A. Messner, Power at Play: Sports and the Problem of Masculinity (Boston: Beacon, 1992).
97. Peter G. Filene, Him/Her/Self: Gender Identities in Modern America, 3rd ed. (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).
98. Susan Faludi, Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man (New York: William Morrow, 1999).
99. James William Gibson, Warrior Dreams: Paramilitary Culture in Post-Vietnam America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1994).
100. Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men (New York: Anchor Books, 1983), 42.
101. Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique (New York: Norton, 1963).
102. Ehrenreich, Hearts of Men, 144-145.
103. Messner, Politics, 44.
104. Richard Doyle, The Rape of the Male (Poor Richard's Press, 1976); excerpts from Richard Doyle, Save the Males (Lulu.com, 2006) are available at his Web site, http://www.mensdefense.org/. Quoted from http://www.mensdefense.org/BookSummary.htm (retrieved June 24, 2008).
105. Doyle, Save the Males; quoted from http://www.mensdefense.org/STM_ Book/RapeOfTheMale.htm (retrieved June 24, 2008).
106. Doyle, Save the Males; quoted from http://www.mensdefense.org/STM_ Book/RapeAbuseClaims.htm (retrieved June 24, 2008).
107. Warren Farrell, The Myth of Male Power (New York: Berkeley Trade, 2001);
108. quotes from Steven J. Svoboda, "An Interview with Warren Farrell," Menweb, 1997 (retrieved June 24, 2008, from http://www.menweb.org/svofarre.htm).
109. Quoted in Messner, Politics, 32.
110. Susan Jeffords, The Remasculinization of America: Gender and the Vietnam War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
111. Citing Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991), 4;
112. quoted in Lio, Melzer, and Reese, "Constructing Threat," 18.
113. James Davison Hunter, "Reflections on the Culture War Hypothesis," in The American Culture Wars: Current Contests and Future Prospects, ed. James L. Nolan Jr., 243-256 (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996), 245.
114. George Lakoff, Whose Freedom? The Battle over America's Most Important Idea (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006), 3.
115. Jeffrey R. Dudas, "In the Name of Equal Rights: 'Special' Rights and the Politics of Resentment in Post-Civil Rights America," Law & Society Review 39 (2005): 723-757.
116. Alan Wolfe, "The Culture War That Never Came," in Is There a Culture War? A Dialogue on Values and American Public Life, ed. E. J. Dionne Jr. and Michael Cromartie, 41-73 (Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Center, Brookings Institution Press, 2006), quote at 56.
117. For example, see Morris P. Fiorina, with Samuel J. Abrams and Jeremy C. Pope, Culture War? The Myth of a Polarized America (New York: Pearson, 2005).
118. Hunter, Culture Wars, 31.
119. Fiorina, with Abrams and Pope, Culture War? 28, 78.
120. James L. Nolan Jr., "Preface," in The American Culture Wars: Current Contests and Future Prospects, ed. James L. Nolan Jr., ix-xvi (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1996).
121. David S. Meyer and Suzanne Staggenborg, "Movements, Countermovements, and the Structure of Political Opportunity," American Journal of Sociology 101 (1996): 1628-1660.
122. Kristin Luker, Abortion and the Politics of Motherhood (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 218.
123. Doug McAdam, Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999).
124. William A. Gamson and David S. Meyer, "Framing Political Opportunity," in Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, ed. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, 275-290 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
125. Sara Diamond, Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Christian Right (Boston: South End, 1989).
126. Connell, Masculinities, 212.
127. John D. McCarthy and Mayer N. Zald, "Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory," American Journal of Sociology 82 (1977): 1212-1241.
128. Davidson, Under Fire; Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, "Fat and Happy in D.C.," Fortune, May 28, 2001 (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2001/05/28/303880/index.htm).
129. See www.nra.org.
130. John R. Lott, More Guns, Less Crime, 2d ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000).
131. Heston, Courage, 66.
132. Wolfe, "The Culture War," 53, 54.
133. Heston, Courage, 56.
134. Charlton Heston, "Armed with Pride," in The Courage to Be Free, 182-190 (Kansas City: Saudade, 2000), 184.
135. Shoon Lio, Scott Melzer, and Ellen Reese, "Constructing Threat and Appropriating 'Civil Rights': Rhetorical Strategies of Gun Rights and English Only Leaders," Symbolic Interaction 31 (2008): 5-31, quote at 8.
136. For an example of threat-driven mobilization, see Kenneth T. Andrews, "Movement-countermovement Dynamics and the Emergence of New Institutions: The Case of 'White Flight' Schools in Mississippi," Social Forces 80 (2002): 911-936.
137. Murray J. Edelman, The Symbolic Uses of Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1964), 172.
138. Clarence Y. H. Lo, "Countermovements and Conservative Movements in the Contemporary U.S.," Annual Review of Sociology 8 (1982): 107-134, quote at 108.
139. Lio, Melzer, and Reese, "Constructing Threat," 8-9;
140. See Barry Glassner, The Culture of Fear: Why Americans Are Afraid of the Wrong Things (New York: Basic Books, 1999);
141. David L. Altheide, Creating Fear: News and the Construction of Crisis (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 2002);
142. Frank Furedi, Culture of Fear: Risk-Taking and the Morality of Low Expectations (London: Continuum International, 2002);
143. David L. Altheide, "Notes towards a Politics of Fear," Journal of Crime, Conflict, and the Media 1 (2003): 37-54.
144. Nella Van Dyke and Sarah A. Soule, "Structural Social Change and the Mobilizing Effect of Threat: Explaining Levels of Patriot and Militia Organizing in the United States," Social Problems 49 (2002): 497-520, quote at 498.
145. Erving Goffman, Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience (New York: Harper and Row, 1974).
146. John H. Evans, "Multi-organizational Fields and Social Movement Organization Frame Content: The Religious Pro-choice Movement," Sociological Inquiry 67 (1997): 451-469.
147. Robert D. Benford and David A. Snow, "Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview," Annual Review of Sociology 26 (2000): 611-639, quote at 614; Yet CAFs are subject to more or less flexibility depending upon the rigidity of their organizational ideologies.
148. See Ellen Reese and Garnett Newcombe, "Income Rights, Mother's Rights, or Workers' Rights? Collective Action Frames, Organizational Ideologies, and the American Welfare Rights Movement," Social Problems 50 (2003): 294-318.
149. David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, "Ideology, Frame Resonance and Participant Mobilization," International Social Movement Research 1 (1988): 197-217.
150. David A. Snow and Pamela E. Oliver, "Social Movements and Collective Behavior," in Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology, ed. Karen S. Cook, Gary Alan Fine, and James S. House, 571-599 (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1995).
151. Anonymous, "The NRA Board of Directors," America's First Freedom, July 2008, 56.
152. Anonymous, American Rifleman, May 1945, 15.
153. Anonymous, "Look Who Oppose Civilian Marksmanship," American Rifleman, August 1967, 38-41.
154. Ashley Halsey Jr., "Communism versus Gun Ownership," American Rifleman, August 1970, 16;
155. Walter J. Howe, "Consent of the Governed," American Rifleman, July 1961, 16.
156. Anonymous, American Rifleman, April 1961, 31.
157. Walter J. Howe, "Fundamentals of Independence," American Rifleman, July 1962, 16.
158. James E. Serven, "Why Americans Own, Shoot, and Collect Guns," American Rifleman, April 1963, 12.
159. Chris Lydle, "Teaching Women Defensive Pistol Shooting," American Rifleman, May 1967, 31.
160. John M. Schooley, "An Address by the Retiring President," American Rifleman, May 1963, 27-28.
161. Ashley Halsey Jr., "Black Panthers and Blind Kittens," American Rifleman, September 1970, 20.
162. Anonymous, American Rifleman, February 1978, 16.
163. American Rifleman, September 1976, 25; May 1991, 15.
164. Wendy Provost, American Rifleman, January/February 1995.
165. Wayne R. LaPierre, "Speech to the National Rifle Association Annual Meeting," May 20, 2000 (retrieved November 1, 2002, from http://www.nra.org/speeches.aspx?sid=38).
166. M. Bahati Kuumba, Gender and Social Movements (Walnut Creek, Calif.: Altamira, 2001), 19.
167. Charlton Heston, "Free Thought and Freedom," Brandeis University, March 28, 2000 (retrieved November 1, 2002, from http://www.nra.org/speeches. aspx?sid=38).
168. Wayne R. LaPierre, "Speech to the Conservative Political Action Conference," January 20, 2000 (http://www.nrahq.org/transcripts/cpac0202.asp); his description of terrorists was repeated nearly verbatim at the 2002 NRA annual members meeting.
169. Charlton Heston, "Winning the Cultural War," February 16, 1999 (retrieved November 1, 2002, from http://www.nra.org/speeches.aspx?sid=38).
170. Mitch Berbrier, "'Half the Battle': Cultural Resonance, Framing Processes, and Ethnic Affectations in Contemporary White Separatist Rhetoric," Social Problems 45 (1998): 431-450.
171. Charlton Heston, "Speech to the Opening Session of the Arizona State Legislature," January 8, 2000 (retrieved November 1, 2002, from http://www.nra. org/speeches.aspx?sid=38).
172. Anonymous, "NRA Member Guide," American Rifleman, March 1991, 3.
173. Harry L. Wilson, Guns, Gun Control, and Elections: The Politics and Policy of Firearms (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 104.
174. Vizzard, Shots in the Dark, 97.
175. Goss, Disarmed, 44.
176. Spitzer, Politics of Gun Control, 131.
177. Goss, Disarmed, Appendix A, Figure A.2, 203.
178. Goss, Disarmed, 5.
179. Quoted in Peter H. Stone, "Showing Holes: The Once-Mighty NRA Is Wounded, but Still Dangerous," Mother Jones, January 1, 1994, 39.
180. Kelly Patterson and Matthew Singer, "Targeting Success: The Power of the NRA," in Interest Group Politics, 7th ed., ed. Allan J. Cigler and Burdette A. Loomis, 37-64 (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2006).
181. Goss, Disarmed, 164, 18, 175.
182. Quoted in Richard Feldman, Ricochet: Confessions of a Gun Lobbyist (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley, 2008), 165.
183. C. B. Lister, "The Backdoor Approach," American Rifleman, November 1945, 5.
184. C. B. Lister, "Dangerous Minority," American Rifleman, May 1950, 10.
185. Merritt A. Edson, "Education vs. Legislation," American Rifleman, March 1955, 17.
186. Franklin Orth, "Build NRA," American Rifleman, March 1960, 13.
187. Anonymous, American Rifleman, August 1960, 112.
188. Walter J. Howe, "Consent of the Governed," American Rifleman, July 1961, 16.
189. Anonymous, American Rifleman, May 1960, 21-22.
190. Walter J. Howe, "Logic and Reason," American Rifleman, February 1962, 14.
191. Anonymous, American Rifleman, May 1962, 49;
192. Anonymous, American Rifleman, June 1962.
193. Walter J. Howe, "Realistic Firearms Control," American Rifleman, January 1964, 14.
194. Walter J. Howe, "United We Stand," American Rifleman, January 1965, 16-17;
195. idem, "Mail-Order Gun Control," American Rifleman, March 1965, 16.
196. Walter J. Howe, American Rifleman, January 1966, 14.
197. Franklin Orth, "NRA Thrives on Adversity," American Rifleman, January 1968, 15; emphasis added.
198. Ashley Halsey Jr., "The Latest Twist in Anti-Gun Propaganda," American Rifleman, December 1968, 17;
199. idem, "Can Three Assassins Kill a Civil Right?" American Rifleman, July 1968, 16-17.
200. Anonymous, American Rifleman, February 1970, 14.
201. Anonymous, "Concerned NRA Members Redirect Their Association," American Rifleman, July 1977, 16.
202. Anonymous, American Rifleman, July 1977, 4.
203. In addition to my own research revealing this pattern at the time, a sympathetic NRA member and scholar also found this to be the case. See Edward F. Leddy, Magnum Force Lobby: the National Rifle Association Fights Gun Control (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1987).
204. Harlon Carter, "This Is Your NRA," American Rifleman, March 1978, 60-61.
205. American Rifleman, July 1978, 78-80.
206. Harlon B. Carter, "Here We Stand," American Rifleman, April 1985, 7.
207. Institute for Legislative Action, "HCI Launches Anti-Gun Media Blitz," American Rifleman, July 1985, 50.
208. Wayne R. LaPierre, "Assault in Congress Puts Your Rights at Risk," American Rifleman, July 1991, 20-21.
209. James Jay Baker, "'First Step' Brady Bill Leads to Semi-Auto Ban and More," American Rifleman, August 1991, 54.
210. Wayne R. LaPierre, "Standing Guard," American Rifleman, December 1991, 7.
211. Anonymous, "Gore's Supreme Surprise," America's First Freedom, July 2000, 60-61.
212. Anonymous, "Unsafe in Any Hands: Why America Needs to Ban Handguns," Violence Policy Center (retrieved November 16, 2008, from http://www. vpc.org/studies/unsafe.htm).
213. Anonymous, "The 'F' Troop," America's First Freedom, September 2002, 2.
214. James O. E. Norell, "AMA Takes New Anti-Gun Offensive: Doctoring the Second Amendment," America's First Freedom, August 2001, 36-39, quote at 39.
215. Wayne LaPierre, Guns, Freedom, and Terrorism (Nashville, Tenn.: WND Books, 2003), 206.
216. Spitzer, Politics of Gun Control, 107.
217. Wayne R. LaPierre, Mailing to NRA Members, January 11, 2002 (on file with author).
218. James Jay Baker, Mailing to NRA Members, February 8, 2002 (on file with author).
219. Chris W. Cox, Mailing to NRA Members, July 5, 2002 (on file with author).
220. Baker, Mailing to NRA Members, March 25, 2002.
221. Tom Zucco, "Annual NRA Convention: Guns, Pros and Cons," St. Petersburg Times, April 26, 2003, 1B.
222. David S. Meyer and Suzanne Staggenborg, "Movements, Countermovements, and the Structure of Political Opportunity," American Journal of Sociology 101 (1996): 1628-1660.
223. Anonymous, American Rifleman, October 1980, 38.
224. Karen Mehall, "Letter from the Editor," America's First Freedom, June 2000, 6.
225. Heston, Courage, 129, 131.
226. Kayne B. Robinson, "First Vice President's Speech to the NRA Annual Meeting of the Members," April 26, 2003 (author's field notes).
227. Wayne R. LaPierre, Mailing to NRA Members, August 2001 (on file with author).
228. Lio, Melzer, and Reese, "Constructing Threat," 24.
229. Wayne R. LaPierre, "Frightened, or Free?" January 2002 (retrieved January 30, 2002, from http://www.nra.org/speeches.aspx?sid=38).
230. Charlton Heston, "Political Disobedience," June 24, 1999 (retrieved January 30, 2002, from http://www.nra.org/speeches.aspx?sid=38).
231. Sandy Froman, "Women Aiming High," Session at the 2003 NRA annual meetings, April 25, 2003 (author's field notes) (retrieved June 30, 2002, from http://www.nra.org/speeches.aspx?sid=38).
232. Wayne R. LaPierre, "Standing Guard," American Rifleman, March 1995, 7.
233. Charlton Heston, "Truth and Consequences," April 16, 1999 (retrieved June 30, 2002, from http://www.nra.org/speeches.aspx?sid=38).
234. Wayne LaPierre and James Jay Baker, Shooting Straight: Telling the Truth about Guns in America (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2002), 177; Froman, "Women Aiming High."
235. Charlton Heston, "Conservative Challenge for a New Millennium," Remarks before the Conservative Political Action Conference, January 1999, 209-213, in idem, The Courage to Be Free (Kansas City: Saudade, 2000), 211.
236. Thomas R. Rochon, Culture Moves: Ideas, Activism, and Changing Values (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1998), 55.
237. Joan Burbick, Gun Show Nation (New York: The New Press, 2006), 88-89.
238. Charlton Heston, "From the President," America's First Freedom, June 2000, 10.
239. LaPierre, Mailing to NRA Members, August 2001.
240. Charlton Heston, "Opening Remarks to NRA Members," May 20, 2000 (retrieved November 1, 2002, from http://www.nra.org/speeches.aspx?sid=38).
241. Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991), 4.
242. LaPierre, Report to the NRA Board, April 29, 2002.
243. Cox, Mailing to NRA Members, July 5, 2002.
244. LaPierre, Mailing to NRA Members, February 25, 2002.
245. Wayne R. LaPierre, Mailing to NRA Members, April 8, 2002 (on file with author).
246. Kayne B. Robinson, "You Are at War," America's First Freedom, November 2002, 30-33, 62.
247. Heston, Courage, 111, 129, 140.
248. LaPierre and Baker, Shooting Straight, 14.
249. Wayne R. LaPierre, Mailing to NRA Members, October 1, 2001 (on file with author).
250. Bert Klandermans, "The Social Construction of Protest and Multiorganizational Fields," in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, 77-103 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992), 97.
251. Feldman, Ricochet, 184.
252. Aldon D. Morris, "Political Consciousness and Collective Action," in Morris and McClurg, Social Movement Theory, 363.
253. Gerald Marwell and Pamela Oliver, The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro-Social Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
254. Pamela Oliver, Gerald Marwell, and Ruy Teixeira, "A Theory of the Critical Mass, I: Interdependence, Group Heterogeneity, and the Production of Collective Action," American Journal of Sociology 91 (1985): 522-556.
255. Robert J. Spitzer, The Politics of Gun Control, 3rd ed. (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2004), 84.
256. Joan Burbick, Gun Show Nation (New York: New Press, 2006), 61-62.
257. Jerome L. Himmelstein, To the Right: the Transformation of American Conservatism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990).
258. Katarzyna Celinska, "Individualism and Collectivism in America: The Case of Gun Ownership and Attitudes toward Gun Control," Sociological Perspectives 50 (2007): 229-247, quote at 234.
259. Sara Diamond, Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York: Guilford, 1995), 246.
260. This now commonly used expression (even found on belt buckles) comes from John Mitchell, "God, Guns and Guts Made America Free," American Heritage, February 1978, 4-17.
261. Maureen McNeil, "Making and Not Making the Difference: The Gender Politics of Thatcherism," in Off-Centre: Feminism and Cultural Studies, ed. Sarah Franklin, Celia Lury, and Jackie Stacey, 221-240 (London: HarperCollins, 1991), 226.
262. George Lakoff, Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 153-154.
263. Lakoff, Moral Politics, 13.
264. Spitzer, Politics of Gun Control, 85.
265. Molly Ivins, "You Want Protection? Get a Dog," Creators Syndicate, republished October 20, 1997 (retrieved July 5, 2008, from http://www.chron.com/content/chronicle/editorial/97/10/29/ivins.html).
266. These are broad categories, but they cover most conservative politics. See Sara Diamond, Roads to Dominion: Right-Wing Movements and Political Power in the United States (New York: Guilford, 1995), 7.
267. Most of these images reflect a mythologized construction of family, sexuality, and gender arrangements during this period, glossing over enormous diversity in all three areas. For a detailed analysis, see Stephanie Coontz, The Way We Never Were: American Families and the Nostalgia Trap, 2nd ed. (New York: Basic Books, 2000).
268. For more on the Protestant Ethic, see Max Weber, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (New York: Routledge, 2001 [1904]).
269. Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men (New York: Anchor Books, 1983);
270. Glen Jeansonne, Women of the Far Right: The Mother's Movement and World War II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
271. Rachel L. Einwohner, "Gender, Class, and Social Movement Outcomes: Identity and Effectiveness in Two Animal Rights Campaigns," Gender & Society 13 (1999): 56-76, quote at 66.
272. Sandy Froman, Susan Howard, and Susan LaPierre, "Women Aiming High," Session at 2003 NRA Annual Meeting, April 25, 2003 (author's field notes).
273. David H. J. Morgan, "Theater of War: Combat, the Military, and Masculinities," in Theorizing Masculinities, ed. Harry Brod and Michael Kaufman, 165-182 (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, 1994).
274. For a summary of different feminisms, see Judith Lorber, Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics, 3rd ed. (Los Angeles: Roxbury, 2005).
275. Kenneth Neubeck, Welfare Racism: Playing the Race Card against America's Poor (New York: Routledge, 2001), 127.
276. Jeffrey R. Dudas, "In the Name of Equal Rights: 'Special' Rights, and the Politics of Resentment in Post-Civil Rights America," Law & Society Review 39 (2005): 723-757, quote at 731.
277. Sharon Hays, Flat Broke with Children: Women in the Age of Welfare Reform (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 7, 8, 11.
278. Ellen R. Reese, Backlash against Welfare Mothers, Past and Present (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005), 28.
279. Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America (New York: Free Press, 1996), 236.
280. Dudas, "In the Name," 724.
281. Diamond, Roads to Dominion, 253.
282. George Lakoff, Whose Freedom? The Battle over America's Most Important Idea (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2006), 134.
283. Charlton Heston, "Speech to the Free Congress Foundation's 20th Anniversary Gala," December 7, 1997 (retrieved November 1, 2002, from http://www. vpc.org/nrainfo/speech.html).
284. Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991);
285. Dan T. Carter, From George Wallace to Newt Gingrich: Race in the Conservative Counterrevolution, 1963-1994 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996).
286. U.S. Department of Justice, "Prisoners in 2002," Bureau of Justice Statistics (retrieved May 13, 2004, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/pdf/p02.pdf).
287. U.S. Department of Justice, "Criminal Victimization in the United States- Statistical Tables Index," Bureau of Justice Statistics (retrieved July 8, 2008, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cvus/single_offender_victimizations694. htm).
288. Edsall and Edsall, Chain Reaction, 145, 14.
289. Lakoff, Whose Freedom? 73-76, 103-105;
290. Sawer, "Gender, Metaphor, and the State," 124.
291. Martin Durham, The Christian Right, the Far Right, and the Boundaries of American Conservatism (Manchester, U.K.: Manchester University Press, 2000), 170.
292. Susan Faludi, Stiffed: The Betrayal of the American Man (New York: William Morrow, 1999).
293. Edsall and Edsall, Chain Reaction, 10.
294. Diamond, Roads to Dominion, 9.
295. Francesca Polletta and James M. Jasper, "Collective Identity and Social Movements," Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 283-305, quote at 285.
296. Pamela Oliver, Gerald Marwell, and Ruy Teixeira, "A Theory of the Critical Mass, I: Interdependence, Group Heterogeneity, and the Production of Collective Action," American Journal of Sociology 91 (1985): 522-556.
297. Gerald Marwell and Pamela Oliver, The Critical Mass in Collective Action: A Micro-Social Theory (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
298. For a discussion of frame alignment, see David A. Snow, E. Burke Rochford Jr., Steven K. Worden, and Robert D. Benford, "Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation," American Sociological Review 51 (1986): 464-481, quote at 464.
299. U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Urban and Rural, 2000," (retrieved May 13, 2004, from http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&- geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=DEC_2000_SF4_U&-_lang=en&-state=dt&- format=&-mt_name=DEC_2000_SF4_U_PCT002).
300. Eric Alterman, What Liberal Media? The Truth about Bias and the News (New York: Basic Books, 2003).
301. George Lakoff, Moral Politics: How Liberals and Conservatives Think, 2nd ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002).
302. Humphrey Taylor, "Confidence in Government's Handling of War on Terrorism," Harris Poll #58, November 24, 2001 (retrieved May 13, 2004, from http://www.harrisinteractive.com/harris_poll/index.asp?PID=269).
303. Jeffrey M Jones, "Bush's High Approval Ratings among Most Sustained for Presidents," Gallup Poll, November 7, 2001 (retrieved May 13, 2004, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/5032/Bushs-High-Approval-Ratings-Among-Most-Sustained-Presidents.aspx).
304. John F. Harris, "God Gave U.S. 'What We Deserve,' Falwell Says," September 14, 2001 (retrieved April 11, 2008, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A28620-2001Sep14);
305. YouTube, "Falwell and Robertson on The 700 Club after 9/11" (retrieved April 11, 2008, from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-CAcdta_8I).
306. Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1963);
307. R. W. Connell, Masculinities (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995).
308. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, "Food Security in the United States, 2006" (retrieved May 12, 2008, from http://www. ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FoodSecurity/);
309. United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, "Food Security in the United States: Conditions and Trends, 2006" (retrieved May 12, 2008, from http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/FoodSecurity/trends.htm).
310. Bernadette D. Proctor and Joseph Dalaker, "Poverty in the United States, 2002," U.S. Census Bureau (retrieved May 8, 2004, from http://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/p60-222.pdf).
311. Thomas Byrne Edsall and Mary D. Edsall, Chain Reaction: The Impact of Race, Rights, and Taxes on American Politics (New York: Norton, 1991).
312. David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, "Master Frames and Cycles of Protest," in Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, ed. Aldon D. Morris and Carol McClurg Mueller, 133-155 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1992);
313. Doug McAdam, Sidney G. Tarrow, and Charles Tilly, Dynamics of Contention (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001).
314. Wilson H. Phillips Jr. "Report of the Treasurer to the Annual Meeting of Members," in the minutes of the Annual Meeting of Members, National Rifle Association of America, May 19, 2001 (on file with the author), 37-38; Better Business Bureau Wise Giving Report for the National Rifle Association, 2004 (retrieved May 26, 2008, from http://charityreports.bbb.org/public/Report. aspx?CharityID=1420).
315. Center for Responsive Politics, "Top Industries" (retrieved November 15, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/industries.php?cycle=All);
316. Center for Responsive Politics, "Lawyers/Law Firms: Top Contributors to Federal Candidates and Parties" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www. opensecrets.org/industries/contrib.php?ind=K01&cycle=2004);
317. idem, "Association of Trial Lawyers of America: 2004 PAC Summary Data" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00024521&cy cle=2004).
318. Center for Responsive Politics, "Oil & Gas: Top Contributors to Federal Candidates and Parties" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets. org/industries/contrib.php?ind=E01&cycle=2004).
319. Center for Responsive Politics, "National Rifle Association: 2004 PAC Summary Data" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?cycle=2004&strID=C00053553).
320. Center for Responsive Politics, "National Rifle Association: 2004 PAC Summary Data" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?cycle=2004&strID=C00053553);
321. idem, "National Rifle Association: 2006 PAC Summary Data" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets. org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00053553&cycle=2006).
322. Center for Responsive Politics, "National Rifle Association: 2004 PAC Summary Data" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?cycle=2004&strID=C00053553).
323. Center for Responsive Politics, "Top 20 PAC by Total Expenditures, 1999-2000" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/toppacs.php?Type=C&party=R&cycle=2000);
324. idem, "Top 20 PAC Contributors to Federal Candidates, 1999-2000: Republicans" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/bigpicture/toppacs.php?cycle=2000&Type=E).
325. Cameron Hopkins, "A New NRA," American Handgunner, July 2001 (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BTT/is_153_25/ai_75211999).
326. Center for Responsive Politics, "National Rifle Association: 2000 PAC Summary Data" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00053553&cycle=2000);
327. idem, "National Rifle Association: 2006 PAC Summary Data" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets. org/pacs/lookup2.php?strID=C00053553&cycle=2006).
328. Chris W. Cox, "Your Tools for Victory: Victory Report, Election 2004" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.nraila.org/issues/Articles/Read. aspx?ID=154).
329. John J. Miller, "High Caliber Advocacy: How the NRA Won the Fight over Gun Rights," National Review, January 28, 2005 (retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://article.nationalreview.com/?q=OWVhYTc0MDBkYmMyNGU3OGMwMjIz N2E4ZWQxYTNmNzQ=).
330. Annenberg Political Fact Check, "Liberal Group Attacks Dean on Gun Control," Factcheck.org, December 9, 2003 (retrieved May 30, 2008, from (retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://www.factcheck.org/liberal_group_attacks_ dean_on_gun_control.html).
331. Anna Cornelia Fahey, "French and Feminine: Hegemonic Masculinity and the Emasculation of John Kerry in the 2004 Presidential Race," Critical Studies in Media Communication 24 (2007): 132-150.
332. Anonymous, "Outrage at 'Old Europe' Remarks," BBC News, January 23, 2003 (retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2687403. stm).
333. Sean Loughlin, "House Cafeterias Change Names for 'French' Fries and 'French' Toast," CNN.com, March 12, 2003 (retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/03/11/sprj.irq.fries/).
334. Martin Durham, The Christian Right, the Far Right and the Boundaries of American Conservatism (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2000).
335. Jeffrey H. Birnbaum, "Fat and Happy in D.C.," Fortune, May 28, 2001 (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_ archive/2001/05/28/303880/index.htm).
336. Center for Responsive Politics, "Lobbying: National Rifle Association" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?lna me=National+Rifle+Assn&year=2008).
337. Center for Responsive Politics, "Lobbying: Top Spenders" (retrieved November 15, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/top.php?indexType=s).
338. Center for Responsive Politics, "Lobbying: Top Industries" (retrieved November 15, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/top.php?indexType=i).
339. Center for Responsive Politics, "Lobbying: Ideology/Single Issue [1998-2008]" (retrieved November 15, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/indus.php?year=2008&lname=Q).
340. Center for Responsive Politics, "Lobbying: Influence Inc. 2000, Top Issue Areas" (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/lobby00/issueareas.php).
341. Project Vote Smart, "National Rifle Association, 2006" (retrieved November 10, 2008, from http://www.votesmart.org/issue_rating_detail. php?r_id=4229).
342. Peter Hamby, "Clinton Touts Her Experience with Guns," CNN Political Ticker, April 12, 2008 (retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://politicalticker.blogs. cnn.com/2008/04/12/clinton-touts-her-experience-with-guns/);
343. Anonymous, "McCain Courts Gun Owners at NRA," Associated Press, May 16, 2008 (retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/05/16/politics/main4103429.shtml).
344. Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, "About the Brady Campaign" (retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://www.bradycampaign.org/about/history. php).
345. Bill Clinton, My Life (New York: Knopf, 2004), 629-630. Cited in Wikipedia, "National Rifle Association" (retrieved May 29, 2008, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Rifle_Association#1994).
346. Christopher Kenny, Michael McBurnett, and David Bordua, "The Impact of Political Interests in the 1994 and 1996 Congressional Elections: The Role of the National Rifle Association," British Journal of Political Science 32 (2004): 331-344.
347. Alicia Montgomery, "Politics 2000: Trail Mix," Salon (retrieved May 26, 2008, from http://archive.salon.com/politics2000/feature/2000/05/04/trail_mix/index.html).
348. Jill Lawrence, "Federal Ban on Assault Weapons Expires," USA Today, September 12, 2004 (retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2004-09-12-weapons-ban_x.htm).
349. David Firestone, "Gun Lobby Begins Concerted Attacks on Cities' Lawsuits," New York Times, February 9, 1999 (retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A0CE2DC133BF93AA35751C0A96 F958260).
350. Jonathan Weisman, "Democrats, NRA Reach Deal on Background-Check Bill," Washington Post, June 10, 2007, A02.
351. Gun Owners of America, "Compromisers on Capitol Hill Reviving Brady Expansion Again," June 12, 2007 (retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://www. gunowners.org/a061207.htm).
352. Harry L. Wilson, Guns, Gun Control, and Elections: The Politics and Policy of Firearms (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007), 104.
353. CBS News/New York Times Poll, "The 2004 Republican Delegates," August 28, 2004 (retrieved May 15, 2008, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/08/28/opinion/polls/main639203.shtml);
354. CBS News/New York Times Poll, "2008 Republican Delegates: Who Are They?" August 31, 2008 (retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.cbsnews.com/htdocs/pdf/RNCDelegates_who_ are_they.pdf).
355. Conservative Political Action Conference, "CPAC 2009 Cosponsors" (retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.cpac.org/sponsors.html).
356. American Conservative Union, "About ACU" (retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.conservative.org/about/default.asp).
357. David A. Keene, "Four Decades of Leadership," American Conservative Union, May 2, 2004 (retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.conservative.org/columnists/keene/040502dk.asp).
358. The American Conservative Union, "CPAC 2008 Speeches" (retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.conservative.org/pressroom/2008/080220_CPACspeeches. asp);
359. idem, "Ronald Reagan's CPAC Speeches" (retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.conservative.org/pressroom/reagan/reagan.asp).
360. Americans for Tax Reform, "About Grover G. Norquist" (retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.atr.org/home/about/ggnbio.html);
361. idem, "About Us" (retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.atr.org/home/about/index.html).
362. Mara Liasson, National Public Radio, "Morning Edition," May 25, 2001 (retrieved May 25, 2008, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story. php?storyId=1123439).
363. Terry Gross, National Public Radio, "Fresh Air," October 2, 2003 (retrieved May 21, 2008, from http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story. php?storyId=1452983).
364. Susan Page, "Norquist's Power High, Profile Low," USA Today, June 1, 2001 (retrieved June 1, 2008, from http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2001-06-01-grover.htm).
365. Center for Defense Information, "Power of NRA Showcased in U.S. Delegation to Small Arms Conference," June 26, 2006 (retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=3561&StartRow=11&L istRows=10&&Orderby=D.DateLastUpdated&ProgramID=23&typeID=(4,5)&fr om_page=relateditems.cfm).
366. Emilie Raymond, From My Cold Dead Hands: Charlton Heston and American Politics (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2006);
367. Internet Movie Database, "Biography for Charlton Heston" (retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000032/bio).
368. Angie Fenton, "TV/Radio Host a New NRA Member," The Courier-Journal, May 18, 2008 (retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080518/NEWS01/805180503).
369. Mike Miller, Reuters, "Cabinet Member Thanks NRA for Helping Bush Win White House," San Diego Union-Tribune, May 21, 2001, A5.
370. National Rifle Association, "2006 NRA Annual Meeting and Exhibits: Freedom's 2nd Army Takes Milwaukee" (retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www. nraam.org/pastmeetings/2006_pastmeeting.asp).
371. National Rifle Association, "2007 NRA Annual Meeting and Exhibits: Gateway to Freedom" (retrieved June 2, 2008, from http://www.nraam.org/pastmeetings/default.asp).
372. Data included through May 26, 2008. Donor data available at the Web site of the Center for Responsive Politics (http://www.opensecrets.org/indivs/index.php).
373. America's First Freedom, July 2008, 16.
374. Kelly Patterson and Matthew Singer, "Targeting Success: The Enduring Power of the NRA," in Interest Group Politics, 7th ed., ed. Allan J. Cigler and Burdett A. Loomis, 37-64 (Washington, D.C.: CQ Press, 2006).
375. Wayne LaPierre, "Remarks at the 137th Annual Meeting of Members," National Rifle Association, May 17, 2008 (retrieved June 26, 2008, from http://www. nraila.org/News/Read/Speeches.aspx?ID=57).
376. Jonathan Martin, "NRA Plans $40M Fall Blitz Targeting Obama," The Politico, June 30, 2008 (retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0608/11452.html).
377. Cummings, "Why the NRA Gets Its Way," The Politico, April 18, 2007 (retrieved June 30, 2008, from http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/04/18/politics/politico/main2698141.shtml).
378. Associated Television News, December 18, 2007 (retrieved May 16, 2008, from http://www.prnewswire.com/cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=104&STORY=/www/story/12-18-2007/0004724878&EDATE).
379. Lydia Saad, "NRA Viewed Favorably by Most Americans," Gallup News Service, April 15, 2005 (retrieved May 28, 2008, from http://www.gallup.com/poll/15868/NRA-Viewed-Favorably-Most-Americans.aspx).
380. The Rush Limbaugh Show, "Sarah Palin: Babies, Guns, Jesus," August 29, 2008 (retrieved November 12, 2008, from http://www.rushlimbaugh.com/home/daily/site_082908/content/01125111.guest.html).
381. Kevin Bohn, "Gun Sales Surge after Obama Election," CNN.com, November 11, 2008 (retrieved November 12, 2008, from http://www.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/11/11/obama.gun.sales/index.html).
382. Richard Benedetto, "Who's More Likable, Bush or Kerry?" USA Today, September 17, 2004 (retrieved June 9, 2008, from http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/benedetto/2004-09-17-benedetto_x.htm).
383. Sean Loughlin, "Bush Warns Militants Who Attack U.S. Troops in Iraq," CNN.com, July 3, 2003 (retrieved June 9, 2008, from http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/07/02/sprj.nitop.bush/).
384. CNN.com, "Bush: 'I'm The Decider' On Rumsfeld," CNN.com, April 18, 2006 (retrieved June 9, 2008, from http://www.cnn.com/2006/POLITICS/04/18/rumsfeld/).
385. U.S. Census Bureau, "United States-Urban/Rural and Inside/Outside Metropolitan Area, 2000," (retrieved June 9, 2008, from http://factfinder.census. gov/servlet/GCTSubjectShowTablesServlet?_lang=en&_ts=231078635104).
386. For example, see The Dude Ranchers' Association Web site, http://www. duderanch.org/ranches.cfm.
387. Paul Wyche, "Gasoline Prices Push Scooter, Motorcycle, Mid-Size Cars," The Saginaw News, May 5, 2008 (retrieved June 10, 2008, from http://www.mlive. com/business/index.ssf/2008/05/post.html);
388. WebBikeWorld, "U.S. Motorcycle Sales, 1992-2007" (retrieved June 10, 2008, from http://www.webbikeworld.com/Motorcycle-news/blog/).
389. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, "2006 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife-Associated Recreation" (retrieved June 9, 2008, from http://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/Subpages/NationalSurvey/nat_survey2006_final.pdf);
390. U.S. Census Bureau, "Table 1a. Projected Population of the United States, by Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000 to 2050," (retrieved June 10, 2008, from http://www.census. gov/ipc/www/usinterimproj/).
391. CNN/YouTube Democratic Debate, July 23, 2007 at the Citadel in South Carolina. Transcript available at Council on Foreign Relations, "Democratic Debate Transcript," July 23, 2007 (retrieved June 11, 2008, from http://www.cfr.org/publication/13876/democratic_debate_transcript_cnnyoutube.html).
392. The Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, "McCain Gains on Issues, But Stalls as Candidate of Change," September 18, 2008 (retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://people-press.org/report/450/presidential-race-remainseven).
393. James Bovard, "What's Happened to John McCain?" America's First Freedom, July 2001, 29-33.
394. Jack Anderson, Inside the NRA: Armed and Dangerous (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Dove Books, 1996);
395. Osha Gray Davidson, Under Fire: The NRA and the Battle for Gun Control (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1998);
396. Joan Burbick, Gun Show Nation (New York: New Press, 2006).
397. Barney G. Glaser and Anselm L. Strauss, The Discovery of Grounded Theory (Chicago: Aldine, 1967);
398. Kathy Charmaz, "The Grounded Theory Method: An Explication and Interpretation," in Contemporary Field Research: A Collection of Readings, ed. R. M. Emerson, 109-126 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1983);
399. Kathy Charmaz, "'Discovering' Chronic Illness: Using Grounded Theory," Sociology of Health and Illness 30 (1990): 1161-1172;
400. Shoon Lio, Scott Melzer, and Ellen Reese, "Constructing Threat and Appropriating 'Civil Rights': Rhetorical Strategies of Gun Rights and English Only Leaders," Symbolic Interaction 31 (2008): 5-31.
401. Wayne R. LaPierre, Mailing to National Rifle Association Members, August 2001 (on file with the author).
402. See http://www.madisonbrigade.com/brigade.htm.
403. Herbert Blumer, Symbolic Interactionism (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1969), 147.
404. National Rifle Association, "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of Members," May 19, 2001 (on file with the author);
405. National Rifle Association, "Minutes of the Annual Meeting of Members," April 27, 2002 (on file with the author).