The child as vulnerable patient: Protection and empowerment

The Child As Vulnerable Patient: Protection and Empowerment

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-252

  Hagger, Lynn ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84900104796     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (368)

1. Marrin, M., 'You won't stop violent children now, minister', The Sunday Times, 17 February 2008 (http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/minette_marrin/article3382270.ece).
2. Alderson, P., Young Children's Rights: Exploring Beliefs, Principles and Practice, London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2008.
3. James, A., 'Responsibility, Children and Childhood', in Bridgeman, J., Keating, H. and Lind, C., (eds) Responsibility, Law and the Family, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2008.
4. Herring, J., 'The Human Rights Act 1998 and the welfare principle in family law - conflicting or complementary?' (1999) 11 Child and Family Law Quarterly at p. 233-43.
5. Brazier, M. and Cave, E., Medicine, Patients and the Law, (4th ed.), London, Penguin Books, 2007.
6. Harris, J., The Value of Life, London, Routledge, 1992
7. Fortin, J., Children's Rights and the Developing Law, (2nd ed.) London, Butterworths, 2003
8. Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 at 127.
9. Downie, R.S., Fyffe, C. and Tannehill, A., Health Promotion: Model and Values, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1990 at p. 3.
10. Hymas, J.L., 'Do Children Have Rights?' citing Cullen, S., Empowering Children, (1999) www.congcreator.com/ifcw99/cullen2.htm at www.nhsexposed.com/patients/child health/childrights.shtml.
11. Bridgeman, J., Parental Responsibility, Young Children and Healthcare Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007
12. Mason, J.K. and Laurie, G.T., Law and Medical Ethics, (7th ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006 at p. 28.
13. Gillon, R., Philosophical Medical Ethics, Chichester, Wiley Medical Publications, 1986
14. Hope, T., Savulescu, J. and Hendrick, J., Medical Ethics and Law: The Core Curriculum, (2nd ed.), Oxford, Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, 2008.
15. Rees-Mogg, W., 'Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill: whatever happened to the 'yuk' factor?', The Times, 24 March 2008.
16. Douglas, M., Purity and Danger: an analysis of the concepts of pollution and taboo, London, Routledge, 1991.
17. Nussbaum, M., 'Danger' to Human Dignity: the Revival of Disgust and Shame in the Law': http://chronicle.com/free/v50/i48/48b00601.htm.
18. Pattinson, S.D., Medical Law and Ethics, London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2006
19. Woods, S., Death's Dominion: Ethics at the End of Life, Berkshire, Open University Press: McGraw-Hill Education, 2007.
20. Chesney, M., Lindeke, L., Johnson L., Jukkala A., and Lynch, S., 'Comparison of child and parent satisfaction ratings of ambulatory pediatric subspecialty care' (2005) 19(4) Journal of Pediatric Health Care 221-9
21. Alderson, P., 'In the genes or in the stars?' (1992) 18(3) Journal of Medical Ethics at 119-124
22. Alderson, P., Children's Consent to Surgery, Buckingham, OUP, 1993
23. Eiser, C., 'Changes in understanding of illness as the child grows' (1985) 60 Archives of Disease in Childhood 489-492
24. Fielding, D. and Duff, A., 'Compliance with treatment protocol: interventions for children with chronic illness' (1999) 80 Archives of Disease in Childhood 196-200
25. Alderson, P. and Montgomery, J., 'What about me?' (1996) Health Service Journal April 22-24
26. Hammond, L., Children's Decisions in Health Care and Research, London, Institute of Education, 1993
27. Brook, G., 'Children's competency to consent: a framework for practice' (2000) 12(5) Paediatric Nursing 31
28. Curtis, K., Liabo, K., Roberts, H. and Barker, M., 'Consulted but not heard: a qualitative study of young people's views of their local health service' (2004) 7(2) Health Expectations 149-156
29. Sutcliffe, A., Alderson, P. and Curtis, K., Children as Partners in Their Diabetes Care, London, SSRU, Institute of Education, University of London, 2004: http://eppi.ioe.ac.uk/ssru_docs/DiabetesReportFinal.pdf
30. Elliott, E. and Watson, A., 'But the doctors aren't your mum', (1997) 30 Health Matters 8-9.
31. Alderson, P. and Montgomery, J., Health Care Choices: Making Decisions with Children, London, IPPR, 1996
32. de Bruxelles, S., 'Girl wins fight to turn down transplant', The Times, 11 November, 2008
33. Jackson, E., Medical Law: Texts, Cases and Materials, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006 at p. 247
34. Feinberg, J., 'Duties, Rights and Claims', (1966) 3(2) American Philosophical Quarterly p. 8.
35. Freeman, M., The Rights and Wrongs of Children (London: Pinter, 1983) at p. 54.
36. Laurie, G.T., Genetic Privacy: A Challenge to Medico-legal Norms, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004 at p. 194.
37. Beauchamp, T.L. and Childress, C.F., Principles of Biomedical Ethics, (5th ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001 at p. 177.
38. Dworkin, G., The Theory and Practice of Autonomy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988 at p. 6
39. Wolff, R.B., In Defense of Anarchism, New York, Harper & Row, 1970 at p. 14
40. Mulhall, S. and Swift, A., Liberals and Communitarians, (2nd ed.), Oxford, Blackwell, 1997.
41. Kymlicka, W., Contemporary Political Philosophy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002
42. Taylor, C., 'Shared and Divergent Values', in Watts, R. and Brown, D. (eds), Options for a New Canada, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1991 at p. 216.
43. Schlesinger, I.M., 'The wax and wane of Whorfian views' in The Influence of Language on Culture and Thought, Cooper, R.L. and Spolsky, B., (eds), New York, Mouton de Gruyter, 1991 at pp. 19-29.
44. MacCormick, N., Legal Right and Social Democracy: Essays in Legal and Political Theory, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1982.
45. O'Neill, O., 'Children's Rights and Children's Lives' in Alston, P., Parker, S. and Seymour, J., (eds) Children Rights and the Law, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1992 at pp. 38-9.
46. Bridgeman, J., Parental Responsibility, Young Children and Healthcare Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007
47. Fortin, J., Children's Rights and the Developing Law, (2nd ed.) London, Butterworths, 2003 at p. 8.
48. Eekelaar, J., Regulating Divorce, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1991 at p. 103.
49. Eekelaar, J., 'The Emergenceemergence of Children's Rights' (1982) 6 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies pp. 170-71.
50. Eekelaar, J., 'The Interests of the Child and the Child's Wishes: The Role of Dynamic Self-Determinism' (1994) 8 International Journal of Law and the Family p. 53.
51. Feinberg, J., 'The Child's Right to an Open Future' in Freedom and Fulfilment, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1992 at pp. 76-98
52. Rawls, A Theory of Justice, London, Oxford University Press, 1971 at p. 17.
53. Chapman, M., Constructive Evolution: Origins and Development of Piaget's Thought, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1988
54. Mandler, J.M., 'A new perspective on cognitive development in infancy', (1990) 78 American Scientist 236-43.
55. Woodward, A.L., Sommerville, J.A. and Guajardo, J.J., 'How infants make sense of intentional action' in Malle, B., Moses, L. and Baldwin, D., (eds) Intentions and Intentionality: Foundations of Social Cognition, Cambridge MA, MIT Press, 2001, pp. 149-69
56. Meltzoff, A.N., 'Origins of mind, cognition and communication' (1999) 32(4) Journal of Communication Disorders 251-69
57. Pinker, S., The Blank Slate: The Modern Denial of Human Nature, London, Penguin Books, 2002
58. Deary, I.J., Looking down on human intelligence: from psychophysics to the brain, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000
59. Roth, L.H., Meisel, A.A. and Lidz, C.W., 'Tests of competence to consent to treatment', (1977) 134 American Journal of Psychiatry 279-84.
60. Roth, L.H., Meisel, A.A. and Lidz, C.W., 'Cognitive Social Maturity, Life Change Events, and Health Risk Behaviors among Adolescents: Development of a Structural Equation Model', (2006) 13(2) Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings 111-20.
61. Peters, R.S., 'Freedom and the Development of the Free Man', in Education and the Development of Reason, Dearden, R.F., (ed.), London, Routledge and Kegan, 1972 at p. 130
62. Kinnersley P., Butler C., 'Context bound communication skills training: development of a new method', (2002) 36 Medical Education 377-83.
63. Pattinson, S.D., Medical Law and Ethics, London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2006 at pp. 137-9.
64. Bartlett, P., Blackstone's Guide to the Mental Capacity Act, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005 at pp. 94-5.
65. Bridge, C., 'Religious Beliefs and Teenage Refusal of Medical Treatment', (1999) 62(4) Modern Law Review 585-94 at p. 585.
66. Lowe, N. and Juss, S., 'Medical Treatment - Pragmatism and the Search for Principle', (1993) 56 Modern Law Review 865-72 at pp. 871-2
67. Savulescu, J., 'The Trouble with Do-Gooders: the Example of Suicide' (1997) 23 JME 108.
68. Sabine Michalowski, 'Court-authorised caesarean sections, the end of a trend?' (1999) The Modern Law Review 62, 115
69. Devereaux, J.A., Jones, D.P.H. and Dickenson, D.L., 'Can children withhold consent to treatment?', (1993) 306 British Medical Journal 1459-61.
70. Brazier, M. and Bridge, C., 'Coercion or caring: Analysing adolescent autonomy' (1996) 16 Legal Studies 84 at p. 88
71. Kennedy, I., 'Consent to Treatment: The Capable Person' in Dyer, C. (ed.), Doctors, Patients and the Law, Oxford, Blackwell, 1992, 44-71 at pp. 60-1.
72. Harris, J., 'Consent and End-of-Life decisions', (2003) 29 Journal of Medical Ethics p. 12.
73. Mason, J.K. and Laurie, G.T., Law and Medical Ethics, (7th ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006 at pp. 369-70
74. Harris, J., The Value of Life, London, Routledge, 1985 at pp. 195-205.
75. Bainham, A., 'The Judge and the Competent Minor', (1992) 108 Law Quarterly Review 194-200.
76. Hagger, L., 'Some implications of the Human Rights Act 1998 for the medical treatment of children' (2003) 6 Medical Law International 25-51.
77. Feldman, D., Civil Liberties and Human Rights in England and Wales, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002 at p. 131.
78. J. Velu, 'The European Convention on Human Rights and Right to Respect for Private Life, the Home and Communications' in A. H. Robertson (ed.), Privacy and Human Rights (Manchester, Manchester University Press, 1973) p. 92.
79. Fortin, J., 'Accommodating children's rights in a post Human Rights Act era' (2006) 69(3) Modern Law Review 299-326.
80. R (Axon) v Secretary of State for Health (Family Planning Association intervening) [2006] EWHC 37 (Admin).
81. Wicks, E., Human Rights and Healthcare, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2007 at p. 114.
82. Mercurio, M.R., 'An Adolescent's Refusal of Treatment: Implications of the Abraham Cheerix Case', (2007) 120(6) Pediatrics 1357-1358.
83. Rosenbaum, P., 'Children's quality of life: separating the person from the disorder', (2008) 93(2) Archives of Disease in Childhood 100-101
84. Morrow, A.M., Quine, S., Loughlin, E.V.O. and Craig, J.C., 'Different priorities: a comparison of parents' and health professionals' perceptions of quality of life in quadriplegic cerebral palsy', (2008) 93 Archives of Disease in Childhood 119-25
85. Elliston, S., 'If You Know What's Good for You: Refusal of Consent to Medical Treatment by Children' in McLean, S.M., (ed.) Contemporary Issues in Law, Medicine and Ethics, Aldershot, Dartmouth, 1997.
86. James, A. and James, A.L., Constructing Childhood: Theory, Policy and Social Practice, Basingstoke, Palgrave: Macmillan, 2004
87. Carnegie United Kingdom Trust (2002) Measuring the Magic? Evaluating and Researching Young People's Participation in Public Decision-making at p. 2
88. Yates, M. and Jouniss, J., (eds) Roots of Civic Identity: International Perspectives on Community Service and Activism in Youth, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998
89. Pattinson, S.D., Medical Law and Ethics, London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2006 at p. 165.
90. Pattinson, S.D., The Private Worlds of Dying Children, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1978
91. Re J (a minor) (medical treatment) [1992] 2 FLR 165.
92. Reece, R., 'The Paramountcy Principle: Consensus of Construct?', (1996) 49 Current Legal Problems 267 at p. 303.
93. James, A., 'Responsibility, Children and Childhood', in Bridgeman, J., Keating, H. and Lind, C., (eds) Responsibility, Law and the Family, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2008.
94. Shakespeare, T.W., Disability Rights and Wrongs, London, Routledge, 2006
95. Fox, M. and McHale, J., 'In Whose Bestbest Interests?', (1997) 60 MLR 700-709.
96. Hutson, J.M., 'Circumcision: A Surgeon's Perspective' (2003) 30 Journal of Medical Ethics 238-240
97. Rickwood, A.K.M., 'British Attitudes to Circumcision in Paediatric Urology' in O'Donnell, B. and Koff, S.A., (eds), Pediatric Urology, Oxford, Butterworth Heineman, 1997
98. Baker, D., 'The unkindest cut of all?', The Times, 24 March 2008
99. Fox, M. and Thomson, M., 'Short Changed? The Law and Ethics of Male Circumcision', (2005) 13 International Journal of Children's Rights 161-81
100. GMC, Personal beliefs and Medical Practice, 2008
101. Edge, P.W., 'Male circumcision after the Human Rights Act 1998' (2000) 5(3) Journal of Civil Liberties 320-37
102. Hinchley, G., and Patrick, K., 'Is infant male circumcision an abuse of the rights of the child?' (2007) 335 BMJ 1180-1.
103. Re J (specific issues orders: muslim upbringing and circumcision) [1999] 2 FLR 678 at 690.
104. Goodwin, W.E., 'Uncircumcision: a technique for plastic reconstruction of a prepuce after circumcision' (1990) 144 Journal of Urology 1203-5
105. Feenan, D., 'A good harvest? Re Y (mental incapacity): bone marrow transplants' (1997) 9 CFLQ 305.
106. Gibb, F., 'Should the Court of Appeal allow Katy Thorpe's womb to be removed?', The Times, 18 October 2007.
107. Bainham, A., 'Do Babies Havehave Rights?' (1997) 56 Cambridge Law Journal 48-50
108. Michalowski, S., 'Is it in the Best Interests of a Child to have a Life-saving Transplantation?' (1997) 9 Child and Family Law Quarterly 179-89.
109. Bridgeman, J., Parental Responsibility, Young Children and Healthcare Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007 at pp. 137-42.
110. Templeton, S.K., 'Carers sought for baby Charlotte as parents part', The Times, 15 October, 2006.
111. Asch, A., 'Distracted by Disability' (1998) 7 Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 77-87.
112. Jonas, M., 'The baby MB case: medical decision making in the context of uncertain infant suffering', (2007) 33 Journal of Medical Ethics 541-4.
113. Macaskill, M., 'Parents of ill vegan girl may face police', The Sunday Times, 8 June 2008
114. Freeman, M., The Rights and Wrongs of Children, London, Pinter, 1983 at p. 57.
115. James, A. and James, A.L., Constructing Childhood: Theory, Policy and Social Practice, Basingstoke, Palgrave: Macmillan, 2004
116. Alderson, P. and Montgomery, J., Health Care Choices: Making Decisions with Children, London, IPPR, 1996.
117. British Institute for Human Rights, The Human Rights Act: Changing Lives, 2007
118. Harris, J., 'Law and Regulation of Retained Organs: the Ethical Issues', (2002) 22 Legal Studies 527
119. Brazier, M., 'Retained Organs: Ethics and Humanity', (2002) 22 Legal Studies 550.
120. Brazier, M. and Cave, E., Medicine, Patients and the Law, (4th ed.) London, Penguin Books, 2007 at p. 474.
121. Brazier, M., Medicine, Patients and the Law, (3rd ed.) London, Penguin Books, 2003 at p. 470
122. Brazier, M., 'Retained organs: Ethics and Humanity', (2002) 22(4) Legal Studies 550-69 at p. 556
123. Mason, J.K. and Laurie, G.T., Law and Medical Ethics, (7th ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006 at p. 494.
124. Rubinstein, H., 'If I Am Only for Myself, What Am I? A Communitarian Look at the Privacy Stalemate', (1999) 25 American Journal of Law and Medicine 203-32
125. Herring, J., Medical Law and Ethics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, 1999 at p. 192.
126. British Medical Association (BMA), Medical Ethics Today, London, BMJ, 2004 at p. 165.
127. Beauchamp, T.L. and Childress, J.F., Principles of Biomedical Ethics, (5th ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 307-10.
128. O'Brien, J. and Chantler, C., 'Confidentiality and the Duty of Care' (2003) 23 Journal of Medical Ethics 36-40.
129. Mason, J.K. and Laurie, G.T., Law and Medical Ethics, (7th ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, at p. 177
130. Herring, J., Medical Law and Ethics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006 at pp. 193-4
131. Hawkes, N., 'Four out of five doctors believe patient database will be at risk,' The Times, 31 December 2007.
132. Pattinson, S.D., Medical Law and Ethics, London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2006 at p. 191
133. DoH, The Protection and Use of Patient Information 1996
134. DoH, Confidentiality and Disclosure of Information: General Medical Services, Personal Medical Services and Alternative Provider Medical Services Code of Practice, 2004.
135. Beyleveld, D. and Histed, E., 'Case Commentary: Anonymisation is Not Exoneration', (1999) 4 Medical Law International 69-80
136. Beyleveld, D. and Histed, E., 'Betrayal of Confidence in the Court of Appeal', (2000) 4 Medical Law International, 277-311
137. Beyleveld, D., 'The Duty to Provide Information to the Data Subject: Articles 10 and 11 of Directive 95/46/EC', in Beyleveld, D., Townend, D., Rouillé-Mirza, S. and Wright, J., (eds), The Data Protection Directive and Medical Research Across Europe, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2004
138. Mason, J.K. and Laurie, G.T., Law and Medical Ethics, (7th ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006
139. Butler-Sloss L.J. Re C (a minor) (Wardship: medical treatment)(No 2) [1989]
140. R. Taylor, 'Reversing the retreat from Gillick? R (Axon) v Secretary of State for Health' [2007] CFLQ 81.
141. Anthony, S., 'Child Care Matters: the GMC's new guidance on roles and responsibilities towards treating young people is relevant to all doctors', (2006) 16(1) Medical Protection Society Casebook 7.
142. Wilson, K. and James, A. (eds), The Child Protection Handbook: the practitioner's guide to safeguarding children, (3rd ed.), Philadelphia, Bailliēre Tindall Elsevier, 2007 at p. 396.
143. Brazier, M., Medicine, Patients and the Law, London, Penguin, 2003 at p. 70.
144. Laurie, G., Genetic Privacy: A Challenge to Medico-legal Norms, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004 at p. 228.
145. British Psychological Society, Guidelines on Confidentiality and Record Keeping, 2002 at p. 4.
146. Kennedy, I. and Grubb, A., Medical Law, (3rd ed.) London, Butterworths, 2000, 1100-101.
147. R (A) v Chief Constable of C [2001] 1 WLR 461
148. DoH, The National Health Service Litigation Authority: Framework Document, 2002, Chapter 8.
149. Re S (a child) (identification: restriction on publication) [2004] 4 All ER 683.
150. RCPCH, The Physical Signs of Child Sexual Abuse: An Evidence-based Review and Guidance for Best Practice, 2008
151. Rose, D., 'Doctors "must be alert to signs of child abuse"' The Times, 19 March 2008
152. Williams, C., 'Bearing Good Witness: The Reluctant Experts' [2008] Fam Law 153-8
153. Keeping Children Safe: The Government's Response to the Victoria Climbiė Inquiry Report and Joint Chief Inspectors' Report Safeguarding Children, Cm 5861, Crown Copyright, 2003.
154. Wheeler D.M. and Hobbs, C.J., 'Mistakes in Diagnosing Non-Accidental Injury: 10 Years' Experience', (1988) 296 BMJ 1233
155. Bishop, N., Sprigg, A. and Dalton, A., 'Unexplained fractures in infancy: looking for fragile bones', (2007) 92 Archives of Diseases in Childhood 251-6.
156. M. Henderson, 'Life saving research is blocked by overzealous data privacy', The Times, 18 January 2006
157. Hagger, L., Woods, S. and Barrow, B., 'Autonomy and Audit-Striking the Balance', (2004) 6 Medical Law International 105-16
158. Oberklaid, F., 'Consent to publication-no absolutes', (2008)337 BMJ 608
159. Newson, A.J. and Sheather, J., 'The view of the BMJ's Ethic Committee', (2008) 337 BMJ 610-11.
160. Peto, J., 'Data Protection, Informed Consent and Research' (2004) 328 BMJ 1029.
161. Montgomery, J., Healthcare Law, (2nd ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002 at p. 277.
162. Data Protection Working Group, Working Document on Genetic Data, 2004, pp. 8-9
163. Mason, J.K. and Laurie, G.T., Law and Medical Ethics, (7th ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, at p. 276
164. Skene, L., 'Genetic Secrets and the Family: A Response to Bell and Bennett', (2001) 9(2) Medical Law Review 162-9
165. Ball, D. and Bennett, B., 'Genetic Secrets and the Family', (2001) 9(2) Medical Law Review 130-61.
166. Budworth, D., 'Insurers Postpone Genetic Testing', The Times, 14 June, 2008
167. Gostin, L. and Hodge, J., 'Genetic privacy and the law: an end to genetic exceptionalism', (1999) 40 Jurimentrics 21
168. Herring, J., Medical Law and Ethics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006 at p. 178.
169. L. Skene, 'Patients' Rights or Family Responsibilities? Two Approaches to Genetic Testing' (1998) 6 Medical Law Review 1-41 at p. 10.
170. National Health and Medical Research Council, Ethical Aspects of Human Genetic Testing: An Information Paper, Australian Government Publishing Service, 2000.
171. Gilbar, R., 'Medical Confidentiality Within the Family: the Doctor's Duty Reconsidered' (2004) 18(2) International Journal of Law Policy and the Family 195-213 at p. 197.
172. Mulhall, S. and Swift, A., Liberals and Communitarians, (2nd ed.), Oxford, Blackwell, 1997.
173. Woods, S., Death's Dominion: Ethics at the End of Life, Berkshire, Open University Press: McGraw-Hill Education, 2007 at p. 92.
174. Rawls, J., A Theory of Justice, London, Oxford University Press, 1971.
175. MacIntyre, A., After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, London, Duckworth, 1981.
176. Kymlicka, W., Contemporary Political Philosophy (2nd ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2002
177. Taylor, C., Philosophy and the Human Sciences: Philosophical Papers, vol. ii, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1985 at pp. 190-1
178. Raz, J., The Morality of Freedom, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1986 at p. 162.
179. Sullivan, W., Reconstructing Public Philosophy, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1982 at p. 158.
180. O'Neill, O., Autonomy and Trust in Bioethics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
181. Gilligan, C., In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1982 at p. 238.
182. Sevenhuijsen, S., Citizenship and the Ethics of Care: Feminist Considerations on Justice, Morality and Politics, London, Routledge, 1998.
183. Anti-Cancer Council of Victoria, Cancer Genetics ethicsEthics Committee, Ethics and Familial Cancers: Including Guidelines on Ethical Aspects of Risk Assessment, Genetic Testing and Genetic Registers, 1997.
184. Human Genetics Commission, Inside Information: Balancing Interests in the Use of Personal Genetic Data 2002
185. Laurie, G.T., 'The Most Personal Information of All: An Appraisal of Genetic Privacy in the Shadow of the Human Genome Project', (1996) 10 International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family 74 at p. 91.
186. British Medical Association, Medical Ethics Today, London, BMJ, 2004 at pp. 315-17.
187. A London Borough Council v Mr & Mrs N [2005] EWHC 1676.
188. YL v Birmingham City Council and others (Secretary of State for Constitutional Affairs intervening) [2008] 95.
189. Patenaude, A.F., 'Pediatric Psychology Training and Genetics: What will Twenty First Century Pediatric Psychologists Need to Know?' (2003) 28(1) Journal of Pediatric Psychology 135-45.
190. Lord Irvine of Craig, 'The Patient, the Doctor,doctor, their Lawyerslawyers and the Judge: Bights and Duties', (1111) 7 Medical Law Review 255.
191. Jones, M. and Morris, A., 'Defensive Medicine: Myths and Facts', (1181) 5 Journal of the Medical Defence Union 40.
192. Jones, M., Medical Negligence, London, Sweet and Maxwell, 1116 at pp. 6-7.
193. Deakin, S., Johnston, A. and Markesinis, B., Tort Law, (5th ed.) Oxford, Clarendon Press, 2003 at pp. 324-5
194. Healthcare Commission, The Annual Health Check, 2006-2007: a national overview of the performance of NHS trusts in England, October 2007.
195. Department of healthHealth (DoH), Making Amends: A Consultation Paper Setting Out Proposals for Reforming the Approach to Clinical Negligence in the NHS, (2003) at p. 75.
196. Morris, A., 'Spiralling or Stabilizing? The Compensation Culture and OurOur Propensity to Claim Damages for Personal Injury', (2007) 70(3) Modern Law Review 341-78
197. Tallis, B., Hippocratic Oaths: Medicine and Its Discontents, London, Atlantic Books, 2004.
198. National Audit Office, Handling Clinical Negligence Claims in England, HC 403, Session 2000-2001, 3 May 2001.
199. Brazier, M., Medicine, Patients and the Law (3rd ed.), London, Penguin Books, 2003 at pp. 175-6.
200. Herring, J., Medical Law and Ethics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006 at pp. 64-6.
201. Montgomery, J., Healthcare Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2003 at p. 200.
202. Witting, C., 'National Health Service Rationing: Implications for the Standard of Care in Negligence' (2001) 21(3) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 443-71.
203. Mason, J.K. and Laurie, G.T., Law and Medical Ethics (7th ed.), Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006 at pp. 344-77.
204. Ferner, B.Z., 'Medication errors that have led to manslaughter charges' (2000) 321(7270) BMJ 1212-16.
205. Making Experiences Count: the proposed new arrangements for handling health and social care complaints - response to consultation, 2008.
206. Vincent, C., Neale, G. and Woloshynowych, M., 'Adverse'Adverse events in Britishbritish hospitals: preliminary retrospective record review', (2001) 322 BMJ 517-11.
207. National Audit Office, A Safer Place for Patients: Learning to Improve Patient Safety, 2005
208. Kennedy, I.M., 'The Fiduciary Belationshiprelationship - Doctorsdoctors and Patients', in Birks,birks, P. (ed.), Wrongs and Remedies in the Twenty First Century, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1116.
209. Pattinson, S.D., Medical Law and Ethics, London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2006 at pp. 67-8.
210. Law Commission, Report on Liability for Psychiatric Illness, No. 241, London, HMSO, 1118.
211. Steele, J., Tort Law: Text, Cases and Materials, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007 at pp. 311-421.
212. Jones, M., 'Child Abuse: when the professionals get it wrong', (2006) 14(2) Medical Law Review 264-76.
213. Stevenson, F.A., Kerr, C., Murray, E. and Nazareth, I., 'Information from the Internet and the doctor-patient relationship: the patient perspective - a qualitative study', (2007) 8 BMC Family Practice 47
214. Helft, P.B., Hlubocky, F. and Daugherty, C.K., 'American Oncologists' Views of Internet Use by Cancer Patients: A Mail Survey of American Society of Clinical Oncology Members', (2003) 21(5) Journal of Clinical Oncology 142-7.
215. Brazier, M. and Miola, J., 'Bye-Bye Bolam: {replacement character}{replacement character} Medical Litigation Bevolution?', (2000) 8(1) Medical Law Review 85-114.
216. McLean, A., 'Beyond Bolam and Bolitho', (2001) 5 Medical Law International 205-30.
217. DoH, A Policy Framework for Commissioning Cancer Services: A Report by the Expert Advisory Group on Cancer to the Chief Medical Officers of England and Wales (Calman Hine Beport), 1115.
218. National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services, DoH, 2004
219. Sheldon, T.A., Cullen, N., Dawson, D., Lanksher, A., Lowson, K. and Watt, I., 'What is the Zvidence that NICZ Guidance has been Implemented? Results from a National Zvaluation Using Time Series Analysis, Audit of Patients' Notes and Interviews', (2004) 321 British Medical Journal 999
220. Syrett, K., 'Nice Work? Rationing, Beviewreview and the 'Legitimacy Problem' in the New NHS', (2002) 10 Medical Law Review 1-27.
221. Tingle, J. and Foster, C., (eds), Guidelines: Law, Policy and Practice, London, Cavendish, 2002.
222. Samanta, A., Mello, M.M., Foster, C., Tingle, J. and Samanta, J., 'The roleBole of Clinical Guidelines in Medical Negligence Litigation: A Shift from the Bolam Standard?', (2006) 14 Medical Law Review 321-66.
223. Hurwitz, B., 'How Does Evidence Based Guidance Influence Determinations of Medical Negligence?', (2004) 321 British Medical Journal 1024.
224. Lord Woolf, 'Are the Courts Excessively Deferential to the Medical Profession?', (2001) 1 Medical Law Review 1.
225. Stapleton, J., 'The gist of negligence: Part 2 the relationship between "damage" and causation', (1188) Law Quarterly Review 381.
226. Burrows, A., 'Uncertainty about uncertainty: damages for loss of a chance' (2008) 1 Journal of Personal Injury Law 31-43.
227. Meyers, D., 'Chester' v Afshar: Sayonara, Sub Silentio, Sidaway?'
228. Jackson, Z., '"Informed Consent" to Medical Treatment and the Impotence of Tort', in McLean, S.M.A. (ed.), First Do No Harm, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2003, 255-71.
229. Green, S., 'Coherence of Medical Negligencenegligence Cases: A Game of doctorsDoctors and Purses', (2006) 14 Med L Rev 1.
230. Wicks, E., Human Rights and Healthcare, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2007, at pp. 41-50.
231. O'neill, O., 'Some Limitslimits of Informedinformed Consent', (2003) 21 Journal of Medical Ethics 4-7.
232. Teff, H., 'Products Liability' in Grubb, A., (ed.) Principles of Medical Law,
233. Pattinson, supra, at n. 62
234. Pattinson, supra, at n. 62 at pp. 88-1
235. Wicks, supra, n. 181
236. Harris, J., 'The Injusticeinjustice of compensation for victims of medical accidents', (1117) 314 British Medical Journal 1821 so that the victim only receives treatment for their condition. 221
237. Bridgeman, J., Children and Healthcare Law, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2007 at pp. 204-14.
238. Mullender, B., 'Negligence law and blame culture: a critical response to a possible problem', (2006) 22 Professional Negligence 1-17 where he considers that the evidence that there actually is a blame culture is equivocal.
239. McLean, S. and Mason, J.K., Legal and Ethical Aspects of Healthcare, London, Cambridge University Press, 2003 at p. 124.
240. Jackson, A., 'Wrongful Life and Wrongful Birth', (1116) 17 Journal of Legal Medicine 341-81
241. Kennedy, I. and Grubb, A., Medical Law, London, Butterworths, 2000 at pp. 1551-2.
242. Morris, A. and Saintier, S., 'To Be Or Not To Be: Is That The Question? Wrongful Life and Misconceptions', (2003) 11(3) Medical Law Review 167-13.
243. Parfit, D., Reasons and Persons, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1184
244. Feinberg, J., The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law. Volume 1: Harm to Others, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1184 at p. 102.
245. Harris, J., Clones, Genes and Immortality: Ethics and the Genetic Revolution, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1118 at p. 101.
246. Hoyano, L., 'Misconceptions about wrongful conceptions', (2002) 65 Modern Law Review 883
247. Cane, P., 'Taking Disagreement Seriously: Courts, Legislatures and the Beform of Tort Law', (2005) 25 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 313.
248. Cane, P., 'The Doctor, the Stork and the Court: A Modern Morality Play', (2004) 120 Law Quarterly Review 23-6.
249. Glancy, R., 'Damages for Wrongful Birth: Where Dodo They End?', (2006) 3 Journal of Personal Injury Law 271-1.
250. Pattinson, S.D., Medical Law and Ethics, London, Sweet and Maxwell, 2006
251. Webb, E., 'Discrimination against children', (2004) 81 Archives of Disease in Childhood 804-8.
252. Henderson, M., 'Over-protective bureaucracy "is denying patients the benefits of clinical trials"', The Times, 17 October, 2008.
253. Edwards, S. 'The ethical concerns regarding guidelines for the conduct of clinical research on children' 31 (6) Journal of Medical Ethics 351.
254. www.wma.net
255. Marshman, Z., Gibson, B.J., Owens, J., Bod, H.D., Mazey, H., Baker, S.B., Benson, P.Z. and Bobinson, P.G., 'Seen but not heard: a systematic review of the place of the child in 21st Century dental research' (2007) 17 International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 320-27.
256. Cherrill, J., Hudson, H., Cocking, C., Unsworth, V., Franck, L., McIntyre, J. and Choonara, I., 'Clinical trials: the viewpoint of children', (2007) 12 Archives of Diseases in Childhood 712-13.
257. Wolthers, O.D., 'Aquestionnaire on factors influencing children's assent and dissent to non-therapeutic research', (2006) 32 J Med Ethics 212-7.
258. Medical Besearchresearch Council, MRC Ethics Guide: Medical Research Involving Children, 2004 (last accessed at: http://www.mrc.ac.uk/Utilities/Documentrecord/index.htm?d=MBC002430.
259. 'Children in research: a risk of double jeopardy?', The Times, 21 August 2004.
260. Permanand, G., Mossialos, E. and McKee, M., 'The EU's new paediatric medicines legislation: serving children's needs?', (2007) 12 Archives of Diseases in Childhood 808-11.
261. Annas, G. and Grodin, M., (eds), The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code, Human Rights in Human Experimentation, New York, Oxford University Press, 1112.
262. Plomer, A., The Law and Ethics of Medical Research: International Bioethics and Human Rights, London, Cavendish Publishing, 2004 at pp. 3-4.
263. Henderson, B.A., Consent, Choice and Children in Research, University of Newcastle, 2008.
264. James, A. and James, A.L., Constructing Childhood: Theory, Policy and Social Practice, Basingstoke, Palgrave: Macmillan, 2004.
265. NHS Zxecutive, West Midlands Regional Office Report of a Review of the Research Framework in North Staffordshire Hospital NHS Trust (http://www.doh.gov.uk/wmro/nrthstaffs.htm)
266. Editorial, 'Babies and Consent: Yet Another NHS Scandal', (2000) 211 British Medical Journal 1253.
267. Beyleveld, D. and Brownsword, R., Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001.
268. Muntoni, F., 'Are we any further in the treatment of muscular dystrophies?' (2007) 17 (1-10) Neuromuscular Disorders 818.
269. Hagger, L. and Woods, S., 'Childrens., in Besearch: a Bisk of Double Jeopardy' (2005) 13 International Journal of Children's Rights 47-68.
270. Haimes, E. and Whong-Barr, M., 'Levels and styles of participation in genetic databases: a case study of the North Cumbria Genetics Project' in B. Tutton and O. Corrigan (eds), Genetic Databases: socio-ethical issues in the collection and use of DNA, London, Boutledge, 2004
271. Haimes, E. and Whong-Barr, M., 'Key issues in genetic epidemiology: lessons from a UK based empirical study', (2004) 8 TRAMES 105-63.
272. Chadwick, R. and Berg, K., 'Solidarity and equity: new ethical framework for genetic databases' (2001) 2 Nature Review Genetics 318-21.
273. Harris, J. and Woods, S., 'What are the responsibilities of the individual when participating in medical research?' in Doyal, L. and Tobias, J., (eds), Informed Consent in Medical Research, BMJ Books, 2000 at pp. 286-12.
274. Caplan, A.L., 'Is there a duty to serve as a subject in biomedical research?' (1184) 6(5) IRB: Ethics and Health Research 1-5.
275. Bawls, J., A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1171
276. MacKillop, W.J. and Johnson, P.A., 'Ethical problems in Clinical Besearch: the Need for Empirical Studies of the Clinical Trials Process', (1186) 31(3) Journal of Chronic Diseases 177-88.
277. www.nhs.uk/Coices/Pages/Aboutpatientchoice.aspx.
278. Plomer, A., 'Participation of Children in Clinical Trials: UK, Europe and International Perspectives on Consent', (2000) 5(1) Medical Law International 1-24.
279. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf
280. Hervey, T.K. and McHale, J.V., Health Law and the European Union, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2004, at pp. 63-7.
281. Badcott, D. and Wingfield, J., 'Access to experimental drugs: legal and ethical issues of paternalism', (2008) 280 The Pharmaceutical Journal 86-7.
282. Kennedy, I. and Grubb, A., Medical Law, London, Butterworths, 2000 at p. 1718.
283. Fox, M. and McHale, J., 'In Whose bestBest interests?'Interests?' (1117) 60 Medical Law Review 700-701.
284. Lewis, P., 'Procedures that are Against the Medical Interest of Incompetent Adults' (2002) 22(4) Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 575-618.
285. http://www.nres.npsa.nhs.uk/rec-community/guidance/#InformedConsent.
286. Freedman, B., Fuks, A. and Wijer, C., 'In loco parentis: Minimal Bisk as an Zthical Threshold for Besearch upon Children' in Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Clinical Research: Readings and Commentary
287. Zmanuel, Z.J., Crouch, B.A., Arras, J.D., Moreno, J.D. and Grady, C., (eds), Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press, 2004, 247-52.
288. Bartlett, P., Blackstone's Guide to the Mental Capacity Act, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005 at pp. 14-5.
289. Hunter, D. and Pierscionek, B.K., 'Children, Gillick competency and consent for involvement in research' (2007) 33(11) Journal of Medical Ethics 651-62.
290. Wendler, D.S., 'Assent in paediatric research: theoretical and practical considerations', (2006) 32 Journal of Medical Ethics 221-34.
291. Brazier, M., Medicine, Patients and the Law, London, Penguin, 2003.
292. Hagger, L., 'Foundation Trusts and Children's Participation: Some New Opportunities?', (2007) (8) 4 Medical Law International 325-48.
293. Hagger, L., 'Some Implicationsimplications of the Humanhuman Bightsrights Act 1118 for the Medical Treatment of Children' (2003) 6 Medical Law International 25-51.
294. Hill, M., Davis, J., Prout, A. and Tisdall, K., 'Moving the Participation Agenda Forward' (2004) 18 Children and Society 77-16.
295. Moyes, W., 'The kids are alright, but are they ready to be governors?' 31 August 2006
296. W. Moyes, Executive Chairman of Monitor, Foundation Trusts' regulatory body, to the author.
297. Daniels, N. and Sabin, J., 'Limits to health care: fair procedures, democratic deliberation, and the legitimacy problem for insurers.' (1117) 26(4) Philosophy and Public Affairs 303-50
298. Doyal, L., 'Bationing within the NHS should be explicit: The case for.' 314 BMJ 1114-18.
299. Ham, C., 'Priority setting in the NHS: Beportsreports from six districts' (1113) 307 (6101) BMJ 435-8.
300. Mullen, P.M., 'Public involvement in health care priority setting: are the methods appropriate and valid?' in Coulter, A. and Ham, C., (eds) The Global Challenge of Health Care Rationing, Buckingham, Philadelphia, Open University Press, 2000.
301. Syrett, K., 'Nice Work? Brationing, Review and the 'Legitimacy Problem' in the New NHS' (2002) 10 Medical Law Review 1-27.
302. DoH (2006): www.dh.gov.uk/PolicyAndGuidance/PatientChoice/fs/en.
303. Daniels, N., 'Accountability for Reasonableness in Private and Public Healthhealth Insurance' in Coulter and Ham.
304. Jasanoff, S., 'Breaking the waves in science studies: comment on Collind, H.M. and Evans, B., "The Third Wave of Science Studies"' (2003) 33 Social Studies of Science 381-400.
305. Hope, A., 'Besource allocation decision-making: reasons and process', UK Clinical Ethics Network 5th Annual Conference, May 2005.
306. Hurst, S., 'The views of primary care physicians on ethical issues in resource allocation: A Zuropean Comparison' UK Clinical Ethics Network 5th Annual Conference, 2005.
307. Newdick, C., Who Should We Treat? Rights, Rationing and Resources in the NHS, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2005, at pp. 42-3.
308. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/alice_miles/article2388130.ece.
309. Chesney, M., Lindeke, L., Johnson, L., Jukkala, A. and Lynch, S., 'Comparison of child and parent satisfaction ratings of ambulatory pediatric subspeciality care' (2005) 11(4) Journal of Pediatric Health Care 221-1.
310. Curtis, K., Liabo, K., Boberts, H. and Barker, M., 'Consulted but not heard: a qualitative study of young people's views of their local health service.' (2004) 7(2) Health Expectations 141-156.
311. Elliott, E. and Watson, A., 'But the doctors aren't your mum' (1117) 30 Health Matters 8-1.
312. Meade, J.A., Lumley, M.A. and Casey, R.J., 'Stress, emotional skill and illnesses in children: The importance of distinguishing between children's and parents' report of illness' (2001) 42(3) Journal of Psychology and Psychiatry 405-12
313. Meade, J.A., Lumley, M.A. and Casey, R.J., (2003) Mind the Gap: Healthy Futures for Young People in Hounslow, University of the West of Zngland and Hounslow Community Health Council, respectively.
314. Piron, L., 'Rights-based Approaches and Bilateral Aid Agencies: More than a Metaphor?' (2005) 36(1) IDS Bulletin, 11.
315. Tobin, J., 'Beyond the Supermarket Shelf: Usingusing a Rights Based Approach to Address Children's Health Needs' 14 (2006) The International Journal of Children's Rights 275-306.
316. Badham, B., 'Participation - for a Change: Disableddisabled Youngyoung People Leadlead the Way' (2004) 18 Children and Society 143-154.
317. Eiser, C., 'Changes in understanding of illness as the child grows' (1185) 60 Archives of Disease in Childhood 481-12
318. Fielding, D. and Duff, A., 'Compliance with treatment protocol: interventions for children with chronic illness' 80 Archives of Disease in Childhood 116-200
319. Alderson, P. and Montgomery, J., 'What about me?' (1116) Health Service Journal 22-4.
320. James, A. and James, A.L., Constructing Childhood: Theory, Policy and Social Practice, Basingstoke, Palgrave: Macmillan, 2004.
321. Feinberg, J., 'The Child's rightBight to an Open Future' reprintedBeprinted in Feinberg, J., Freedom and Fulfillment: Philosophical Essays, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1112, at pp. 76-18.
322. http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/crc/doc/past.htm;
323. Fortin, J., Children's Rights and the Developing Law, (2nd ed.), London, Lexis-Nexis, 2003, Chapter 2.
324. Fortin, J., 'Accommodating Children's Bightsrights in a Post humanHuman rightsBights Act Era' (2006) 61(3) Modern Law Review 211-326.
325. Brook, G., 'Children's competency to consent: a framework for practice' (2000) 12 Paediatric Nursing No. 5, 31
326. Alderson, P. and Montgomery, J., Health Care Choices: Making Decisions with Children, London, IPPB, 1116.
327. http://www.bma.org.uk/ap.nsf/Content/consenttk2.
328. Kant (1148) Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals: translated by Paton, H.J., as The Moral Law, London, Boutledge, 1148, at pp. 83-4.
329. Beyleveld, D. and Brownsword, B., Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw, Oxford University Press, 2001.
330. Beyleveld, D. and Brownsword, B., Human Dignity in Bioethics and Biolaw, Oxford University Press, 2001, 86.
331. Williams, J., 'Incorporating'incorporating children's rights: the divergence in law and policy' (2007) 27(2) Legal Studies 261-87.
332. http://www.ycni.org/downloads/publications/takingtheinitiative.pdf.
333. Hart, B., From Tokenism to Citizenship, Florence, UNICZF Innocenti Besearch Centre, 1112.
334. http://cypi.carnegieuktrust.org.uk/cypi/news_and_events?from=14.
335. Pinkerton, J., 'Children's participation in the Policy Process: Somesome Thoughts on Policy Zvaluation Based on the Irish National Children's Strategy' (2004) 18 Children and Society 111-30.
336. Sinclair, B., 'Participation in Practice: Making it Meaningful, effective and Sustainable' (2004) 11 Children and Society 106-18.
337. Bussell Report (2005): http://www.russellcommission.org/report/index.html.
338. http://www.dfes.gov.uk/rsgateway/db/rrP/u014161/index.shtml.
339. http://www.dfes.gov.uk/rsgateway/DB/BBP/u014161/index.shtml.
340. National Children's Bureau, Young people on NCB's Board of Management: An Evaluation of the First Three Years, 2005.
341. Charity Commission, RSI - Trustee Recruitment, Selection and Induction, 2006, passim: (http://www.charitycommission.gov.uk).
342. http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/supportingcharities/under18scc30.asp.
343. http://www.funkydragon.org.
344. McNamee, S.A., 'The Consequences of visibility for children's participation'.
345. Sinclair, B., 'Participation in Practice: Making Itit Meaningful, effective and Sustainable' (2004) 11 Children and Society 106-18.
346. Maloney, W.A., Jordan, G. and McLaughlan, A.M., 'Interest Groups and Public Policy: the Insider/Outsider Model Bevisited' (1114) 14(1) Journal of Public Policy 17-38.
347. Kinnersley P., Butler C., 'Context bound communication skills training: development of a new method', (2002) 36 Medical Education 377-83.
348. Ziser, C., 'Changes in understanding of illness as the child grows' (1185) 60 Archives of Disease in Childhood 481-12.
349. Fielding, D. and Duff, A., 'Compliance with treatment protocol: interventions for children with chronic illness' (1111) 80 Archives of Disease in Childhood 116-200.
350. Alderson, P. and Montgomery, J., Health Care Choices: Making Decisions with Children, London, IPPB, 1116.
351. Hammond, L., Children's Decisions in Health Care and Research, London, Institute of Education, 1113.
352. Alderson, P., Children's Consent to Surgery, Oxford University Press, 1113.
353. Downie, B.S., Fyffe, C. and Tannehill, A., Health Promotion: Model and Values, Oxford University Press, 1110, at pp. 138-141.
354. Jonas, M., 'The baby MbMB case: medical decision-making in the context of uncertain infant suffering', (2007) 33 Journal of Medical Ethics 541-4.
355. Beece, B., 'The Paramountcy Principle: Consensus of Construct?', (1116) 41 Current Legal Problems 267.
356. Fortin, J., Children's Rights and the Developing Law (2nd ed.) London, Butterworths, 2003, passim.
357. Laws, J., 'The limitationLimitation of humanHuman rights', (1118) Public Law 254.
358. Bridgeman, J., Parental Responsibility, Young Children and Healthcare Law, Cambridge University Press, 2007, passim.
359. O'Brien, Steinfels, M., 'Children's rights,Bights, Parental rights,Bights, Family Privacy, and Family Autonomy' in Gaylin, W. and Macklin, B. (eds), Who Speaks for the Child? Plenum Press, 1182 at p. 240.
360. Herring, J., 'The Human rights Act 1118 and the welfare principle in family law - conflicting or complementary?' (1111) at p. 233.
361. http://www.unicef.org.uk/press/news_detail_full_story.asp?news_id=1203.
362. www.participationworks.org.uk.
363. Turner, D.C. and Sahakian, B.J., 'Neuroethics of Cognitive Znhancement' (2006) 1 Biosocieties 113-23.
364. Murray, Y., 'Integrated Care Pathways for Paediatrics: A Guide for nurses', Paediatrics 2000 Conference, Olympia, London.
365. Brook, G., Children's competency to consent: a framework for practice' (2000) 12(5) Paediatric Nursing 31.
366. Brook, G., Children's competency to consent: a framework for practice' (2000) 12(5) Paediatric Nursing at pp. 66-71.
367. Feinberg, J., 'The Child's right to an Open Future' in Freedom and Fulfilment, Princeton University Press, 1112 at pp.76-180.
368. Bainham, A., 'Can we protect children and protect their rights?', (2002) Family Law 271.