Current normative concepts in conservation

Conservation Biology

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 1999, Pages 22-35

  Callicott, J Baird ^a   Crowder, Larry B ^b   Mumford, Karen ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS   (United States)

^b DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK; CONSERVATION PLANNING; ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT;

EID: 0032967197     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.97333.x     Document Type: Review

References (117)

1. Allen, T. F. H., and T. W. Hoekstra. 1992. Toward a unified ecology. Columbia University Press, New York.
2. Allen, T. F. M., and T. W. Hoekstra. 1993. Toward a definition of sustainability. Pages 98-107 in W. W. Covington and L. F. Debano, editors. Sustainable ecological systems: implementing an ecological approach to land management. Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
3. Anderson, J. E. 1991. A conceptual framework for evaluating and quantifying naturalness. Conservation Biology 5:347-352.
4. Angermeier, P. L. 1994. Does biodiversity include artificial diversity? Conservation Biology 8:600-602.
5. Angermeier, P. L., and J. R. Karr 1994. Biological integrity versus biological diversity as policy directives. Bioscience 44:690-697.
6. Ballantine, K.; and L. J. Guarraia, editors. 1977. The integrity of water. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
7. Barnett, J., and C. Morse. 1963. Scarcity and growth: the economics of natural resource availability. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
8. Bocking, S. 1994. Visions of nature and society. Alternatives 20:12-18.
9. Bocking, S. 1997. Fishing the inland seas: Great Lakes research, fisheries management and environmental policy in Ontario. Environmental History 2:52-73.
10. Botkin, D. B. 1990. Discordant harmonies: a new ecology for the twenty-first century. Oxford University Press, New York.
11. Callicott, J. B. 1990. Whither conservation ethics? Conservation Biology 4:15-31.
12. Callicott, J. B., and K. G. Mumford. 1997. Sustainability as a conservation concept. Conservation Biology 11:32-40.
13. Carpenter, S. R., and J. F. Kitchell, editors. 1993. The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
14. Christensen, N. L., et al. 1996. The report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the scientific basis for ecosystem management. Ecological Applications 6:665-691.
15. Coblentz, B. E. 1990. Exotic organisms: a dilemma for conservation biology. Conservation Biology 4:261-264.
16. Costanza, R., B. G. Norton, and B. D. Haskell, editors. 1992. Ecosystem health: new goals for environmental management. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
17. Costanza, R., et al. 1997. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387:253-260.
18. Daily, G. C., editor. 1997. Nature's services: societal dependence on natural ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
19. Darwin, C. 1871. The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. John Murray, London.
20. Darwin, C. 1872. The expression of emotions in man and animals. John Murray, London.
21. Denevan, W. M. 1992. Native American populations in 1492: recent research and a revised hemispheric estimate. Pages xvii-xxxviii in W. M. Denevan, editor. The native populations of the Americas in 1492. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
22. Dobson, A. P., J. P. Rodriguez, W. M. Roberts, and D. S. Wilcove. 1997. Geographic distribution of endangered species in the United States. Science 275:550-553
23. Dobzhansky, T. 1963. Anthropology and the natural sciences: the problem of human evolution. Current Anthropology 4:138, 146-148.
24. Dobzhansky, T. 1973. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. American Biology Teacher 35:125-129.
25. Doolittle, W. E. 1992. Agriculture in North America on the eve of contact: a reassessment. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82:386-401.
26. Elton, C. S. 1958. The ecology of invasions by animals and plants. Metheun, London.
27. Foreman, D. 1995. Wilderness: from scenery to nature. Wild Earth 5(4):8-15.
28. Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team. 1993. Forest ecosystem management: an ecological, economic, and social assessment. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
29. Francis, G. R., J. J. Magnuson, H. A. Regier, and D. R. Talhelm. 1979. Rehabilitating the Great Lakes. Technical report 37. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
30. Golley, F. B. 1993. A history of the ecosystem concept in ecology: more than the sum of the parts. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
31. Great Lakes Fishery Commission. 1992. Strategic vision of the Great Lakes Fishery Commission for the decade of the 1990s. Great Lakes Fishery Commission, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
32. Grimm, N. B. 1995. Why link species and ecosystems? Pages 5-15 in C. G. Jones and J. S. Lawton, editors. Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York.
33. Grumbine, R. E. 1994. What is ecosystem management? Conservation Biology 8:27-38.
34. Grumbine, R. E. 1996. Using biodiversity as a justification for nature protection in the U.S. Wild Earth 6:71-80.
35. Grumbine, R. E. 1997. Reflections on "What is ecosystem management?" Conservation Biology 11:41-47.
36. Hagen, J. B. 1989. Research perspectives and the anomalous status of modern ecology. Biology and Philosophy 4:433-455.
37. Higgs, E. S. 1997. What is good ecological restoration? Conservation Biology 11:338-348.
38. Holling, C. S. 1978. Adaptive environmental assessment and management. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
39. Holling, C. S. 1992. Cross-scale morphology, geometry, and dynamics of ecosystems. Ecological Monographs 64:447-502.
40. Holling, C. S., and G. K. Meffe. 1996. Command and control and the pathology of natural resource management. Conservation Biology 10:328-337.
41. Holt, R. D. 1995. Linking species and ecosystems: where's Darwin? Pages 273-279 in C. G. Jones and J. S. Lawton, editors. Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York.
42. Hugie, D. M., and L. M. Dill. 1994. Fish and game: a game theoretic approach to habitat selection by predators and prey. Journal of Fisheries Biology 45(Suppl. A):151-169.
43. Hunter, M. 1996. Benchmarks for managing ecosystems: are human activities natural? Conservation Biology 10:695-697.
44. Hutchinson, G. E. 1978. An introduction to population ecology. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
45. Hutchinson, G. E., and A. Wollack. 1940. Studies on Connecticut lake sediments. II. Chemical analyses from a core from Linsley Pond, North Branford. American Journal of Science 238:493-517.
46. Jones, C. G., and J. S. Lawton, editors. 1995. Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York.
47. Kitchell, J. F., and L. B. Crowder. 1986. Predator-prey interactions in Lake Michigan: model predictions and recent dynamics. Environmental Biology of Fishes 16:205-211.
48. Lawton, J. H., and C. G. Jones. 1995. Linking species and ecosystems. Pages 141-150 in C. G. Jones and J. H. Lawton, editors. Linking species and ecosystems. Chapman and Hall, New York.
49. Lee, K. N. 1993. Compass and gyroscope: integrating science and politics for the environment. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
50. Lélé, S., and R. B. Norgaard. 1996. Sustainability and the scientist's burden. Conservation Biology 10:354-365.
51. Leopold, A. 1924. Grass, brush, timber, and fire in southern Arizona. Journal of Forestry 22:1-10.
52. Leopold, A. 1941. Wilderness as a land laboratory. Living Wilderness 6:3.
53. Leopold, A. 1949. A Sand County almanac and sketches here and there. Oxford University Press, New York.
54. Likens, G. E., F. H. Bormann, N. M. Johnson, D. W. Fisher, and R. S. Pierce. 1970. Effects of forest cutting and herbicide treatment on nutrient budgets in the Hubbard Brooks watershed-ecosystem. Ecological Monographs 40:23-47.
55. Lindeman, R. L. 1942. The trophic-dynamic aspect of ecology. Ecology 23:399-418.
56. Lubchenco, J., et al. 1991. The Sustainable Biosphere Initiative: an ecological research agenda. Ecology 72:371-412.
57. Ludwig, D., R. Hilborn, and C. Walters. 1993. Uncertainty, resource exploitation, and conservation: lessons from history. Science 260:17, 36
58. Lutzenberger, J. 1996. Science, technology, economics, ethics, and environment. Pages 23-45 in J. B. Callicott and F. J. R. daRocha, editors. Earth Summit ethics: toward a reconstructive postmodern philosophy of environmental education. State University of New York Press, Albany, New York.
59. Martin, P. S. 1973. The discovery of America. Science 179:969-974.
60. Meffe, G. K. 1995. Genetic and ecological guidelines for species reintraduction programs: applications to Great Lakes fishes. Journal of Great Lakes Research 21(Suppl. 1):3-9.
61. Meine, C. 1992. Conservation biology and sustainable societies: a historical perspective. Pages 37-65 in M. Oelschlaeger, editor. After Earth Day. University of North Texas Press, Denton.
62. Menge, B. A., E. L. Berlow, C. A. Blanchette, S. A. Navarrete, and S. B. Yamada. 1994. The keystone species concept: a variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat. Ecological Monographs 64:249-286.
63. Michigan Department of Natural Resources 1994. Fisheries Division strategic plan. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing.
64. Moyle, P. B. 1989. Message from the president. Newsletter of the Introduced Fish Section, American Fisheries Society 9:1-2.
65. Naeem, S. 1998. Species redundancy and ecosystem reliability. Conservation Biology 12:39-45.
66. Norton, B. G. 1995. Ecological integrity and social values: at what scale? Ecosystem Health 1:228-241.
67. Noss, R. F. 1990a. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4:55-364.
68. Noss, R. F. 1990b. Can we maintain biological and ecological integrity? Conservation Biology 4:241-243.
69. Noss, R. F. 1990c. What can big wilderness do for biodiversity? Pages 49-61 in P. C. Reed, editor. Preparing to manage wilderness in the 21st century. U.S. Forest Service, Ashville, North Carolina.
70. Noss, R. F. 1995a. Ecological integrity and sustainability: buzzwords in conflict. Pages 60-76 in L. Westra and J. Lemons, editors. Perspectives on ecological integrity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. The Netherlands.
71. Noss, R. F. 19956. Maintaining ecological integrity in representative reserve networks. World Wildlife Fund-Canada, World Wildlife Fund-United States, Toronto and Washington, D.C.
72. Noss, R. F., and A. Y. Cooperrider. 1994. Saving nature's legacy: protecting and restoring biodiversity. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
73. Odum, E. P. 1968. Historical review of the concepts of energy in ecosystems. American Zoologist 8:11-18.
74. Odum, E. P. 1969. The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164:262-270.
75. O'Neill, R. V., D. L. DeAngelis, J. B. Waide, and T. F. H. Allen. 1986. A hierarchical concept of ecosystems. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
76. Paine, R. T. 1969. A note on trophic complexity and community stability. American Naturalist 103:91-93
77. Paine, R. T. 1995. A conversation on refining the concept of keystone species. Conservation Biology 9:962-964.
78. Peters, C. M., A. H. Gentry, and R. O. Mendelsohn. 1989. Valuation of an Amazonian rainforest. Nature 339:656-657.
79. Pickett, S. T. A., and R. S. Ostfeld. 1995. The shifting paradigm in ecology. Pages 261-277 in R. L. Knight and S. F. Bates, editors. A new century for natural resources management. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
80. Pickett, S. T. A., and P. S. White. 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, New York.
81. Polis, G. A., and K. O. Winemiller, editors. 1996. Food webs: integration of patterns and dynamics. Chapman and Hall, New York.
82. Power, M. E., et al. 1996. Challenges in the quest for keystones. BioScience 46:609-620.
83. Rapport, D. J. 1992. Defining the practice of clinical ecology. Pages 114-156 in R. Constanza, B. G. Norton, and B. D. Haskell, editors. Ecosystem health: new goals for environmental management. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
84. Rapport, D. J. 1995. Ecosystem health: more than a metaphor? Environmental Values 4:287-309.
85. Regier, H. A. 1992. Ecosystem integrity in the Great Lakes basin: an historical sketch of ideas and actions. Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Health 1:25-37.
86. Rolston, H. 1991. The wilderness idea reaffirmed. Environmental Professional 13:370-377.
87. Salwasser, H. 1990. Sustainability as a conservation paradigm. Conservation Biology 4:213-216.
88. Schindler, D. W. 1990. Experimental perturbations of whole lakes as tests of hypotheses concerning ecosystem structure and function. Oikos 57:25-41.
89. Schultz, E. D., and H. A. Mooney, editors. 1993. Biodiversity and ecosystem function. Springer-Verlag, New York.
90. Shrader-Frechette, K. S, and E. D. McCoy. 1993. Method in ecology: strategies for conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
91. Simpson. G. G. 1956. Horses: the story of the horse family in the modern world through six million years of evolution. Scribner, New York.
92. Society for Ecological Restoration. 1997. Strategic plan for the Society for Ecological Restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Madison, Wisconsin.
93. Soulé, M. 1985. What is conservation biology? Bioscience 35:727-734.
94. Soulé, M. 1990. The onslaught of alien species, and other challenges in coming decades. Conservation Biology 10:233-239.
95. Soulé, M. E. 1996. Are ecosystem processes enough? Wild Earth 6(1):59-60.
96. Stanley, T. R. 1995. Ecosystem management and the arrogance of humanism. Conservation Biology 9:255-262.
97. Tanner, H. A., M. H. Patriarche, and W. J. Mullendore. 1980. Shaping the world's finest freshwater fishery. Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Lansing.
98. Tody, W. H., and H. A. Tanner. 1966. Coho salmon for the Great Lakes. Fishery Management Report No. 1. Michigan Department of Conservation, Lansing.
99. Vandermeer, J., and I. Perfecto. 1997. The agroecosystem: a need for the conservation biologist's lens. Conservation Biology 11:591-592.
100. Vitousek, P. M. 1990. Biological invasions and ecosystem processes: towards an integration of population biology and ecosystem studies. Oikos 57:7-13.
101. Walker, B. H. 1992. Biological diversity and ecological redundancy. Conservation Biology 6:18-23.
102. Walters, C. J. 1986. Adaptive management of renewable resources. MacMillan Publishing, New York.
103. Waples, R. S. 1995. Evolutionarily significant units and the conservation of biological diversity under the Endangered Species Act. Pages 8-27 in J. L. Nielsen and D. A. Powers, editors. Evolution and the aquatic ecosystem: defining unique units in population conservation. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.
104. Westman, W. E. 1990. Park management of exotic species: problems and issues. Conservation Biology 4:251-260.
105. Westra, L., and J. Lemons, editors. 1995. Perspectives on ecological integrity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
106. Whitford, W. G. 1995. Desertification: implications and limitations of the ecosystem health metaphor. Pages 273-294 in D. J. Rapport, C. Gaudet, and P. Calow, editors. Evaluating and monitoring the health of large-scale ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany.
107. Whitmore, T. M., and B. L. Turner II. 1992. Landscapes of cultivation in Mesoamerica on the eve of the conquest. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82:402-425.
108. Whittaker, R. H., and G. M. Woodwell. 1972. Evolution of natural communities. Pages 137-159 in J. A. Wiens, editor. Ecosystem structure and function. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon.
109. Wicklum, D., and R. W. Davies. 1995. Ecosystem health and integrity? Canadian Journal of Botany 73:997-1000.
110. Williams, G. C. 1966. Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.
111. Wilson, E. O., editor. 1988. Biodiversity. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
112. Wilson, E. O. 1992. The diversity of life. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
113. Woodley, S. 1993. Monitoring and measuring ecosystem integrity in Canadian national parks. Pages 155-176 in S. Woodley, J. Kay, and G. Francis, editors. Ecological integrity and the management of ecosystems. St. Lucie Press. Delray Beach, Florida.
114. Woodley, S., J. Kay, and G. Francis, editors. 1993. Ecological integrity and the management of ecosystems. St. Lucie Press, Delray Beach, Florida.
115. World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Our common future. Oxford University Press, New York.
116. World Conservation Union/United Nations Environmental Program/The World Wide Fund for Nature. 1980. World conservation strategy: living resource conservation for sustainable development. Gland, Switzerland.
117. World Conservation Union/United Nations Environmental Program/The World Wide Fund for Nature. 1991. Caring for the earth: a strategy for sustainable living. Gland, Switzerland.