Encountering nature: Toward an environmental culture

Encountering Nature: Toward an Environmental Culture

Volumn , Issue , 2008, Pages 1-190

  Heyd, Thomas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

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EID: 84900149426     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (555)

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2. "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair," pp. 15-38.
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13. "Saigyō and the Buddhist Value of Nature," Part II in History of Religions, 13, 3 (February 1974), pp. 227-48.
14. Thomas Heyd, "The Unity of Basho's Narrow Road to the Interior: Vision Quest and Pilgrimage," Poetica (2006), pp. 83-98.
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30. Ridley and Low, "Why We're not Environmental Altruists," pp. 116,
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32. Ridley and Low, "Why We're not Environmental Altruists," p. 110.
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35. Peter A. French, "Corporate Moral Agency," also in Callahan, Ethical Issues, pp. 265-9.
36. Peter A. French, Corporate Ethics (Fort Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace, 1995), pp. 211-48
37. Richard Sylvan (Routley), "Is there a Need for a New, an Environmental, Ethic?," Proceedings of the XV World Congress of Philosophy 1 (Varna, Bulgaria, 1973), pp. 205-10.
38. John Passmore, Man's Responsibility for Nature (London: Duckworth, 1974). On Passmore's claims, also see Chapter 9.
39. Dean Bavington, "Homo Administrator: Managing a Needy Nature?," in Thomas Heyd (ed.), Recognizing the Autonomy of Nature (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), pp. 121-36,
40. J. Baird Callicott, "Animal Liberation: A Triangular Affair," in Christine Pierce and Donald VanDeVeer (eds), People, Penguins and Plastic Trees (Belmond, CA: Wadsworth, 2nd edn, 1995), pp. 237-54.
41. John Livingston, "Ethics as Prosthetics," in Philip P. Hanson (ed.), Environmental Ethics: Philosophical and Policy Perspectives (Burnaby, BC: Institute for the Humanities, 1986), p. 76.
42. Christopher Belshaw, Environmental Philosophy: Reason, Nature and Human Concern (Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 2001).
43. Sylvan, "Is there a Need?," p. 19.
44. Barry Hoffmaster, "The Theory and Practice of Applied Ethics," Dialogue 30, 3 (Summer 1991), pp. 213-34.
45. John Visvader, "Ken's Problem: Environmental Activism in an Age of Deconstructionist Biology," Human Ecology Review, 5, 1 (Summer 1998), pp. 31-4.
46. Kant in the Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. L. White Beck (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1959; original 1785).
47. Dale Jamieson, "Method and Moral Theory," in Peter Singer (ed.), A Companion to Ethics (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), pp. 476-86,
48. Aldo Leopold, "The Land Ethic," in Pierce and VanDeVeer, People, Penguins and Plastic Trees, pp. 142-51; reprinted from Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).
49. Thomas Heyd, "The Land Ethic and Its Obstacles," Stewardship '94: Revisiting the Land Ethic/Caring for the Land (Victoria, Canada: Ministry of Environment, Parks and Lands, B.C., Canada, 1995), pp. 64-7;.
50. Jamieson, "Method and Moral Theory," for a view that emphasizes the role of theory in moral practice.
51. The point of view on ethics developed here is indebted to Mary Midgley's "Duties Concerning Islands" in VanDeVeer and Pierce, People, Penguins and Plastic Trees (1st edn, 1986), pp. 156-64,
52. Val Plumwood's "Nature, Self and Gender: Feminism, Environmental Philosophy, and the Critique of Rationalism" in Pierce and VanDeVeer, People, Penguins (2nd edn), pp. 197-213.
53. George Silberbauer, "Ethics in small-scale societies," in Singer, A Companion to Ethics, p. 27.
54. Augusto Blasi, "Bridging moral cognition and moral action: A critical review of the literature," Psychological Bulletin, 88, 1 (July 1980), pp. 1-45, p. 41;
55. Clive Seligman, "Environmental Ethics," Journal of Social Issues, 45, 1 (1989), pp. 169-84, p. 179 and passim.
56. Virginia Held, "Feminist Transformations of Moral Theory," in Steven M. Cahn and Peter Markie (eds), Ethics: History, Theory and Contemporary Issues (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), pp. 682-99.
57. Tim Ingold, "Hunting and Gathering as Ways of Perceiving the Environment," in Roy Ellen and Katsuyoshi Fukui (eds), Redefining Nature: Ecology, Culture and Domestication (Oxford: Berg, 1996), pp. 117-55.
58. R.E. Dunlap, G.H. Gallup and A.M. Gallup, "International Public Opinion Toward the Environment, Part I," Impact Assessment, 11 (1993), pp. 3-25;
59. R.E. Dunlap, G.H. Gallup"International Public Opinion Toward the Environment, Part II," Impact Assessment 11 (1993), pp. 111-43;
60. M.A.E. Steger, J.C. Pierce, B.S. Steel and N.P. Lovich, "Political Culture, Postmaterial Values, and the New Environmental Paradigm: A Comparative Analysis of Canada and the United States," Political Behavior, 11 (1989), pp. 233-54;
61. K.D. Van Liere and R.E. Dunlap, "The Social Bases of Environmental Concern: A Review of Hypotheses, Explanations and Empirical Evidence," Public Opinion Quarterly, 44 (1980), pp. 181-97.
62. Susan Opotowand Susan Clayton, "Green Justice: Conceptions of Fairness and the Natural World," Journal of Social Issues, 50, 3 (1994), pp. 1-11, p. 8.
63. Gisela Szagun and Elke Mesenholl, "Environmental Ethics: An Empirical Study of West German Adolescents," Journal of Environmental Education, 25, 1 (1993), pp. 37-44.
64. G. Szagun, G.E. Mesenholl, and M. Jelen, Umweltbewußtsein bei Jugendlichen: Emotionale, handlungsbezogene und ethische Aspekte (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 1994).
65. Blasi, "Bridging moral cognition," p. 10.
66. Joanne Vining, "Natural Laws and Human Nature," Human Ecology Review, 1, 1 (Winter-Spring 1993-94), pp. 100-6.
67. Raymond De Young, "Some psychological aspects of a reduced consumption lifestyle: The role of intrinsic satisfaction and competence," Environment and Behavior, 28 (1996), pp. 358-409.
68. Paul C. Stern, Thomas Dietz and J. Stanley Black, "Support for Environmental Protection: The Role of Moral Norms," Population and Environment, 8, 3 and 4 (Fall-Winter 1985-86), p. 218.
69. Paul C. Stern, Thomas Dietz and J. Stanley Black, "Support for Environmental Protection: The Role of Moral Norms," Population and Environment, 8, 3 and 4 (Fall-Winter 1985-86), pp. 204-7.
70. Lawrence Kohlberg, "Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive Developmental Approach to Socialization," in D.A. Goslin (ed.), Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (New York: Rand McNally & Co., 1969).
71. Lawrence Kohlberg, The Philosophy of Moral Development: Moral Stages and the Idea of Justice, Vol. 1 Essays on Moral Development (San Francisco, CA: Harper & Row, 1981), pp. 128, 378.
72. John Snarey, "Cross-Cultural Universality of Social-Moral Development: A Critical Review of Kohlbergian Research," Psychological Bulletin, 97, 2 (1985), pp. 233-50,
73. Israela Ettenberg Aron, "Moral Philosophy and Moral Education: A Critique of Kohlberg's Theory," School Review (February 1997), pp. 197-217;
74. Robert Paul Craig, "Some Thoughts on Moral Growth," Journal of Thought, 13 (1978), pp. 21-7.
75. Norma Haan, "Processes of Moral Development: Cognitive or Social Disequilibrium?," Developmental Psychology, 21, 6 (1985), pp. 996-1006, p. 996.
76. Norma Haan, "Processes of Moral Development: Cognitive or Social Disequilibrium?," Developmental Psychology, 21, 6 (1985), p. 997 (emphasis added).
77. Norma Haan, "Processes of Moral Development: Cognitive or Social Disequilibrium?," Developmental Psychology, 21, 6 (1985), p. 1005.
78. M.L. Hoffman, "The contribution of empathy to justice and moral development," in N. Eisenberg and J. Strayer (eds), Empathy and its Development (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), pp. 47-80.
79. Held, "Feminist Transformations," pp. 692-6,.
80. Leopold, in VanDeVeer and Pierce, People, Penguins and Plastic Trees, p. 82.
81. Wendy A. Horwitz, "Developmental Origins of Environmental Ethics: The Life Experiences of Activists," Ethics and Behavior, 6, 1 (1996), pp. 29-54.
82. Opotow and Clayton, "Green Justice," p. 7.
83. Matthias Finger, "From Knowledge to Action?: Exploring the relationship between environmental experiences, learning and behavior", Journal of Social Issues, 50, 3 (Fall 1994), pp. 141-60
84. Henk Vinken and Atsuko Kuribayashi, "Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviors: An International Comparison," Human Ecology Review, 10, 1 (Summer 2003), pp. 23-31.
85. P.W. Schultz and L. Zelezny, "Values as predictors of environmental attitudes: evidence for consistency across 14 countries," Journal of Environmental Psychology, 19, 3 (September 1999), pp. 255-65.
86. E. Barkan, "Explaining Public Support for the Environmental Movement: A Civic Voluntarism Model," Social Science Quarterly, 85, 4 (December 2004), pp. 913-37.
87. Szagun and Mesenholl, "Environmental Ethics: An Empirical Study," p. 43.
88. Horwitz, "Developmental Origins," pp. 44-5.
89. Milton Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values (New York: Free Press, 1973).
90. Seligman, "Environmental Ethics," p. 181.
91. Seligman, "Environmental Ethics," p. 181.
92. Horwitz, "Developmental Origins," p. 44 (emphasis added).
93. Thomas Heyd, "Indigenous Knowledge, Emancipation and Alienation," Knowledge and Policy, 8, 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 63-73.
94. Thomas Heyd, "Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge Revisited," Indigenous Knowledge and Development Monitor, 4, 1 (April 1996) .
95. Jared Diamond, Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Survive (New York: Viking, 2005).
96. Deborah Bird Rose, "Exploring An Aboriginal Land Ethic," Meanjin, 47 (1988), pp. 378-87.
97. Jürgen Habermas, Technik und Wissenschaft als "Ideologie" (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1996).
98. Held, "Feminist Transformations," some writers, such as Jennifer Nedelsky, "Reconceiving Autonomy: Sources, Thoughts and Possibilities," Yale Journal of Law and Feminism, 1 (Spring 1989), pp. 7-36, p. 9,
99. Plumwood, "Nature, Self and Gender," p. 205,
100. Michel Serres, The Natural Contract, Elizabeth MacArthur and William Paulson (trans.), (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1995); translation of Le Contrat Naturel (Paris: Éditions François Bourin, 1990).
101. The Case for Environmental Morality has appeared in Environmental Ethics, Vol. 25 (Spring 2003), 5-24
102. Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins and L. Hunter Lovins, Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Industrial Revolution (Boulder, CO: Rocky Mountain Institute; Little, Brown, & Company, 1999).
103. Manuel G. Velasquez's excellent "Ethics and the Environment," in Manuel G. Velasquez, Business Ethics (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2001).
104. Alastair S. Gunn, "Rethinking Communities: Environmental Ethics in an Urbanized World," Environmental Ethics, 20 (Winter 1998), pp. 341-60.
105. Roger J.H. King, "The Place of Domesticated Spaces in Environmental Ethics: Toward an Environmentally Responsible Culture," Social Philosophy Now, 19 (2004), pp. 41-53.
106. Immanuel Kant, Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals, translated by Lewis White Beck (Indianapolis, IN and New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1959).
107. Donald VanDeVeer and Christine Pierce (eds), The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book: Philosophy, Ecology, Economics (Belmond, CA: Wadsworth, 2004), pp. 114-22.
108. They propose that a being has moral standing if "its continued existence ... or its interests in well-being have positive moral weight" (p. 115).
109. Robert Elliot, "Environmental Ethics," in Peter Singer (ed.), A Companion to Ethics (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), pp. 284-93.
110. Roger J. Sullivan, An Introduction to Kant's Ethics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
111. James Rachels, "The Idea of a Social Contract," in his volume, The Elements of Moral Philosophy (New York: Random House, 1999), pp. 143-61.
112. VanDeVeer and Pierce (eds), Environmental Ethics and Policy Book, pp. 116-17.
113. John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism (1863). For a summary account of the significance of this perspective for our treatment of animals see Rachels, "The Utilitarian Approach," in his Elements of Moral Philosophy, pp. 96-106.
114. Peter Singer, Animal Liberation (New York: Random House, 2nd edn, 1990).
115. Tom Regan, The Case for Animal Rights (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982).
116. Albert Schweitzer, Civilization and Ethics (London: A.&C. Black, 1946).
117. Paul Taylor, "The Ethics of Respect for Nature" and also John Rodman, "Ecological Sensibility," both in VanDeVeer and Pierce (eds), Environmental Ethics and Policy Book (1st edn, 1986), pp. 169-84 and pp. 165-8, respectively.
118. Thomas Heyd(ed.), Recognizing the Autonomy of Nature (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005).
119. Aldo Leopold, "The Land Ethic," A Sand County Almanac (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981).
120. Holmes Rolston III, "Duties to Endangered Species," in Christine Pierce and Donald VanDeVeer (eds), People, Penguins and Plastic Trees (Belmond, CA: Wadsworth, 2nd edn, 1995), pp. 314-25.
121. James Lovelock, The Ages of Gaia (New York: Norton, 1988).
122. William T. Blackstone, "Ethics and Ecology," in William T. Blackstone (ed.), Philosophy and Environmental Crisis (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1974).
123. Christopher D. Stone, "Should Trees Have Standing? - Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects," in VanDeVeer and Pierce (eds), Environmental Ethics and Policy Book, pp. 189-201.
124. Christopher D. Stone, Should Trees Have Standing?: And Other Essays on Law, Morals and the Environment (Oxford: Oceana Publications/Oxford University Press, 1996).
125. Jang B. Singh and V.C. Lakhan, "Business Ethics and the International Trade in Hazardous Wastes," in Robert Larmer (ed.), Ethics in the Workplace, 2nd edn (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2001).
126. Karl Grossman, "Environmental Racism," in Pierce and VanDeVeer (eds), People, Penguins and Plastic Trees (2nd edn, 1995) pp. 39-44.
127. Conrad G. Brunk, Lawrence Haworth and Brenda Lee, Value assumptions in risk assessment: a case study of the alachlor controversy (Waterloo, Ont.: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1991).
128. Joseph R. Des Jardins, "Ethics, Energy, and Future Generations" in his Environmental Ethics (Belmond, CA: Wadsworth, 1993), pp. 69-98.
129. The World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 8.
130. John Passmore, Man's Responsibility for Nature (London: Duckworth, 1974).
131. Velasquez, Business Ethics, pp. 238-41.
132. National Film Board (Canada), Uranium, directed by Magnus Isacsson, produced by Dale Phillips, written by Michael Riordon (1990).
133. All About Us Canada Foundation, A Cut Above: My Grandfather Was a Logger, directed by Karen Baltgailis (1995).
134. her "The Power and Promise of Ecological Feminism," in VanDeVeer and Pierce (eds), Environmental Ethics and Policy Book, pp. 282-96.
135. "Remaking Society: Pathways to a Green Future" in Pierce and VanDeVeer (eds), People, Penguins and Plastic Trees (2nd edn, 1995), pp. 227-33.
136. Herbert Marcuse, One-Dimensional Man (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1991) and Eros and Civilization (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1955).
137. Albert Borgmann, Technology and the Character of Contemporary Life: A Philosophical Inquiry (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984); and Langdon Winner, Autonomous Technology: Technics-out-of-control as a Theme in Political Thought (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1986). Regarding the politics of "formal technologies"
138. Susan Leigh Star, "Layered Space, Formal Representations and Long-Distance Control: The politics of information," Fundamenta Scientiae, 10, 2 (1989), pp. 125-54.
139. Arne Naess"Self Realization: An Ecological Approach to Being in the World," in VanDeVeer and Pierce (eds), Environmental Ethics and Policy Book, pp. 268-73.
140. Anthony Weston's "Enabling Environmental Practice," in Pierce and VanDeVeer (eds), People, Penguins and Plastic Trees (2nd edn, 1995), pp. 463-9,
141. Val Plumwood's "Nature, Self and Gender: Feminism, Environmental Philosophy, and the Critique of Rationalism," in Pierce and VanDeVeer (eds), People, Penguins and Plastic Trees (2nd edn, 1995), pp. 197-213.
142. Jane Bennett and William Chaloupka(eds), In the Nature of Things (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1993).
143. Milton Friedman, "The Social Responsibility of Business," in Joan C. Callahan, Ethical Issues in Professional Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), pp. 349-50.
144. James L. Muyskens, "The Nurse as a Member of a Profession," in Callahan, Ethical Issues in Professional Life, pp. 290-95.
145. Thomas Dyllick, "Ecological Marketing Strategy for Toni Yogurts in Switzerland," Journal of Business Ethics, 8 (1989), pp. 657-62.
146. Guy Dauncey with Patrick Mazza, Stormy Weather: 101 Solutions to Global Climate Change (Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2001).
147. Carrie Sonneborn, "Generating Jobs: Sustainable energy initiatives deliver more jobs and lower greenhouse gas emissions," Alternatives Journal, 26, 2 (Spring 2000), pp. 30-1;
148. Hal Kane, "Shifting to Sustainable Industries," in Lester R. Brown et al. (eds), State of the World 1996 (New York: W.W. Norton, 1996), pp. 152-67.
149. Jaques and Ruth Kaswan, "The Mondragón Cooperatives," Whole Earth Review (Spring 1989), pp. 8-17.
150. Michael D. Bayles, Professional Ethics (Belmond, CA: Wadsworth, 1989).
151. Leopold, "Land Ethic," in VanDeVeer and Pierce, People, Penguins and Plastic Trees, p. 84.
152. Don McKay, "Baler Twine: Thoughts on ravens, home, and nature poetry" in Tim Lilburn (ed.), Poetry and Knowing: Speculative Essays and Interviews (Kingston, Ont.: Quarry Press, 1995), pp. 17-28.
153. Wendell Berry, Home Economics (San Francisco, CA: North Point Press, 1987).
154. Jorge J.E. Gracia, "Introduction: Latin American Philosophy Today," pp. 4-32.
155. Iván Jaksić, "Sources of Latin American Philosophy," pp. 141-57.
156. Osvaldo Bayer, La Patagonia Rebelde (Buenos Aires: Hyspamérica, 1980).
157. Antonio Elizalde Hevia, "Aproximaciones Éticas y Espirituales para la Sustentabilidad en el Próximo Milenio," Revista Argentina de Economía y Ciencias Sociales, 3, 4 (1999).
158. Nancy Turner, Earth's Blanket: Traditional teachings for sustainable living (Vancouver/Toronto: Douglas & McIntyre, 2005).
159. Thomas Heyd, "Indigenous Knowledge, Emancipation and Alienation," Knowledge and Policy 8, 1 (Spring 1995), pp. 63-73.
160. Víctor M. Toledo, "Sustainable Development at the Village Community Level: A Third World Perspective" in Fraser Smith (ed.), Environmental Sustainability (Boca Raton, FL: St. Lucie Press, 1997), pp. 233-50, p. 237.
161. Víctor M. Toledo, "Sustainable Development at the Village Community Level: A Third World Perspective" in Fraser Smith (ed.), Environmental Sustainability (Boca Raton, FL: St. Lucie Press, 1997), p. 239.
162. Enrique Leff, Green Production (New York: Guilford Press, 1995).
163. Murray Bookchin, "Remaking Society: Pathways to a Green Future" in Donald VanDeVeer and Christine Pierce (eds), The Environmental Ethics and Policy Book: Philosophy, Ecology, Economics (Belmond, CA: Wadsworth, 2004, 2nd edn), pp. 227-33.
164. Donald VanDeVeer, People, Penguins and Plastic Trees (Belmond, CA: Wadsworth, 1995), pp. 197-213.
165. Eric Katz, Nature as Subject: Human Obligation and Natural Community (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1997).
166. Eric Katz, "The Liberation of Humanity and Nature," in Heyd, Recognizing the Autonomy of Nature.
167. Anthony Bebbington, "Movements, Modernizations, and Markets: Indigenous organizations and agrarian strategies in Ecuador" in Peet and Watts, Liberation Ecologies, pp. 86-109, p. 101.
168. Sara McFall and Roberto Morales, "The Ins and Outs of Mapuche Culture in Chile," in Anny Booksbank Jones and Ronaldo Munck (eds), Cultural Politics in Latin America (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000), pp. 127-41,.
169. Bebbington, "Movements, Modernizations, and Markets," in Peet and Watts, Liberation Ecologies.
170. Patagonia .
171. Bayer, La Patagonia Rebelde.
172. David MacKinnon and Sara McFall, "Pueblo Mapuche, Expansión Forestal y Poder Local".
173. Sara McFall, Wajmapu: Territorialidad Mapuche y Medio Ambiente (October 2000) .
174. Quienes son los hijos de la tierra: Los Mapuche (this and all translations from Spanish are by myself); .
175. Eduardo Grillo, Caminos Andinos de Siempre (Lima: PRATEC, 1996).
176. Emilio F. Morán, Through Amazonian Eyes (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993)
177. Antonio Carlos Diegues, "Recycled Rain Forest Myths," in David Rothenberg and Marta Ulvaeus (eds), The World and the Wild (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2001), pp. 155-70.
178. Ramachandra Guha, "Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third World Critique," in Pierce and VanDeVeer, People, Penguins and Plastic Trees, pp. 358-66,
179. Diegues, "Recycled Rain Forest Myths," p. 165.
180. Vandana Shiva, "Development, Ecology, and Women," in Staying Alive (London: Zed Books, 1988), pp. 1-13.
181. Víctor M. Toledo, "Biodiversity Islands in a Sea of Pasturelands: Indigenous Resource Management in the Humid Tropics of Mexico," Etnoecológica, 2, 3 (April 1994) .
182. Albert L. Wahrhaftig and Bruce (Pacho) Lane, "Totonac Cultural Revitalization: An Alternative to the Zapatistas," originally presented at Annual Meeting of the Western Social Science Association, American Indian Studies Section, Oakland, California, 29 April 1995
183. Guillermo Bonfil Batalla, México Profundo: Una Civilización Negada (Mexico: Grijalbo-Consejo Nacional para la Cultura y las Artes, 1990).
184. Autochthonous people are those "Held to have sprung from the ground" they inhabit (Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, 1980).
185. Toledo, "Biodiversity Islands."
186. .
187. .
188. Manuel Anaya Garduño, "Ancient And Contemporary Water Catchment Systems In Mexico" .
189. David Barkin, "Water and Forests as Instruments for Sustainable Regional Development," International Journal Water, 1, 1 (2000).
190. I observed such practices in neighborhoods in Neuquén, Patagonia, in 1999.
191. Roberto P. Guimarães, "Aspectos Políticos y Éticos de la Sustentabilidad y su Significado para la Formulación de Políticas de Desarrollo," Persona y Sociedad, 13, 1 (1999), pp. 157-83.
192. Victor M. Toledo, "Principios Etnoecológicos para el Desarrollo Sustentable de Comunidades Campesinas e Indígenas," in Documentos Red Latino Americana y Caribeña de Ecología Social ; reproduced with modifications from Temas Clave, CLAES, 4 (August 1996), p. 2.
193. Toledo, "Principios," in Documentos, p. 1.
194. David Barkin, "Sustainability: The Political Economy of Autonomous Development," Organization and Environment, 11, 1 (March 1998), pp. 5-32, p. 1.
195. Shirir R. Raval, "The Gir National Park and the Maldharis: Beyond 'Setting Aside,'" in P.C. West and S.R. Brechin, Resident Peoples and National Parks: Social dilemmas and strategies in international conservation (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1991).
196. Sahotra Sarkar, "Restoring Wilderness or Reclaiming Forests?," in Rothenberg and Ulvaeus, The World and the Wild, pp. 37-55.
197. Murray Bookchin, "What is Social Ecology?," in M.E. Zimmerman (ed.), Environmental Philosophy: From animal rights to radical ecology (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1993); Toward an Ecological Society (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1980).
198. Bryan G. Norton, "Environmental Ethics and Weak Anthropocentrism," in Pierce and VanDeVeer, People, Penguins and Plastic Trees, pp. 82-92.
199. Eugene Hargrove, "Foreword," in Laura Westra and Bill E. Lawson (eds), Faces of Environmental Racism, 2nd edn (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2001), pp. ix-xiii, p. ix.
200. Laura Westra and Bill E. Lawson, "Introduction," in Westra and Lawson, Faces of Environmental Racism, pp. xvii-xxvi.
201. Robert Melchior Figueroa, "Other Faces: Latinos and Environmental Justice," in Westra and Lawson, Faces of Environmental Racism, pp. 67-84.
202. Fairbank, Maslin, Maullin & Associates, Environmental Attitudes Among California Voters with a Special Analysis of Environmental Attitudes Among Latino Voters and Voters of Color (Fairbank, Maslin, Maullin & Associates, May 2001).
203. Dennis Martinez, "First People - Firsthand Knowledge," Chapter 5.2 in OLIFE, Can We Restore Paradise? , reprinted with changes from International Journal of Ecoforestry, 12, 3 (1997).
204. "Themes in Latin American Environmental Ethics: Community, Resistance and Autonomy," Environmental Values 13 (2), (May 2004), 223-42.
205. "Sustainability, Culture and Ethics: Models from Latin America," Ethics, Place and Environment, Vol. 8, No. 2 (June 2005), 223-34.
206. The special issue on environmental aesthetics of Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 56, 2 (Spring 1998)
207. The Aesthetics of Natural Environments (Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 2004).
208. "Symposium: Natural Aesthetics," edited by Stan Godlovitch, Journal of Aesthetic Education, 33, 3 (Fall 1999).
209. Martin Seel, Eine Ästhetik der Natur (Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1996).
210. Martin Seel, "Ästhetische Argumente in der Ethik der Natur," Deutsche Zeitschrift für Philosophie, 39 (1991), pp. 901-13
211. "Aesthetic Arguments in the Ethics of Nature," Thesis Eleven, 32 (1992), pp. 76-90.
212. Gernot Böhme, "An Aesthetic Theory of Nature: An Interim Report," Thesis Eleven, 31 (1992), pp. 90-102.
213. Allen Carlson, Aesthetics and the Environment: The Appreciation of Nature, Art and Architecture (London and New York: Routledge, 2000).
214. Carlson's "Appreciating Art and Appreciating Nature," in Salim Kemal and Ivan Gaskell (eds), Landscape, Natural Beauty and the Arts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), pp. 199-227.
215. Carlson's Aesthetics and the Environment, pp. 102-25.
216. Carroll's "On Being Moved by Nature: Between Religion and Natural History," also reprinted in Carlson and Berleant, Aesthetics of Natural Environments, as Chapter 4x.
217. Malcolm Budd, "The Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature," British Journal of Aesthetics, 36, 3 (July 1996), pp. 207-22.
218. Allen Carlson, "Nature, Aesthetic Appreciation, and Knowledge," Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 53, 4 (Fall 1995), p. 396.
219. William K. Wimsatt, Jr., and Monroe C. Beardsley, The Verbal Icon: Studies in the Meaning of Poetry (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1954), pp. 3-18.
220. Jerrold Levinson, "Messages in Art," Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 73, 2 (June 2005), pp. 189-203.
221. "Participatory immersion" in the environment is stressed by Arnold Berleant in the The Aesthetics of Environment (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 1992).
222. Living in the Landscape: Towards an Aesthetics of Environment (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1997).
223. Cheryl Foster, "The Narrative and Ambient in Environmental Aesthetics," Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 56 (1988), pp. 127-37
224. Holmes Rolston III, "Does Aesthetic Appreciation of Landscapes Need to be Science-Based?," British Journal of Aesthetics, 35, 4 (October 1995), pp. 374-86
225. Holmes Rolston III, "The Aesthetic Experience of Forests," Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 56 (1988), pp. 157-66, reprinted in Carlson and Berleant as Chapter 10.
226. Carlson in Kemal and Gaskell, Landscape, Natural Beauty and the Arts, p. 219.
227. Emily Brady, "Imagination and the Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature," Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 56 (1988), pp. 139-47
228. Carlson and Berleant, Aesthetics of Natural Environments, as Chapter 8.
229. Budd, "The Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature," for a listing.
230. Rudy Wiebe, The Temptations of Big Bear (Toronto : McClelland and Stewart, 1976)The Angel of the Tar Sands and Other Stories (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1982)
231. Peter Handke, "The Lesson of Sainte Victoire," in Slow Homecoming, translated by Ralph Manheim (London: Methuen, 1985).
232. Homer, The Odyssey, R. Lattimore (trans.) (Harper and Row, 1967) Bk V, lines 280-81, p. 95.
233. George Seferis, Gymnopaidia, in Mythistorima and Gymnopaidia, translated by Mary Cooper Walton (Athens: Lycabettus Press, 1977), pp. 6-59, p. 61.
234. Seferis, "Santorini," in Gymnopaidia, p. 63.
235. Carlson Kemal and Gaskell, Landscape, Natural Beauty and the Arts, p. 221.
236. Aram A. Yengoyan, "Economy, Society and Myth in Aboriginal Australia," in W.H. Edwards (ed.), Traditional Aboriginal Society (Melbourne: Macmillan, 1987), pp. 203-24, p. 215.
237. Paul S. Taçon, "The Power of Place: Cross-Cultural Responses to Natural and Cultural Landscapes of Stone and Earth," in Joan M. Vastokas, Jordan Paper, and Paul S. Taçon (eds), Perspectives of Canadian Landscape: Native Traditions (North York: Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies, York University, 1990), pp. 11-43, p. 20.
238. Robert Stecker, "The Correct and the Appropriate in the Appreciation of Nature," British Journal of Aesthetics, 37 (1997), pp. 397-402
239. Yuriko Saito, "Appreciating Nature on Its Own Terms," Environmental Ethics, 20 (1998), pp. 135-49.
240. Carlson and Berleant, Aesthetics of Natural Environments, as Chapter 7.
241. Marcia Muelder Eaton, "Fact and Fiction in the Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature," Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 56, 2 (Spring 1998), pp. 127-37.
242. Carlson, Aesthetics and the Environment, Chapter 14, pp. 216-40.
243. Carlson, Aesthetics and the Environment, pp. 218-19
244. Carlson and Berleant, Aesthetics of Natural Environments, as Chapter 15.
245. Aesthetic Appreciation and the Many Stories about Nature appeared in The British Journal of Aesthetics, Volume 41, No. 2 (April 2001), 125-37.
246. Haruo Shirane, Traces of Dreams: Landscape, Cultural Memory, and the Poetry of Basho (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1998), p. 285.
247. Kyoriku, quoted by Shirane, Traces of Dreams, p. 252.
248. Matsuo Basho shū, eds Imoto Nōichi, Hori Nobuo and Muramatsu Tomotsugu, pp. 341-86
249. Nobuyuki Yuasa (trans.), The Narrow Road to the Deep North and Other Travel Sketches (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1966); Donald Keene (trans.), The Narrow Road to Oku (Tokyo: Kodansha, 1996).
250. G.S. Dombrady, Auf Schmalen Pfaden durchs Hinterland (Mainz: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1985)
251. Jacques Bussy (trans.), La route étroite du Nord profond in L'Ermitage d'Ilusion (Paris: La Delirante, Éditions Jean-Michel Place, 1988).
252. Makoto Ueda, Basho and His Interpreters: Selected Hokku with Commentary (Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991)
253. Shirane, "Remapping the Past: Narrow Road to the Interior," in Traces of Dreams, pp. 212-53.
254. Lesley Downer, On the Narrow Road to the Deep North: Journey into a Lost Japan (London: Jonathan Cape, 1989).
255. Dombrady, "Introduction," p. 12.
256. René Sieffert (trans.), Le haikai selon Bashō (Paris: Publications Orientalistes de France, 1989), p. xxxix.
257. On Bashō's innovation, see Dombrady, fn. 259, p. 186.
258. Sieffert, "Introduction," Le haikai selon Bashō.
259. Shirane, Traces of Dreams.
260. Le livre rouge, section 2, in Sieffert, Le haikai selon Bashō, pp. 120-21.
261. Sieffert, "Introduction," Le haikai selon Bashō, p. xxxii.
262. Le livre rouge, section 5 in Sieffert, p. 122.
263. Dombrady, "Introduction," Auf Schmalen Pfaden durchs Hinterland, pp. 29-37
264. Bashō's Records of a Travel-Worn Satchel, in Yuasa (trans.), The Narrow Road, p. 85.
265. Dombrady, Auf Schmalen Pfaden durchs Hinterland, p. 24.
266. Sieffert, "Introduction," p. xxxvii; also Le livre rouge, section 6, p. 123.
267. Dombrady, Auf Schmalen Pfaden durchs Hinterland, pp. 20-5.
268. Dombrady, Auf Schmalen Pfaden durchs Hinterland, notes 166 and 167, p. 134.
269. Shirane, Traces of Dreams, p. 254.
270. Eric Hirsch, "Introduction," in Eric Hirsch and Michael O'Hanlon (eds), The Anthropology of Landscape: Perspectives on Place and Space, (Oxford: Clarendon/Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 1-30.
271. Michel Foucault, "Of other spaces," diacritics (Spring, 1986), pp. 22-7.
272. Hirsch, "Introduction"; also see Howard Morphy, "Landscape and the Reproduction of the Ancestral Past," in Hirsch and O'Hanlon, Anthropology of Landscape, pp. 184-209.
273. Hirsch M, "Introduction".
274. Peter Gow, "Land, People and Paper in Western Amazonia" in Hirsch and O'Hanlon, Anthropology of Landscape, pp. 43-62.
275. Mircea Eliade, Shamanism: Ancient Techniques of Ecstasy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), especially p. 4.
276. Bussy, L'Ermitage d'Ilusion, pp. 8-9
277. Dombrady, Auf Schmalen Pfaden durchs Hinterland, pp. 92, 94
278. Mircea Eliade's discussion in his Myth and Reality, (trans. Willard R. Trask (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), p. 120-21).
279. Makoto Ueda, "Bashō and the Art of the Haiku: Impersonality in Poetry," Literary and Art Theories in Japan (Cleveland, OH: The Press of Western Reserve University, 1967), p. 148.
280. Bashō, quoted by Ueda, "Bashō and the Art of the Haiku," pp. 147-8.
281. Shirane, Traces of Dreams, p. 78.
282. Kyorai, section 36, in Sieffert, Le haikai selon Bashō, p. 91.
283. Sieffert, Le haikai selon Bashō, p. 37.
284. Shirane, Traces of Dreams, p. 230.
285. Rebecca Solnit, A History of Walking (Penguin Books, 2001).
286. Thomas Heyd and John Clegg (eds), Aesthetics and Rock Art (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2005).
287. Thomas Heyd and John Clegg, The Phenomenology of Perception (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962).
288. Hirsch, "Introduction," especially p. 17.
289. Francis Sparshott's extensive work, especially Off the Ground: First Steps to a Philosophical Consideration of the Dance (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988).
290. "Dance Today: Art of Body Among Simulacra," Journal of Aesthetic Education, 34 (Summer 2000), pp. 15-26.
291. Yuasa (trans.), The Narrow Road, especially p. 85.
292. Yi-Fu Tuan, Topophilia: a Study of Perception, Attitudes and Values (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), pp. 93-5.
293. "Appreciating Art and Appreciating Nature," in Salim Kemal and Ivan Gaskell (eds), Landscape, Natural Beauty and the Arts (cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), pp. 199-227.
294. Ueda, "Bashō and the Art of the Haiku," pp. 157-8.
295. Sieffert, Le haikai selon Bashō, p. 121.
296. Shirane, Traces of Dreams, p. 243.
297. Bashō, Narrow Road (trans. Yuasa), p. 125.
298. Italo Calvino, "Cities & Eyes 4," Invisible Cities (London: Picador/Pan Books, 1974/79; trans. William Weaver of Le cittá invisibili), pp. 72-3.
299. Cantharellus cibarius.
300. Luis Puelles (ed.), Estéticas: Occidente y otras culturas (special issue of Contrastes, Universidad de Málaga, 2004).
301. "El sendero al Japón profundo de Bashō y la estética del caminar: Recuperando el espacio, reconociendo los lugares, siguiendo los caminos del universo," Páginas de Filosofía, 9, 11 (Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Argentina, August 2004), pp. 7-28.
302. Thomas Heyd, "The Unity of Bashō's Narrow Road to the Interior: Vision Quest and Pilgrimage," Poetica (2006), pp. 83-98.
303. Shirane, Traces of Dreams, p. 245, from the beginning of Narrow Road.
304. Bashō and Wandering Aesthetics: Recuperating Space, Recognizing Place, Following the Ways of the Universe appeared in Philosophy East and West, vol. 53, no. 3 (July 2003), 291-307.
305. David Campbell, "Devil's Rock and Other Carvings" in Devil's Rock and Other Poems 1970-1972 (Sydney: Angus and Robertson, 1974), pp. 22-5.
306. Peter Stanbury and John Clegg, A Field Guide to Aboriginal Rock Engravings (Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 100.
307. Flame Lily and Spear Lily, Doryanthes excelsa.
308. Allen Carlson, "Appreciating Art and Appreciating Nature," in Salim Kemal and Ivan Gaskell (eds), Landscape, Natural Beauty and the Arts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975/93), pp. 199-227.
309. Allen Carlson, "Appreciating Art and Appreciating Nature," in Salim Kemal and Ivan Gaskell (eds), Landscape, Natural Beauty and the Arts (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975/93) pp. 204-5.
310. Paul S.C. Taçon, Review of Barbara Bender (ed.), Landscape: Politics and Perspectives, in Antiquity, 68, 260 (1996), pp. 262-3, p. 262.
311. Richard Bradley, "Rock Art and the Perception of Landscape," Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 1, 1 (April 1991), pp. 77-101.
312. Richard Bradley, Felipe Criado Boado and Ramón Fabregas Valcarce, "Rock Art Research as Landscape Archaeology: A Pilot-Study in Galicia, North-West Spain," World Archaeology, 25, 3 (1994), p. 374.
313. Richard Bradley, An Archaeology of Natural Places (New York: Routledge, 2000).
314. Bradley, An Archaeology of Natural Places, p. 77.
315. Bradley et al., "Rock Art Research," p. 387.
316. Herbert Marcuse, The Aesthetic Dimension (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1978), p. 64.
317. Herbert Marcuse, "Reclamation Art: Restoring and Commemorating Blighted Landscapes" .
318. Joan Marter, "Nature Redux: Recent Reclamation Art," Sculpture, 13 (November-December 1994), pp. 30-3.
319. Harriet H. Murray, "Pits and Pitfalls: Harriet Feigenbaum's Reclamation Art," Women's Art Journal, 12 (Spring-Summer 1991), pp. 29-35.
320. Wallace Immen, "This Expressway Art Really Cleans Up," Globe and Mail, 30 September 1998, p. A2.
321. Nancy Foote, "Monument-Sculpture-Earthwork," Artforum, 18, 2 (October 1979), pp. 32-7, p. 37.
322. "Understanding Performance Art: Art Beyond Art," British Journal of Aesthetics, 31 (January 1991), pp. 68-73.
323. Michel Foucault, "Of Other Spaces," diacritics, Spring 1986, pp. 22-7
324. "Des espaces autres," Architecture/Mouvement/Continuité (October, 1984)
325. John Beardsley, Earthworks and Beyond (New York: Abbeville/Cross River Press, 1984), p. 94
326. Robert Morris, "Robert Morris Keynote Address," in Earthworks: Land Reclamation as Sculpture (Seattle, WA: Seattle Art Museum, 1979), p. 16.
327. "Después de explotar las minas: subsanar, llorar y honrar la tierra," Centro Cultural Canadà, 20 (Córdoba, Argentina, Canadian Cultural Centre, 2004), pp. 66-71
328. "Más allá de la minería: (la)mentar, (en)mendar, y (re)memoriar Pachamama," Círculo Hermenéutico, 5 (accessed 20 February 2006).
329. After Mining: Reflections on Reclamation through Art is a significantly modified version of "Revisiting the Artistic Reclamation of Nature," The Trumpeter, Vol. 15, No. 1 (1998), www.trumpeter.athabascau.ca/content/v15.1/heyd.html.
330. World Heritage Convention Mission Statement, issued May 2000, updated 1 June 2000 .
331. The present criteria concerning cultural landscapes are to be found at
332. Mechthild Rössler, "The Integration of Cultural Landscapes into the World Heritage," "Conserving Outstanding Cultural Landscapes," and "Protecting Outstanding Cultural Landscapes" in World Heritage Newsletter, 1-3, pp. 15, 14-5.
333. Bernd von Droste, Harald Plachter and Mechthild Rössler (eds), Cultural Landscapes of Universal Value: Components of a Global Strategy (Stuttgart/New York: Gustav Fischer Verlag, 1995).
334. Rössler, "The Integration of Cultural Landscapes," p. 15.
335. Bill McKibben, The End of Nature (New York: Random House, 1989).
336. Gary P. Nabhan, A.M. Rea, K.L. Reichardt, E. Mellink and C.F. Hutchinson, "Papago Influences on Habitat and Biotic Diversity: Quitovac Oasis Ethnoecology," Journal of Ethnobiology, 2, 2 (1982), pp. 124-43.
337. Tim Peschel, Vegetationskundliche Untersuchungen der Wiesen und Rasen historischer Gärten in Potsdam (Stuttgart, 2000)
338. Holmes Rolston, "The Wilderness Idea Reaffirmed," The Environmental Professional, 13 (1991), pp. 370-77.
339. Philippe Descola, Par-delà nature et culture (Paris: Gallimard Editions, 2005).
340. Val Plumwood, "Toward a Progressive Naturalism," in Thomas Heyd (ed.), Recognizing the Autonomy of Nature (New York: Columbia University Press, 2005), Chapter 2.
341. T. Ingold, "Culture and the perception of the environment," in E. Croll and D. Parkin (eds), Bush Base: Forest Farm. Culture, Environment and Development (London: Routledge, 1992).
342. Thomas H. Birch, "The Incarceration of Wildness: Wilderness Areas as Prisons," Environmental Ethics, 12 (Spring 1980), pp. 3-26.
343. Mark Woods, "Ecological Restoration and the Renewal of Wildness and Freedom" in Heyd, Recognizing the Autonomy of Nature, Chapter 10.
344. Bruno Latour, We have Never Been Modern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993
345. Catherine Porter of Nous n'avons jamais été modernes: Essais d'anthropologie symmétrique (Paris: La Découverte, 1991))
346. "The very notion of culture is an artifact created by bracketing Nature off. Cultures - different or universal - do not exist, any more than Nature does. There are only natures-cultures ..." (p. 104)
347. Yrjö Haila, "Beyond the Nature-Culture Dualism," Biology and Philosophy, 15 (2000), pp. 155-75.
348. Tim Ingold, "Introduction to culture," in Tim Ingold (ed.), Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 327-49.
349. John Passmore, Man's Responsibility for Nature (London: Duckworth, 1974)
350. Aristotle's account of the nature in Physics, Book II, Chapter 1. He proposes that "All things existing by nature appear to have in themselves a principle of motion and of standstill ... " (Physics, II, 1, 192b, 13-5)
351. E.B. Tylor, Primitive Culture: Researches into the Development of Mythology, Philosophy, Religion, Language, Art and Custom (London: J. Murray, 1871).
352. Lee Cronk, "Is there a Role for Culture in Human Behavioral Ecology?," Ethology and Sociobiology, 16 (1995), pp. 181-205, p. 182.
353. Cronk, "Is there a Role," p. 182.
354. J.H. Barkow, Darwin, Sex and Status: Biological Approaches to Mind and Culture (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1989), cited in Cronk, "Is there a Role," p. 182.
355. J. Tooby and L. Cosmides, "The Psychological Foundations of Culture" in J. Tooby and L. Cosmides (eds), The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), pp. 19-136
356. Cronk, "Is there a Role," p. 182.
357. Jules Pretty, Agri-culture: Reconnecting People, Land and Nature (London: Earthscan, 2003), reminds us that originally "agriculture was interpreted as two connected things, agri and cultura" (p.xii).
358. Cecilia M. Heyes and Bennett G. Galef, Jr. (eds), Social Learning in Animals: The Roots of Culture (San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1996).
359. David Premack and Ann James Premack, "Why Animals have neither Culture nor History," in Ingold, Companion Encyclopedia of Anthropology, pp. 350-65.
360. J. Fisher and R.A.Hinde, "The Opening of Milk Bottles by Birds," British Birds, 42 (1950), pp. 347-57
361. R.A. Hinde and J. Fisher, "Further Observations on the Opening of Milk Bottles by Birds," British Birds, 44 (1952), pp. 393-6.
362. A. Whiten et al., "Cultures in chimpanzees," Nature, 399 (17 June 1999), pp. 682-5.
363. Carel P. van Schaik et al., "Orangutan Cultures and the Evolution of Material Culture," Science, 299, 5603 (3 January 2003), pp. 102-5
364. Hal Whitehead, "Cultural selection and genetic diversity in matrilineal whales," Science, 282 (1988), pp. 1708-11.
365. Luc Ferry, The New Ecological Order, trans. Carol Volk (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1992)
366. Alexander Wilson, The Culture of Nature (Toronto: Between the Lines, 1991)
367. Nature is part of culture insofar as "Humans and nature construct each other." (pp. 12-3)
368. Heyd, Recognizing the Autonomy of Nature, Chapter 9,.
369. Passmore, Man's Responsibility for Nature, especially Chapter 2.
370. Beat and Beatrix Sitter-Liver, "Preface," in Beat and Beatrix Sitter-Liver (eds), Culture within Nature: Culture dans la nature (Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences; Basel: Wiese, 1995).
371. Passmore, Man's Responsibility for Nature, (p. 33).
372. John L. Hammond, "Wilderness and Heritage Values," Environmental Ethics, 7 (Summer 1985), pp. 165-70.
373. Francisco Alves Mendes Filho, known as Chico Mendes, was murdered 22 December 1988.
374. Michael Astor, "Activist nun shot dead in Amazon rainforest," The Guardian (14 February 2005) .
375. "The Assault Continues - state of the Amazon since Chico Mendes' death 10 years ago," International Wildlife (November 1998) .
376. J. Baird Callicott, Larry B. Crowder and Karen Mumford, "Current Normative Concepts in Conservation," Conservation Biology, 13, 1 (1999), pp. 22-35
377. Antonio Carlos Diegues, "Recycled Rain Forest Myths" in David Rothenberg and Marta Ulvaeus (eds), The World and the Wild (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2001), pp. 155-70, p. 165.
378. Land Ethic and Sustainability," Electronic Journal of Australian and New Zealand History (2000) .
379. Thomas Heyd, "Rock Art Aesthetics: Trace on Rock, Mark of Spirit, Window on Land," Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 57, 4 (Fall 1999), pp. 451-8.
380. Harald Plachter and Mechthild Rössler, "Cultural Landscapes: Reconnecting Culture and Nature," in von Droste, Cultural Landscapes, pp. 15-8.
381. E.F. Schumacher, Small Is Beautiful (New York: Harper and Row, 1973).
382. Heyd (ed.), Recognizing the Autonomy of Nature, and Chapter 2.
383. International Society for Environmental Ethics meetings, Pacific APA, San Francisco, CA, April 2003.
384. Western Canadian Philosophical Association meetings, Seattle, WA, October 2003.
385. Sieglinde Gauer-Lietz (ed.), Nature and Culture - Ambivalent Dimensions of our Heritage (Paris: UNESCO, 2002).
386. Nature, Culture, and Natural Heritage: Toward a Culture of Nature appeared as Environmental Ethics (2006), 339-54.
387. Michael Wilson, "Sun Dances, Thirst Dances, and Medicine Wheels: A Search for Alternative Hypotheses," in Megaliths to Medicine Wheels: Boulder Structures in Archaeology, Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual Chacmool Conference (ed. by Michael Wilson, Kathie L. Road and Kenneth J. Hardy (Calgary, Canada: University of Calgary Archaeological Association, 1981), pp. 333-70, pp. 346-7.
388. John H. Brumley, Medicine Wheels on the Northern Plains: A Summary and Appraisal (Archaeological Survey of Alberta: Archaeological Survey of Alberta Manuscript Series, No. 12, 1988), p. 3.
389. Andrew Nikiforuk, "Sacred Circles," Canadian Geographic, 112, 4 (1992), pp. 51-60, p. 54.
390. Hugh A. Dempsey, "Stone 'Medicine Wheels' - Memorials to Blackfoot War Chiefs," Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, 46, 6 (1956), pp. 177-82.
391. Wilson, "Sun Dances, Thirst Dances, and Medicine Wheels," pp. 337-8.
392. Richard G. Forbis, "The Direct Historical Approach in the Prairie Provinces of Canada," Great Plains Journal, 3 (1963), pp. 9-16.
393. Whitney Davis, "The Deconstruction of Intentionality in Archaeology," Antiquity, 66, (1992), pp. 334-7, p. 336.
394. Wilson, "Sun Dances, Thirst Dances, and Medicine Wheels," p. 336.
395. Robert G. Bednarik, "Rock Art as a Cultural Determinant," Survey: Bolletino del Centro Studi e Museo d/Arte Prehistorica di Pinerolo, 7-8 (1991-92), p. 14
396. Christopher Tilley, Material Culture and the Text: the Art of Ambiguity (London and New York: Routledge, 1991)
397. George Kubler, Esthetic Recognition of Ancient Amerindian Art (New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 1991).
398. Thomas Heyd and John Clegg(eds), Aesthetics and Rock Art (Aldershot, UK, and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, 2005).
399. Martin P.R. Magne and Michael Klasen, "A Multivariate Study of Rock Art Anthropomorphs at Writing-On-Stone, Southern Alberta," American Antiquity, 56, 3 (1991), pp. 389-418.
400. J.F. Thackeray, "On Concepts Expressed in Southern African Rock Art," Antiquity, 64 (1990), pp. 139-44.
401. J.F. Thackeray, "On Concepts Expressed in Southern African Rock Art," Antiquity, 64 (1990), p. 139.
402. Paul S.C. Taçon, "The Power of Stone: Symbolic Aspects of Stone Use and Tool Development in Western Arnhem Land, Australia," Antiquity, 65 (1991), pp. 192-207.
403. Paul S.C. Taçon, "The Power of Stone: Symbolic Aspects of Stone Use and Tool Development in Western Arnhem Land, Australia," Antiquity, 65 (1991), p. 192.
404. Paul S.C. Taçon, "The Power of Stone: Symbolic Aspects of Stone Use and Tool Development in Western Arnhem Land, Australia," Antiquity, 65 (1991), p. 194.
405. Stephen Davies, Definitions of Art (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press 1991); also see his Philosophy of Art (Blackwell, 2006).
406. Francis Sparshott, The Theory of the Arts (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982).
407. Heyd and Clegg, Aesthetics and Rock Art.
408. Michael Heizer and Julia Brown, "Interview," in Julia Brown (ed.), Michael Heizer: Sculpture in Reverse (Los Angeles, CA: Museum of Contemporary Art, 1984), p. 11.
409. Richard Long, "Words After the Fact," in R.H. Fuchs (ed.), Richard Long (New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, 1986), p. 236.
410. James Clifford, "Histories of the Tribal and the Modern," in The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988).
411. Joseph Traugott, "Native American Artists and the Postmodern Cultural Divide," Art Journal, 51, 3 (1992), pp. 36-43, p. 42.
412. Clifford, "Histories of the Tribal and the Modern," p. 198.
413. Peter Winch, "Understanding a Primitive Society," both in Bryan R. Wilson (ed.), Rationality (Worcester: Basil Blackwell, 1970).
414. Clifford, "Histories of the Tribal and the Modern."
415. Michel Foucault, "Of Other Spaces," Diacritics (Spring 1986), pp. 22-7.
416. "Des espaces autres," Architecture/Mouvement/Continuité (October, 1984).
417. Pomponius Mela, Chorographie, translated by A. Silberman (Paris: Société d'édition "Les Belles Lettres," 1988).
418. Denis Cosgrove and Stephen Daniels (eds), The Iconography of Landscape (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).
419. Foucault, "Of Other Spaces," p. 23.
420. Foucault, "Of Other Spaces," p. 24.
421. Gianni Vattimo, The Transparent Society (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press; Cambridge: Polity; 1992).
422. David Webb La società transparente (Garzanti, 1989).
423. David Webb La società transparente (Garzanti, 1989).
424. Thomas Heyd, "Estructuras de Cantos Rodados de las planicies de Norteamérica: 'Arte y Heterotopía,'" Arkeos, 10 (special issue on European Prehistoric Art - Methodology and Contexts, 2000), pp. 231-44.
425. "Northern Plains Boulder Structures: Art and Foucauldian Heterotopias" in Éric Darier (ed.), Foucault and the Environment (Routledge, 1998), 152-62.
426. Alastair S. Gunn, "The Restoration of Species and Natural Environments," Environmental Ethics, 13 (1991), pp. 291-310.
427. Christopher Stone, Should Trees Have Standing? - Toward Legal Rights for Natural Objects (Portola Valley, CA: Tioga Publishing Company, 1974).
428. Robert Elliot, Faking Nature (London: Routledge, 1997), especially pp. 97-111.
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