Coronary artery spasm as a cause of angina

Circulation

Volumn 129, Issue 17, 2014, Pages 1717-1719

  Kinlay, Scott ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

acetylcholine; coronary vasospasm; Editorials; endothelial function; ergonovine

Indexed keywords

ACETYLCHOLINE; CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKING AGENT; ERGOMETRINE; GLYCERYL TRINITRATE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; NITRIC ACID DERIVATIVE;

ANGINA PECTORIS; ANGIOCARDIOGRAPHY; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUE; CORONARY ARTERY CONSTRICTION; CORONARY ARTERY SPASM; EDITORIAL; ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART MUSCLE REVASCULARIZATION; HUMAN; PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; ST SEGMENT ELEVATION; VARIANT ANGINA PECTORIS; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE; VASOMOTOR REFLEX;

ACETYLCHOLINE; CORONARY VASOSPASM; EDITORIALS; ENDOTHELIAL FUNCTION; ERGONOVINE;

ACETYLCHOLINE; CORONARY ANGIOGRAPHY; CORONARY VASOSPASM; CORONARY VESSELS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA;

EID: 84899978300     PISSN: 00097322     EISSN: 15244539     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.009219     Document Type: Editorial

References (88)

1. Osler W. The lumlean lectures on angina pectoris. Lancet. 1910;175:697-702.
2. Blumgart HL. Studies on the relation of the clinical manifestations of angina pectoris, coronary thrombosis, and myocardial infarction to the pathologic findings. Am Heart J. 1940;19:1.
3. Prinzmetal M, Kennamer R, Merliss R, Wada T, Bor N. Angina pectoris: I-a variant form of angina pectoris; preliminary report. Am J Med. 1959;27:375-388.
4. Oliva PB, Potts DE, Pluss RG. Coronary arterial spasm in Prinzmetal angina: documentation by coronary arteriography. N Engl J Med. 1973;288:745-751.
5. Bertrand ME, LaBlanche JM, Tilmant PY, Thieuleux FA, Delforge MR, Carre AG, Asseman P, Berzin B, Libersa C, Laurent JM. Frequency of provoked coronary arterial spasm in 1089 consecutive patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Circulation. 1982;65:1299-1306. (Pubitemid 12123620)
6. Harding MB, Leithe ME, Mark DB, Nelson CL, Harrison JK, Hermiller JB, Davidson CJ, Pryor DB, Bashore TM. Ergonovine maleate testing during cardiac catheterization: a 10-year perspective in 3,447 patients without significant coronary artery disease or Prinzmetal's variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:107-111.
7. Heupler FA Jr, Proudfit WL, Razavi M, Shirey EK, Greenstreet R, Sheldon WC. Ergonovine maleate provocative test for coronary arterial spasm. Am J Cardiol. 1978;41:631-640. (Pubitemid 8311354)
8. Maseri A, Severi S, Nes MD, L'Abbate A, Chierchia S, Marzilli M, Ballestra AM, Parodi O, Biagini A, Distante A. "Variant" angina: one aspect of a continuous spectrum of vasospastic myocardial ischemia: pathogenetic mechanisms, estimated incidence and clinical and coronary arteriographic findings in 138 patients. Am J Cardiol. 1978;42:1019-1035.
9. Schroeder JS, Bolen JL, Quint RA, Clark DA, Hayden WG, Higgins CB, Wexler L. Provocation of coronary spasm with ergonovine maleate: new test with results in 57 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Am J Cardiol. 1977;40:487-491. (Pubitemid 8219295)
10. Kaski JC, Maseri A, Vejar M, Crea F, Hackett D. Spontaneous coronary artery spasm in variant angina is caused by a local hyperreactivity to a generalized constrictor stimulus. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;14:1456-1463. (Pubitemid 19279044)
11. Yamagishi M, Miyatake K, Tamai J, Nakatani S, Koyama J, Nissen SE. Intravascular ultrasound detection of atherosclerosis at the site of focal vasospasm in angiographically normal or minimally narrowed coronary segments. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:352-357. (Pubitemid 24049364)
12. Buxton A, Goldberg S, Hirshfeld JW, Wilson J, Mann T, Williams DO, Overlie P, Oliva P. Refractory ergonovine-induced coronary vasospasm: importance of intracoronary nitroglycerin. Am J Cardiol. 1980;46:329-334. (Pubitemid 10046354)
13. Pepine CJ, Feldman RL, Conti CR. Action of intracoronary nitroglycerin in refractory coronary artery spasm. Circulation. 1982;65:411-414. (Pubitemid 12219039)
14. Okumura K, Yasue H, Matsuyama K, Goto K, Miyagi H, Ogawa H, Matsuyama K. Sensitivity and specificity of intracoronary injection of acetylcholine for the induction of coronary artery spasm. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1988;12:883-888.
15. Yasue H, Horio Y, Nakamura N, Fujii H, Imoto N, Sonoda R, Kugiyama K, Obata K, Morikami Y, Kimura T. Induction of coronary artery spasm by acetylcholine in patients with variant angina: possible role of the parasympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of coronary artery spasm. Circulation. 1986;74:955-963. (Pubitemid 17174941)
16. Nobuyoshi M, Abe M, Nosaka H, Kimura T, Yokoi H, Hamasaki N, Shindo T, Kimura K, Nakamura T, Nakagawa Y. Statistical analysis of clinical risk factors for coronary artery spasm: identification of the most important determinant. Am Heart J. 1992;124:32-38.
17. Sugiishi M, Takatsu F. Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for coronary spasm. Circulation. 1993;87:76-79. (Pubitemid 23019336)
18. Beltrame JF, Sasayama S, Maseri A. Racial heterogeneity in coronary artery vasomotor reactivity: differences between Japanese and Caucasian patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1442-1452.
19. Ohba K, Sugiyama S, Sumida H, Nozaki T, Matsubara J, Matsuzawa Y, Konishi M, Akiyama E, Kurokawa H, Maeda H, Sugamura K, Nagayoshi Y, Morihisa K, Sakamoto K, Tsujita K, Yamamoto E, Yamamuro M, Kojima S, Kaikita K, Tayama S, Hokimoto S, Matsui K, Sakamoto T, Ogawa H. Microvascular coronary artery spasm presents distinctive clinical features with endothelial dysfunction as nonobstructive coronary artery disease. J Am Heart Assoc. 2012;1:e002485.
20. Furchgott RF, Zawadzki JV. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in the relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. Nature. 1980;288:373-376. (Pubitemid 11169009)
21. Ludmer PL, Selwyn AP, Shook TL, Wayne RR, Mudge GH, Alexander RW, Ganz P. Paradoxical vasoconstriction induced by acetylcholine in atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med. 1986;315:1046-1051. (Pubitemid 17170620)
22. Vita JA, Treasure CB, Nabel EG, McLenachan JM, Fish RD, Yeung AC, Vekshtein VI, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. Coronary vasomotor response to acetylcholine relates to risk factors for coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1990;81:491-497. (Pubitemid 20055957)
23. Suzuki Y, Tokunaga S, Ikeguchi S, Miki S, Iwase T, Tomita T, Murakami T, Kawai C. Induction of coronary artery spasm by intracoronary acetylcholine: comparison with intracoronary ergonovine. Am Heart J. 1992;124:39-47.
24. Newman CM, Maseri A, Hackett DR, el-Tamimi HM, Davies GJ. Response of angiographically normal and atherosclerotic left anterior descending coronary arteries to acetylcholine. Am J Cardiol. 1990;66:1070-1076. (Pubitemid 20365359)
25. Tousoulis D, Davies G. Acetylcholine and endothelial function. Circulation. 1998;98:1588-1589.
26. Hasdai D, Gibbons RJ, Holmes DR Jr, Higano ST, Lerman A. Coronary endothelial dysfunction in humans is associated with myocardial perfusion defects. Circulation. 1997;96:3390-3395. (Pubitemid 27513410)
27. Takagi Y, Yasuda S, Takahashi J, Tsunoda R, Ogata Y, Seki A, Sumiyoshi T, Matsui M, Goto T, Tanabe Y, Sueda S, Sato T, Ogawa S, Kubo N, Momomura S, Ogawa H, Shimokawa H; Japanese Coronary Spasm Association. Clinical implications of provocation tests for coronary artery spasm: safety, arrhythmic complications, and prognostic impact: multicentre registry study of the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:258-267.
28. Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Borgulya G, Vokshi I, Bastiaenen R, Kubik S, Hill S, Schaufele T, Mahrholdt H, Kaski JC, Sechtem U. Clinical usefulness, angiographic characteristics and safety evaluation of intracoronary acetylcholine provocation testing among 921 consecutive white patients with unobstructed coronary arteries. Circulation. 2014;129:1723-1730.
29. Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Borgulya G, Mahrholdt H, Kaski JC, Sechtem U. High prevalence of a pathological response to acetylcholine testing in patients with stable angina pectoris and unobstructed coronary arteries: the ACOVA Study (Abnormal COronary VAsomotion in patients with stable angina and unobstructed coronary arteries). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;59:655-662.
30. Anderson TJ, Meredith IT, Yeung AC, Frei B, Selwyn AP, Ganz P. The effect of cholesterol-lowering and antioxidant therapy on endothelium- dependent coronary vasomotion. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:488-493.
31. Treasure CB, Klein JL, Weintraub WS, Talley JD, Stillabower ME, Kosinski AS, Zhang J, Boccuzzi SJ, Cedarholm JC, Alexander RW. Beneficial effects of cholesterol-lowering therapy on the coronary endothelium in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med. 1995;332:481-487.
32. Andrews TC, Raby K, Barry J, Naimi CL, Allred E, Ganz P, Selwyn AP. Effect of cholesterol reduction on myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary disease. Circulation. 1997;95:324-328. (Pubitemid 27056194)
33. Laflamme MA, Murry CE. Heart regeneration. Nature. 2011;473:326-335.
34. Telukuntla KS, Suncion VY, Schulman IH, Hare JM. The advancing field of cell-based therapy: insights and lessons from clinical trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000338.
35. Beeres SL, Bengel FM, Bartunek J, Atsma DE, Hill JM, Vanderheyden M, Penicka M, Schalij MJ, Wijns W, Bax JJ. Role of imaging in cardiac stem cell therapy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2007;49:1137-1148. (Pubitemid 46400333)
36. Sosnovik DE, Mekkaoui C, Huang S, Chen HH, Dai G, Stoeck CT, Ngoy S, Guan J, Wang R, Kostis WJ, Jackowski MP, Wedeen VJ, Kozerke S, Liao R. Microstructural impact of ischemia and bone marrow-derived cell therapy revealed with diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging tractography of the heart in vivo. Circulation. 2014;129:1731-1741.
37. Streeter DD Jr, Hanna WT. Engineering mechanics for successive states in canine left ventricular myocardium, II: fiber angle and sarcomere length. Circ Res. 1973;33:656-664.
38. Basser PJ, Mattiello J, LeBihan D. MR diffusion tensor spectroscopy and imaging. Biophys J. 1994;66:259-267. (Pubitemid 24016507)
39. Basser PJ, Pajevic S, Pierpaoli C, Duda J, Aldroubi A. In vivo fiber tractography using DT-MRI data. Magn Reson Med. 2000;44:625-632.
40. Dou J, Reese TG, Tseng WY, Wedeen VJ. Cardiac diffusion MRI without motion effects. Magn Reson Med. 2002;48:105-114. (Pubitemid 34721593)
41. Gamper U, Boesiger P, Kozerke S. Diffusion imaging of the in vivo heart using spin echoes: considerations on bulk motion sensitivity. Magn Reson Med. 2007;57:331-337. (Pubitemid 46214536)
42. Scollan DF, Holmes A, Winslow R, Forder J. Histological validation of myocardial microstructure obtained from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. Am J Physiol. 1998;275(6 pt 2):H2308-H2318.
43. Sosnovik DE, Wang R, Dai G, Wang T, Aikawa E, Novikov M, Rosenzweig A, Gilbert RJ, Wedeen VJ. Diffusion spectrum MRI tractography reveals the presence of a complex network of residual myofibers in infarcted myocardium. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:206-212.
44. Strijkers GJ, Bouts A, Blankesteijn WM, Peeters TH, Vilanova A, van Prooijen MC, Sanders HM, Heijman E, Nicolay K. Diffusion tensor imaging of left ventricular remodeling in response to myocardial infarction in the mouse. NMR Biomed. 2009;22:182-190.
45. Wedeen VJ, Hagmann P, Tseng WY, Reese TG, Weisskoff RM. Mapping complex tissue architecture with diffusion spectrum magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2005;54:1377-1386. (Pubitemid 41740767)
46. Malliaras K, Kreke M, Marbán E. The stuttering progress of cell therapy for heart disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;90:532-541.
47. Wu MT, Tseng WY, Su MY, Liu CP, Chiou KR, Wedeen VJ, Reese TG, Yang CF. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging mapping the fiber architecture remodeling in human myocardium after infarction: correlation with viability and wall motion. Circulation. 2006;114:1036-1045. (Pubitemid 44358880)
48. Wu MT, Su MY, Huang YL, Chiou KR, Yang P, Pan HB, Reese TG, Wedeen VJ, Tseng WY. Sequential changes of myocardial microstructure in patients postmyocardial infarction by diffusion-tensor cardiac MR: correlation with left ventricular structure and function. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:32-40.
49. Tseng WY, Dou J, Reese TG, Wedeen VJ. Imaging myocardial fiber disarray and intramural strain hypokinesis in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2006;23:1-8. (Pubitemid 43100711)
50. Reese TG, Weisskoff RM, Smith RN, Rosen BR, Dinsmore RE, Wedeen VJ. Imaging myocardial fiber architecture in vivo with magnetic resonance. Magn Reson Med. 1995;34:786-791.
51. Toussaint N, Sermesant M, Stoeck CT, Kozerke S, Batchelor PG. In vivo human 3D cardiac fibre architecture: reconstruction using curvilinear interpolation of diffusion tensor images. Med Image Comput Comput Assist Interv. 2010;13(pt 1):418-425.
52. Jones DK. The effect of gradient sampling schemes on measures derived from diffusion tensor MRI: a Monte Carlo study. Magn Reson Med. 2004;51:807-815. (Pubitemid 38420459)
53. Prinzmetal M, Kennamer R, Merliss R, Wada T, Bor N. Angina pectoris. I. A variant form of angina pectoris; preliminary report. Am J Med. 1959;27:375-388.
54. Cheng TO, Bashour T, Kelser GA Jr, Weiss L, Bacos J. Variant angina of Prinzmetal with normal coronary arteriograms. A variant of the variant. Circulation. 1973;47:476-485.
55. Maseri A, L'Abbate A, Baroldi G, Chierchia S, Marzilli M, Ballestra AM, Severi S, Parodi O, Biagini A, Distante A, Pesola A. Coronary vasospasm as a possible cause of myocardial infarction. A conclusion derived from the study of "preinfarction" angina. N Engl J Med. 1978;299:1271-1277.
56. Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Mallon SM, Cox MM, deMarchena E, Interian A Jr, Castellanos A. Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with silent myocardial ischemia due to coronary-artery spasm. N Engl J Med. 1992;326:1451-1455.
57. Mohri M, Koyanagi M, Egashira K, Tagawa H, Ichiki T, Shimokawa H, Takeshita A. Angina pectoris caused by coronary microvascular spasm. Lancet. 1998;351:1165-1169. (Pubitemid 28171819)
58. Bertrand ME, LaBlanche JM, Tilmant PY, Thieuleux FA, Delforge MR, Carre AG, Asseman P, Berzin B, Libersa C, Laurent JM. Frequency of provoked coronary arterial spasm in 1089 consecutive patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Circulation. 1982;65:1299-1306. (Pubitemid 12123620)
59. Sueda S, Ochi N, Kawada H, Matsuda S, Hayashi Y, Tsuruoka T, Uraoka T. Frequency of provoked coronary vasospasm in patients undergoing coronary arteriography with spasm provocation test of acetylcholine. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83:1186-1190. (Pubitemid 29183914)
60. Beltrame JF, Sasayama S, Maseri A. Racial heterogeneity in coronary artery vasomotor reactivity: differences between Japanese and Caucasian patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:1442-1152.
61. Stern S, Bayes de Luna A. Coronary artery spasm: a 2009 update. Circulation. 2009;119:2531-2534.
62. Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Hill S, Vogelsberg H, Voehringer M, Sechtem U. Coronary artery spasm as a frequent cause of acute coronary syndrome: The CASPAR (Coronary Artery Spasm in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome) Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:523-527.
63. Lüscher TF, Pieper M, Tendera M, Vrolix M, Rutsch W, van den Branden F, Gil R, Bischoff KO, Haude M, Fischer D, Meinertz T, Münzel T. A randomized placebo-controlled study on the effect of nifedipine on coronary endothelial function and plaque formation in patients with coronary artery disease: the ENCORE II study. Eur Heart J. 2009;30:1590-1597.
64. Sueda S, Mineoi K, Kondo T, Yano K, Ochi T, Ochi N, Fukuda H, Kukita H, Kawada H, Matsuda S, Uraoka T. Absence of induced spasm by intracoronary injection of 50 micrograms acetylcholine in the right coronary artery: usefulness of 80 micrograms of acetylcholine as a spasm provocation test [in Japanese]. J Cardiol. 1998;32:155-161. (Pubitemid 28455209)
65. ENCORE Investigators. Effect of nifedipine and cerivastatin on coronary endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease: the ENCORE I Study (Evaluation of Nifedipine and Cerivastatin On Recovery of coronary Endothelial function). Circulation. 2003;107:422-428.
66. Austen WG, Edwards JE, Frye RL, Gensini GG, Gott VL, Griffith LS, McGoon DC, Murphy ML, Roe BB. A reporting system on patients evaluated for coronary artery disease. Report of the Ad Hoc Committee for Grading of Coronary Artery Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery, American Heart Association. Circulation. 1975;51(4 suppl):5-40.
67. Granger DN, Rodrigues SF, Yildirim A, Senchenkova EY. Microvascular responses to cardiovascular risk factors. Microcirculation. 2010;17: 192-205.
68. Sun H, Mohri M, Shimokawa H, Usui M, Urakami L, Takeshita A. Coronary microvascular spasm causes myocardial ischemia in patients with vasospastic angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:847-851. (Pubitemid 34185333)
69. Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Mahrholdt H, Borgulya G, Sechtem U, Kaski JC. Increased coronary vasoconstrictor response to acetylcholine in women with chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms (cardiac syndrome X). Clin Res Cardiol. 2012;101:673-681.
70. Goto A, Ito S, Kondo H, Nomura Y, Yasue N, Suzumura H, Takeda Y, Tomimoto S, Yamada Y, Horio T, Suzuki S, Fukutomi T, Itoh M. Evaluation of adjunctive intracoronary administration of acetylcholine following intravenous infusion of ergonovine to provoke coronary artery spasm. J Cardiol. 1999;34:309-316. (Pubitemid 30022517)
71. Coma-Canella I, Castano S, Macías A, Calabuig J, Artaiz M. Ergonovine test in angina with normal coronary arteries. Is it worth doing it? Int J Cardiol. 2006;107:200-206. (Pubitemid 43075233)
72. Sato K, Kaikita K, Nakayama N, Horio E, Yoshimura H, Ono T, Ohba K, Tsujita K, Kojima S, Tayama S, Hokimoto S, Matsui K, Sugiyama S, Yamabe H, Ogawa H. Coronary vasomotor response to intracoronary acetylcholine injection, clinical features, and long-term prognosis in 873 consecutive patients with coronary spasm: analysis of a single-center study over 20 years. J Am Heart Assoc. 2013;2:e000227.
73. Okumura K, Yasue H, Matsuyama K, Ogawa H, Kugiyama K, Ishizaka H, Sumida H, Fujii H, Matsunaga T, Tsunoda R. Diffuse disorder of coronary artery vasomotility in patients with coronary spastic angina. Hyperreactivity to the constrictor effects of acetylcholine and the dilator effects of nitroglycerin. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1996;27:45-52.
74. Saito S, Yamagishi M, Takayama T, Chiku M, Koyama J, Ito K, Higashikata T, Seguchi O, Honye J, Kanmatsuse K. Plaque morphology at coronary sites with focal spasm in variant angina: study using intravascular ultrasound. Circ J. 2003;67:1041-1045. (Pubitemid 37493714)
75. Harding MB, Leithe ME, Mark DB, Nelson CL, Harrison JK, Hermiller JB, Davidson CJ, Pryor DB, Bashore TM. Ergonovine maleate testing during cardiac catheterization: a 10-year perspective in 3,447 patients without significant coronary artery disease or Prinzmetal's variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:107-111.
76. Wei J, Mehta PK, Johnson BD, Samuels B, Kar S, Anderson RD, Azarbal B, Petersen J, Sharaf B, Handberg E, Shufelt C, Kothawade K, Sopko G, Lerman A, Shaw L, Kelsey SF, Pepine CJ, Merz CN. Safety of coronary reactivity testing in women with no obstructive coronary artery disease: results from the NHLBI-sponsored WISE (Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation) study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2012;5:646-653.
77. Chandrasekar B, Doucet S, Bilodeau L, Crepeau J, deGuise P, Gregoire J, Gallo R, Cote G, Bonan R, Joyal M, Gosselin G, Tanguay JF, Dyrda I, Bois M, Pasternac A. Complications of cardiac catheterization in the current era: a single-center experience. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2001;52:289-295. (Pubitemid 32184870)
78. Noto TJ Jr, Johnson LW, Krone R, Weaver WF, Clark DA, Kramer JR Jr, Vetrovec GW. Cardiac catheterization 1990: a report of the Registry of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions (SCA&I). Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1991;24:75-83.
79. Yilmaz A, Sechtem U. Angina pectoris in patients with normal coronary angiograms: current pathophysiological concepts and therapeutic options. Heart. 2012;98:1020-1029.
80. Johnson BD, Shaw LJ, Pepine CJ, Reis SE, Kelsey SF, Sopko G, Rogers WJ, Mankad S, Sharaf BL, Bittner V, Bairey Merz CN. Persistent chest pain predicts cardiovascular events in women without obstructive coronary artery disease: results from the NIH-NHLBI-sponsored Women's Ischaemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) study. Eur Heart J. 2006;27:1408-1415.
81. Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Borgulya G, Voehringer M, Sechtem U. 3-year follow- up of patients with coronary artery spasm as cause of acute coronary syndrome: the CASPAR (coronary artery spasm in patients with acute coronary syndrome) study follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:147-152.
82. Shaw LJ, Merz CN, Pepine CJ, Reis SE, Bittner V, Kip KE, Kelsey SF, Olson M, Johnson BD, Mankad S, Sharaf BL, Rogers WJ, Pohost GM, Sopko G; Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE) Investigators. The economic burden of angina in women with suspected ischemic heart disease: results from the National Institutes of Health-National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation. Circulation. 2006;114:894-904. (Pubitemid 44337132)
83. Bory M, Pierron F, Panagides D, Bonnet JL, Yvorra S, Desfossez L. Coronary artery spasm in patients with normal or near normal coronary arteries. Longterm follow-up of 277 patients. Eur Heart J. 1996;17:1015-1021. (Pubitemid 26252518)
84. Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Sechtem U. Patterns of coronary vasomotor responses to intracoronary acetylcholine provocation. Heart. 2013;99:1288-1295.
85. Igarashi Y, Yamazoe M, Suzuki K, Tamura Y, Matsubara T, Tanabe Y, Yamaguchi T, Watanabe K, Aizawa Y, Shibata A. Possible role of coronary artery spasm in unexplained syncope. Am J Cardiol. 1990;65: 713-717. (Pubitemid 20093391)
86. Inami T, Kataoka M, Shimura N, Ishiguro H, Kohshoh H, Taguchi H, Yanagisawa R, Hara Y, Satoh T, Yoshino H. Left ventricular dysfunction due to diffuse multiple vessel coronary artery spasm can be concealed in dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:1130-1138.
87. JCS Joint Working Group. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of patients with vasospastic angina (coronary spastic angina) (JCS 2008): digest version. Circ J. 2010;74:1745-1762.
88. El-Tamimi H, Mansour M, Pepine CJ, Wargovich TJ, Chen H. Circadian variation in coronary tone in patients with stable angina: Protective role of the endothelium. Circulation. 1995;92:3201-3205.