Emotional rescue: How affect helps partisans overcome collective action problems

Political Psychology

Volumn 35, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 359-378

  Groenendyk, Eric W ^a   Banks, Antoine J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Affective intelligence theory; Broaden and build theory; Collective action; Emotion; Group identity; Intergroup emotions theory; Participation; Party identification

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900535277     PISSN: 0162895X     EISSN: 14679221     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/pops.12045     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Abramowitz, A. I. (2010). The disappearing center. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
2. Ai, Chunrong, & Norton, E. C. (2003). Interaction terms in logit and probit models. Economic Letter, 80, 123-129.
3. Aldrich, J. H. (1995). Why parties? The origin and transformation of political parties in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
4. Axelrod, R. (1981). The emergence of cooperation among egoists. American Political Science Review, 75(2), 306-318.
5. Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. New York: Basic Books.
6. Axelrod, R., & Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The evolution of cooperation. Science, 21(4489), 1390-1396.
7. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
8. Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529.
9. Becker, J. C., Tausch, N., & Wagner, U. (2011). Emotional consequences of collective action participation: Differentiating self-directed and outgroup-directed emotions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(12), 1587-1598.
10. Brader, T. (2005). Striking a responsive chord: How political ads motivate and persuade voters by appealing to emotions. American Journal of Political Science, 49(2), 388-405.
11. Brader, T. (2006). Campaigning for hearts and minds: How emotional appeals in political ads work. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
12. Brader, T., Groenendyk, E., & Valentino, N. (2010). Fight or flight when political threats arouse public anger and fear. Presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association.
13. Brady, H. E., Schlozman, K. L., & Verba, S. (1999). Prospecting for participants: Rational expectations and the recruitment of political activists. American Political Science Review, 93(1), 153-168.
14. Brewer, M. B. (1979). In-group bias in the minimal group paradigm: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 307-324.
15. Cacioppo, J. T., Gardner, W. L., & Berntson, G. G. (1999). The affect system has parallel and integrative processing components: Form follows function. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 839-855.
16. Carver, C. S., & Harmon-Jones, E. (2009). Anger is an approach related affect: Evidence and implications. Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 183-204.
17. Conover, P. J., & Feldman, S. (1986). Emotional reactions to the economy: I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it anymore. American Journal of Political Science, 30(1), 50-78.
18. Cosmides, L., & Tooby, J. (2000). Evolutionary psychology and the emotions. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 114-137). New York: Guilford Press.
19. Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes' Error: Emotion, reason, and the human brain. New York: G. P. Plenum.
20. Darwin, C. (1890). The descent of man (2nd ed.). London: J. Murray.
21. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56(3), 218-226.
22. Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought-action repertoires. Cognition and Emotion, 19(3), 313-332.
23. Gray, J. A. (1990). Brain Systems that mediate both emotion and cognition. Cognition and Emotion, 4(3), 269-288.
24. Gray, J. A. (1994). Three fundamental emotion systems. In P. Ekman & R. J. Davidson (Eds.), The nature of emotion: Fundamental questions (pp. 243-247). New York: Oxford University Press.
25. Green, D. P., Palmquist, B., & Schickler, E. (2002). Partisan hearts and minds: Political parties and the social identities of voters. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
26. Greene, S. H. (1999). Understanding party identification: A social identity approach. Political Psychology, 20(2), 393-403.
27. Halperin, E., Bar-Tal, D., Nets-Zehngut, R. F., & Drori, E. (2008). Emotions in conflict: Correlates of fear and hope in the Israeli-Jewish Society. Peace and Conflict, 14, 233-258.
28. Halperin, E. (2011). Emotional Barriers to Peace: Emotions and Public Opinion of Jewish Israelis about the Peace Process in the Middle East. Peace and Conflict, 17, 22-45.
29. Isen, A. M., & Daubman, K. A. (1984). The influence of affect on categorization. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(6), 1206-1217.
30. Isen, A. M., Daubman, K. A., & Nowicki, G. P. (1987). Positive affect facilitates creative problem solving. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(6), 1122-1131.
31. Isen, A. M., & Means, B. (1983). The influence of positive affect on decision-making strategy. Social Cognition, 2(1), 18-31.
32. Keith, B. E., Magelby, D. B., Nelson, C. J., Elizabeth, O., Westlye, M. C., & Wolfinger, R. E. (1986). The partisan affinities of Independent 'Leaners.' British Journal of Political Science, 16(2), 155-185.
33. Lerner, J. S., & Keltner, D. (2001). Fear, anger, risk. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 146-159.
34. Mackie, D. M., Devos, T., & Smith, E. R. (2000). Intergroup emotions: Explaining offensive action tendencies in an intergroup context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(4), 602-616.
35. MacKuen, M., Wolak, J., Keele, L., & Marcus, G. (2010). Civic engagements: Resolute partisanship or reflective deliberation. American Journal of Political Science, 54(2), 440-458.
36. Marcus, G., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
37. Miller, D. A. (2005). Intergroup emotions and collective action. Unpublished manuscript, Purdue University.
38. Miller, D. A., Cronin, T., Garcia, A. L., & Branscombe, N. R. (2009). The relative impact of anger and efficacy on collective action is affected by feelings of fear. Group Processes and Intergroup relations, 12(4), 445-462.
39. Musgrove, L., & McCarty, C. (2008). Opinion-based group membership as a predictor of collective emotional responses and support for pro- and anti-war action. Social Psychology, 39(1), 37-47.
40. Olson, M. (1971). The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. New York: Schocken Books.
41. Reicher, S. D. (1982). The determination of collective behavior. In H. Tajfel (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations (pp. 47-83). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
42. Rosenstone, S. J., & Hansen, J. M. (1993). Mobilization, participation and democracy in America. New York: MacMillan.
43. Rudolph, T. J., Gangl, A., & Stevens, D. (2000). The effects of efficacy and emotions on campaign involvement. Journal of Politics, 62(4), 1189-1197.
44. Schlozman, K. L., Verba, S., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Participation's not a paradox: The view from American activists. British Journal of Political Science, 25(1), 1-36.
45. Smirnov, O., Dawes, C. T., Fowler, J. H., Johnson, T., & McElreath, R. (2010). The behavioral logic of collective action: Partisans cooperate and punish more than nonpartisans. Political Psychology, 31(4), 595-616.
46. Smith, C. A., & Ellsworth, P. C. (1985). Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48(4), 813-838.
47. Smith, E. R., Seger, C. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2007). Can emotions be truly group level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(4), 431-446.
48. Tajfel, H., Billig, M. G., Bundy, R. P. & Flament, C. (1971). Social categorization and intergroup behavior. European Journal of Social Psychology, 1(2), 149-178.
49. Tausch, N., Spears, R., Saab, R., Becker, J. C., Christ, O., & Singh, P. (2011). Explaining radical group behavior: Developing emotion and efficacy routes to normative nonnormative collective action. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(1), 129-148.
50. Trivers, R. L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46(2), 35-57.
51. Turner, J. C., Hogg, M. A., Oakes, P. J., Reicher, S., & Wetherell, M. S. (1987). Rediscovering the social group: A self-categorization theory. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.
52. Valentino, N. A., Brader, T., Groenendyk, E. W., Gregorowicz, K., & Hutchings, V. L. (2011). Election night's alright for fighting: The role of emotions in political participation. Journal of Politics, 73(1), 156-170.
53. Valentino, N., Banks, A. J., Hutchings, V. L., & Davis, A. K. (2009). Selective exposure in the Internet age: The interaction between anxiety and information utility. Political Psychology, 30(4), 591-613.
54. Valentino, N., Gregorowicz, K., & Groenendyk, E. (2009). Efficacy, emotions, and the habit of participation. Political Behavior, 31(3), 307-330.
55. Valentino, N., Hutchings, V. L., Banks, A. J., & Davis, A. K. (2008). Is a worried citizen a good citizen? Emotions, political information seeking, and learning via the Internet. Political Psychology, 29(2), 247-273.
56. van Stekelenburg, J., Klandermans, B., & Van Dijk, W. W. (2011). Combining motivations and emotion: The motivational dynamics of protest participation. Revisita de Psicologia Social, 26(1), 91-104.
57. Van Vugt, M., & Hart, C. M. (2004). Social identity as social glue: The origins of group loyalty. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(4), 585-598.
58. Van Vugt, M., & Schaller, M. (2008). Evolutionary approaches to group dynamics: An introduction. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 12(1), 1-6.
59. van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2008). Toward an integrated social identity model of collective action: A quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134(4), 504-535.
60. van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., Fischer, A. H., & Leach, C. W. (2004). Put your money where your mouth is! Explaining collective action tendencies through group-based anger and group efficacy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(5), 649-664.
61. van Zomeren, M., Spears, R., & Leach, C. W. (2008). Exploring psychological mechanisms of collective action: Does relevance of group identity influence how people cope with collective disadvantage? British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(2), 353-372.
62. Verba, S., Schlozman, K. L., & Brady, H. E. (1995). Voice and equality: Civic voluntarism in American politics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.