Delineating recurrent fish spawning habitats in the North Sea

Journal of Sea Research

Volumn 91, Issue , 2014, Pages 1-14

  Lelievre S ^a   Vaz, S ^a   Martin, C S ^b   Loots, C ^a  

^a IFREMER   (France)

^b UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME WORLD CONSERVATION MONITORING CENTRE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Egg Distribution; GLM; Habitat Modelling; North Sea; Spawning Grounds; Temporal Variability

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; BREEDING SITE; ECOLOGICAL MODELING; EGG; ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENT; FLATFISH; GADOID; MARINE RESOURCE; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ENGLISH CHANNEL; GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; NORTH SEA;

EID: 84899991659     PISSN: 13851101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.seares.2014.03.008     Document Type: Article

References (124)

1. Adlandsvik B., Coombs S., Sundby S., Temple G. Buoyancy and vertical distribution of eggs and larvae of blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou): observations and modeling. Fish. Res. 2001, 50:59-72.
2. Akaike H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Trans. Autom. Control 1974, 19:716-723.
3. Aldridge J.N., Davies A.M. A high-resolution three-dimensional hydrodynamic tidal model of the eastern Irish Sea. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 1993, 23:207-224.
4. Anon Bergen Declaration. Fifth International Conference on the Protection of the North Sea, 20-21 March 2002 Bergen, Norway 2002.
5. Araújo M.B., Williams P.H. Selecting areas for species persistence using occurrence data. Biol. Conserv. 2000, 96:331-345.
6. Bakun A. Pattern in the ocean: ocean processes and marine population dynamics 1996, (341pp.).
7. Barry S.C., Welsh A.H. Generalized additive modelling and zero inflated count data. Ecol. Model. 2002, 157:179-188.
8. Begg G.A., Marteinsdottir G. Environmental and stock effects on spawning origins and recruitment of cod Gadus morhua. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2002, 229:245-262.
9. Bellier E., Planque B., Petitgas P. Historical fluctuations in spawning location of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and (Sardina pilchardus) in the Bay of Biscay during 1967-73 and 2000-2004. Fish. Oceanogr. 2007, 16:1-15.
10. Fish habitat: essential fish habitat and rehabilitation. Am. Fish. Soc. 1999, Symposium 22:459. A. Benaka (Ed.).
11. Bivand, R., with contributions by Altman, M., Anselin, L., et al., 2012. spdep: Spatial dependence: weighting schemes, statistics and models. R package version 0.5-51. http://CRAN.R-project.org/packages=spdep.
12. Bocard D., Gillet F., Legendre P. Numerical ecology with R 2011.
13. Bohl H. Die Biologie der Kliesche (Limanda limanda L.) in der Nordsee. Ber. dt. wiss Kommn Meeresforsch 1957, 15:1-57.
14. Brander K.M. The location and timing of cod spawning around the British-Isles. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 1994, 51:71-89.
15. Bunn N., Fox C., Webb T. A litterature review of studies on fish egg mortality: implication for the estimation of spawning stock biomass by the annual egg production method. Science series Technical Report 2000, 111. (37pp.).
16. Burnham K.P., Anderson D.R. Model selection and multimodel inference. A practical information-theoritic approach 2002, Springer-Verlag, USA, (488pp.).
17. Canty A., Ripley B. boot: bootstrap R (S-plus) functions. R package version 1.3-4 2012.
18. Checkley D.M., Ortner P.B., Settle L.R., Cummings S.R. A continuous, underway fish egg sampler. Fish. Oceanogr. 1997, 6:58-73.
19. Christensen A., Jensen H., Mosegaard H. Spatially resolved fish population analysis for designing MPAs: influence on inside and neighbouring habitats. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2009, 66:56-63.
20. Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity COP 10 Decision X/2, Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020. Tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 18-29 October 2010-Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan 2010.
21. Conway D.V.P., Coombs S.H., Smith C. Vertical distribution of fish egg and larvae in the Irish Sea and southern North Sea. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 1997, 54:136-147.
22. Côté F., Finney J. Marine protected areas: an essential ellement of the fisheries management toolbox 2006, Bibliothèque du Parlement, (16pp.).
23. Coull K.A., Johnstone R., Rogers S.I. Fisheries sensitivity maps in British waters 1998, published and distributed by, UKOOA Ltd., (63pp.).
24. Cushing D.H. Hydrographic containment of a spawning group of plaice in the Southern Bight of the North Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1990, 58:287-297.
25. Daan N. Changes in cod stocks and cod fisheries in the North Sea. Rapports et Procès-verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 1978, 172:39-57.
26. Daan N. Comparison of estimates of egg production of the Southern Bight cod stock from plankton surveys and market statistics. Rapports et Procés-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 1981, 178:242-243.
27. Davison A.C., Hinkley D.Y. Bootstrap Methods and Their Applications 1997, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
28. de Veen J.F. On selective tidal transport in the migration of North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) and other flatfish species. Neth. J. Sea Res. 1978, 12:115-147.
29. Diniz-Filho J.A.F., Bini L.M., Hawkins B.A. Spatial autocorrelation and red herrings in geographical ecology. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2003, 12:53-64.
30. Dormann C.F. Effects of incorporating spatial autocorrelation into the analysis of species distribution data. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2007, 16:129-138.
31. Dormann C.F., McPherson J.M., et al. Methods to account for spatial autocorrelation in the analysis of species distributional data: a review. Ecography 2007, 30:609-628.
32. ESRI ArcGis Desktop Geographic Information System, ArcView Licence, ArcMap 9.2 with ArcGis Spatial Analyst extension 1999-2006, Copyright ESRI Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc.
33. Fisher J., Frank K. Changes in finfish community structure associated with an offshore fishery closed area on the Scotian Shelf. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2002, 240:249-264.
34. Fox J., Weisberg S. An R Companion to Applied Regression 2011, Sage. Second edition.
35. Fox C.J., O'Brien C.M., Dickey-Collas M., Nash R.D.M. Patterns in the spawning of cod (Gadus morhua L.), sole (Solea solea L.) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) in the Irish Sea as determined by generalized additive modelling. Fish. Oceanogr. 2000, 9:33-49.
36. Fox C., Taylor I., Pereyra R., et al. TaqMan DNA technology confirms likely overestimation of cod (Gadus morhua L.) egg abundance in the Irish Sea: implication for the assessment of the cod stock and mapping of spawning areas using egg-based methods. Mol. Ecol. 2005, 14:879-884.
37. Fox C., Taylor M., Dickey-Collas M., Van Damme C.J.G., Bolle L., Daan N., Rohlf N., Kraus G., Munk P., Fossum P., Bailey N. Initial results from the 2004 ichthyoplankton survey of the North Sea. ICES Annual Conference Meeting 2005/AA:04 2005.
38. Fox C.J., Taylor M., Dickey-Collas M., Fossum P., Kraus G., Rohlf N., Munk P., van Damme C.J.G., Bolle L.J., Maxwell D.L., Wright P.J. Mapping the spawning grounds of North Sea cod (Gadus morhua) by direct and indirect means. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2008, 275:1543-1548.
39. Freeman E.A., Moisen G. PresenceAbsence: an R package for presence-absence model analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 2008, 23(11):1-31. (http://www.jstatsoft.org/v23/ill).
40. Fuiman L.A., Werner R.G. Fishery Science, the Unique Contribution of Early Life Stages 2002, Blackwell Publishing, (325pp.).
41. Gell F.R., Roberts C.M. Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2003, 18:448-455.
42. Gibb F.M., Wright P.J., Gibb I.M., O'Sullivan M. Haddock and whiting spawning areas in the North Sea and Scottish west coast. Fishery Research Services, Fishery Research Services 2004, 11/04. (11pp.).
43. Gibson R.N. Flatfishes biology and exploitations. Fish and Aquatic Resources Series 2005, 9. Blackwell Science, (390pp.).
44. Greenstreet S.P.R., Robinson L.A., Piet G.J., Craeymeersch J., Callaway R., Reiss H., Ehrich S., Kröncke I., Fraser H., Lancaster J., Jorgensen L., Goffin A. The ecological disturbance caused by fishing in the North Sea. FRS Collaborative Report, 04/07 2007, 169.
45. Guisan A., Zimmermann N.E. Predictive habitat distribution models in ecology. Ecol. Model. 2000, 135:147-186.
46. Guisan A., Lehmann A., Ferrier S. Making better biogeographical predictions of species distributions. J. Appl. Ecol. 2006, 43:386-392.
47. Harding D., Nichols J.H. Plankton surveys off the north-east coast of England in 1976: an introductory report and summary of the results. Fisheries Research, Technical Report 1987, 86. MAFF Direct Fisheries Research, Lowestoft, (56pp.).
48. Harding D., Nichols J.H., Tungate D.S. The spawning of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) in the southern North Sea and English Channel. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 1978, 172:102-113.
49. Heath M., Rankine P., Cargill L. Distribution of cod and haddock eggs in the North Sea in 1992 in relation to oceanographic features and compared with distributions in 1952-1957 (Abstract). Cod and Climate Change - Proceedings of A Symposium 1994, 198:438-439.
50. Hessen H.J.L., Rijnsdorp A.D. Investigations on egg production and mortality of cod (Gadus morhua L.) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.) in the southern and eastern North Sea in 1987 and 1988. Rapports et Procès-Verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer 1989, 191:15-20.
51. Htun-Han M. The reproductive biology of the dab Limanda limanda (L.) in the North Sea: seasonal changes in the ovary. J. Fish Biol. 1978, 13:351-359.
52. Hunter E., Metcalfe J.D., Reynolds J.D. Migration route and spawning area fidelity by North Sea plaice. Proc. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci. 2003, 270:2097-2103.
53. ICES Manual for the international bottom trawl surveys, rev. VII. International Bottom Trawl Survey Working Group 2004, ICES, Copenhagen, (51pp. http://www.ices.dk/datacentre/datras/NSIBTSmanualRevVIIdraft.pdf).
54. ICES Report of the Planning Group on North Sea Cod and Plaice Egg Surveys in the North Sea (PGEGGS), 10-12 May 2005, Lowestoft, UK. ICES Annual Conference Meeting 2005/G:11 2005, (85pp.).
55. ICES Spawning and life history information for North Atlantic cod stocks. ICES Cooperative Research Report 2005, 247. (152pp.).
56. ICES Results of the spring 2004 North Sea ichthyoplankton surveys. ICES Cooperative Research 2007, 285. (59pp.).
57. ICES Report of the Planning Group on North Sea Cod and Plaice Egg Surveys (PGEGGS), 2-3 December 2008, IMARES, IJmuiden, the Netherlands 2009, (CM2008/2/LRC01, 36pp.).
58. ICES Report of the Working Groups on North Sea Cod and Plaice Egg Surveys in he North Sea (WGEGGS), 9-11 November 2010, ICES Headquarters, Copenhagen. ICES Annual Conference Meeting 2010/SSGESST: 23 2010, (29pp.).
59. ICES Report of the ICES Advisory Committee 2013. ICES Advice, 2013 2013, (Book 6).
60. Jennings S., Greenstreet Simon.P.R., Reynolds John.D. Structural change in an exploited fish community: a consequence of differential fishing effects on species with contrasting life histories. J. Anim. Ecol. 1999, 68:617-627.
61. Jiménez-Valverde A., Lobo J.M. Threshold criteria for conversion of probability of species presence to either-or presence-absence. Acta Oecol. 2007, 31:361-369.
62. Kissling W.D., Carl G. Spatial autocorrelation and the selection of simultaneous autoregressive models. Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr. 2008, 17:59-71.
63. Kraus G., Pelletier D., Dubreuil J., Mollmann C., Hinrichsen H., Bastardie F., Vermard Y., Mahevas S. A model-based evaluation of Marine Protected Areas: the example of eastern Baltic cod (Gadus morhua callarias L.). ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2009, 109-121.
64. Kremen, et al. Aligning conservation priorities across taxa in Madagascar with high-resolution planning tools. Science 2008, 320.
65. Kühn I. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation may invert observed patterns. Divers. Distrib. 2007, 66-69.
66. Larsonneur C., Bouysse P., Auffret J.P. The superficial sediments of the English Channel and its western approaches. Sedimentology 1982, 29:851-864.
67. Laurence G.C., Rogers C.A. Effects of temperature and salinity on comparative embryo development and mortality of atlantic cod (Gadus-Morhua-L) and haddock (Melanogrammus-Aeglefinus L). J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 1976, 36(3):220-228.
68. Lauria V., Vaz S., Martin C.S., Mackinson S., Carpentier A. What influences European plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) distribution in the eastern English Channel? Using habitat modelling and GIS to predict habitat utilization. ICES. J. Mar. Sci. 2011, 68:1500-1510.
69. Le pape O., Chauvet F., Mahevas S., Lazure P., Guerault D., Desaunay Y. Quantitative description of habitat suitability for the juvenile common sole (Solea solea) in the Bay of Biscay (France) and the contribution of different habitats to adult population. J. Sea Res. 2003, 50:139-149.
70. Legendre P., Legendre L. Numerical Ecology 2012, Elsevier, Amsterdam, (990pp.). 3rd edn.
71. Lelièvre S. Identification et caractérisation des frayères hivernales en Manche Orientale et la partie sud de la mer du Nord 2010, (PhD thesis), Université de Nantes, (http://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00043/15398/p).
72. Lelièvre S., Verrez-Bagnis V., Jérôme M., Vaz S. PCR-RFLP analyses of formalin-fixed fish eggs for the mapping of spawning areas in the Eastern Channel and Southern North Sea. J. Plankton Res. 2010, 32(11):1527-1539.
73. Lelièvre S., Fox C., Vaz S. The effectiveness of the Continuous Underway Fish Egg Sampler (CUFES) compared with standard vertical plankton haul for demersal species of the southern North Sea. Fish. Oceanogr. 2012, 10.1111/j.1365-2419.2012.00613.x.
74. Lelièvre S., Jérôme M., Maes G., Vaz S., Sachidhanandam C., Verrez-Bagnis V. Molecular validation and comparative mapping of morphologically identified eggs of dab (Limanda limanda), flounder, (Platichtys flesus) and Trisopterus sp. from the Eastern English Channel and southern North Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2012, 445:161-172.
75. Lo N.C.H., Hunter J.R., Charter R. Use of a continuous egg sampler for ichtyoplancton surveys: application to the estimation of daily egg production of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) off California. Fish. Bull. NOAA 2001, 99:554-571.
76. Lobo J.M., Jiménez-Valverde A., Hortal J. The uncertain nature of absences and their importance in species distribution modelling. Ecography 2010, 33:103-114.
77. Loots C., Vaz S., Planque B., Koubbi P. What controls the spatial distribution of North Sea plaice spawning population? Confronting ecological hypotheses through a model selection framework. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2010, 67:244-257.
78. Loots C., Vaz S., Koubbi P., Planque B., Coppin F., Vérin Y. Inter-annual variability of North Sea plaice spawning habitat. J. Sea Res. 2010, 64:427-435.
79. Loots C., Vaz S., Planque B., Koubbi P. Understanding what controls the spawning distribution of North Sea whiting (Merlangius merlangus) using a multimodel approach. Fish. Oceanogr. 2011, 20:18-31.
80. Maier-Reimer E. Residual circulation in the North Sea due to the M2-tide and mean annual wind stress. Dtsch. Hydrografische Z. 1977, 30(3):69-80.
81. Martin C.S., Carpentier A., Vaz S., Coppin F., Curet L. The Channel Habitat Atlas for marine Resource Management (CHARM): an aid for planning and decision-making in an area under strong anthropogenic pressure. Aquat. Living Resour. 2009, 22:499-508.
82. Martin C.S., Vaz S., Koubbi P., Meaden G.J., Engelhard G.H., Lauria V., Gardel L., Coppin F., Delavenne J., Dupuis L., Ernande B., Foveau A., Lelièvre S., Morin J., Warembourg C., Carpentier A. A digital atlas to link ontogenic shifts in fish spatial distribution to the environment of the eastern English Channel. Dab, Limanda limanda as a case-study 2010, 34:59-71. Cybium.
83. Martin C.S., Vaz S., Ellis J.R., Lauria V., Coppin F., Carpentier A. Modelled distributions of ten demersal elasmobranchs of the eastern English Channel in relation to the environment. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2012, 418-419:91-103.
84. Mastail M., Battaglia A. Amélioration de la conservation des pigments du zooplancton. Cons. Inter. Explor. Mer (CIEM) 1978, L: 20. Comité de l'Océanographie biologique.
85. McCullagh P., Nelder J.A. Generalized Linear Models 1989, Chapman & Hall/CRC, London, England, (511pp.). 2nd ed.
86. Munk P., Nielsen J. Eggs and Larvae of North Sea Fishes 2005, Biofolia, (215pp.).
87. Munk P., Larsson P.O., Danielssen D.S., Moksness E. Variability in frontal zone formation and distribution of gadoid fish larvae at the shelf break in the northeastern North Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1999, 177:221-233.
88. Munk P., Wright P.J., Phil N.J. Distribution of the early larval stages of cod, plaice and lesser sandeel across haline fronts in the North Sea. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2002, 55:139-149.
89. Munk P., Fox C.J., Bolle L.J., van Damme C.J.G., Fossum P., Kraus G. Spawning of North Sea fishes linked to hydrographic features. Fish. Oceanogr. 2009, 18:458-469.
90. Papi F. Animal Homing 1992, Chapman and Hall, London, (390pp.).
91. Peck M.A., KÜhn W., Hinrichsen H.H., Pohlmann T. Inter-annual and inter-specific differences in the drift of fish eggs and yolksac larvae in the North Sea: a biophysical modelling approach. Sci. Mar. 2009, 73S1. 10.3989/scimar.2009.73s1023.
92. Pépin P., Snelgrove P.V.R., Carter K.P. Accuracy and precision of the continuous underway fish egg sampler (CUFES) and bongo nets: a comparison of three species of temperate fish. Fish. Oceanogr. 2005, 14:432-447.
93. Petitgas P., Magri S., Lazure P. One-dimensional biophysical modelling of fish egg vertical distributions in shelf seas. Fish. Oceanogr. 2006, 15:413-428.
94. Planque B., Bellier E., Lazure P. otential spawning habitat of sardine (Sardinops pilchardus) and anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Bay of Biscay. ICES Annual Conference Meeting Q:02 2004, (17pp.).
95. Planque B., Loots C., Petitgas P., Lindstrom U., Vaz S. Understanding what controls the spatial distribution of fish populations using a multi-model approach. Fish. Oceanogr. 2011, 20:1-17.
96. R Development Core Team R: A language and environment for statistical computing 2005, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, (URL http://www.R-project.org.).
97. Raitt D.F.S. Cod spawning in Scottish waters. Preliminary investigations. ICES Annual Conference Meeting F:29 1967, (3pp.).
98. Research Application Program NCAR - verification: forecast verification utilities. R package version 1.35 http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=verification.
99. Righton D.A., Andersen K.H., Neat F., Thorsteinsson V., Steingrund P., Svedäng H., Michalsen K., Hinrichsen Hans-Harald, Bendall V., Neuenfeldt S., Wright P., Jonsson P., Huse G., van der Kooij J., Mosegaard H., Hüssy K., Metcalfe J. Thermal niche of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua: limits, tolerance and optima. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2010, 420:1-13.
100. Rijnsdorp A.D. Maturation of male and female North Sea plaice (Pleuronectes platessa L.). J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 1989, 46:35-51.
101. Rijnsdorp A.D., Vethaak A.D., Van Leeuwe N.P.I. Population biology of dab Limanda limanda in the southeastern North Sea. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1992, 91:19-35.
102. Rijnsdorp A.D., Peck M.A., Engelhard G.H., Möllmann C., Pinnegar J.K. Resolving the effect of climate change on fish populations. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2009, 66:1570-1583.
103. Riley J.D., Parnell W.D. The distribution of young cod. The propagation of Cod, Gadus morhua L., Flodevigen rapportser 1984, 1.
104. Roberts C.M., Hawkins J.P., Gell F.R. The role of marine reserves in achieving sustainable fisheries. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 2005, 360:123-132.
105. Russell F.S. The Egg and Planktonic Stages of British Marine Fishes 1976, England, Academic Press Ltd., London, (524pp.).
106. Ryland J.S., Nichols J.H. Effect of temperature on the embryonic development of the plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L. (Teleostei). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 1975, 18:121-137.
107. Sakamoto Y., Ishiguro M., Kitagawa G. Akaike Information Criterion Statistics 1986, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht/Tokyo.
108. Schlüter M.M., Jerosch K. The digital atlas of the north sea: An overview about geo-information considering the sea floor and the bottom water column. MARGIS and METROL project 2009, Alfred Wegener Institute, (http://www.awi.de/en/research/research_divisions/geosciences/marine_geochemistry/marine_gis/digital_atlas_of_the_north_sea/).
109. Schwarz G. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann. Stat. 1978, 6:461-464.
110. Segurado P., Araujo M.B., Kunin W.E. Consequences of spatial autocorrelation for niche-based models. J. Appl. Ecol. 2006, 43:433-444.
111. Simpson A. The spawning of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in the North Sea. Fish. Investig. Lond. Ser. 1959, 2(22):1-111.
112. Solmundsson J., Palsson J., Karlsson H. Fidelity of mature Icelandic plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) to spawning and feeding grounds. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 2005, 62:189-200.
113. Stefánsson G. Analysis of groundfish survey abundance data: combining the GLM and delta approaches, ICES J. Mar. Sci. 1996, 53:577-588.
114. Stelzenmüller V., Ellis J.R., Rogers S.I. Towards a spatially explicit risk assessment for marine management: assessing the vulnerability of fish to aggregate extraction. Biol. Conserv. 2010, 143(2010):230-238.
115. Thompson B.M., Riley J.D. Egg and larval development studies in the North Sea cod (Gadus morhua L.). Rapp. P-V. Réun. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer 1981, 178:553-559.
116. van der Land M. Distribution of flatfish eggs in the 1989 egg surveys in the southeastern North Sea, and mortality of plaice and sole eggs. Neth. J. Sea Res. 1991, 27:277-286.
117. van der Lingen C.D., Checkley D., Barange M., Hutchings L.And, Osgood K. Assessing the abundance and distribution of eggs of sardine Sardinops sagax, and round herring, Etrumeus whiteheadi, on the western Agulhas Bak, South Africa, using a continuous, underway fish egg sampler. Fish. Oceanogr. 1998, 7:35-47.
118. Venables W.N., Ripley B.D. Modern Applied Statistics with S Fourth Edition 2002, Springer New York.
119. Wagenmakers E.J., Farrell S. AIC model selection using Akaike weights. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 2004, 11:192-196.
120. Wennhage H., Pihl I. Settlement patterns of newly settled plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in a non-tidal Swedish fjord in relation to larval supply and benthic predators. Mar. Biol. 2001, 139:877-889.
121. Wilcoxon F. Individual comparisons by ranking methods. Biom. Bull. 1945, 1:80-83.
122. Wright P.J., Galley E., Gibb I.M., Neat F.C. Fidelity of adult cod to spawning grounds in Scottish waters. Fish. Res. 2006, 77:148-158.
123. Zarrad R., El Abed A., M'Rabet R., Missaoui H., Romdhane M.S. Distribution spatiale de l'ichtyoplancton en été et en automne et conditions environnementales dans le golfe de Tunis. Bull. Inst. Nat. Sci. Tech. Mer Salammbô 2003, 30:39-47.
124. Zuur A.F., Ieno E.N., Smith G.M. Analysing Ecological Data 2007, Springer, New York.