'Saving the lives of our dogs': The development of canine distemper vaccine in interwar Britain

British Journal for the History of Science

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 305-334

  Bresalier, Michael ^a   Worboys, Michael ^b  

^a History of Technology   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VIRUS VACCINE;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; CANINE DISTEMPER; CANINE DISTEMPER MORBILLIVIRUS; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COOPERATION; DOG; HISTORY; IMMUNOLOGY; MEDICAL RESEARCH; UNITED KINGDOM;

ANIMALS; BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; DISTEMPER; DISTEMPER VIRUS, CANINE; DOGS; GREAT BRITAIN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; VIRAL VACCINES;

EID: 84899841582     PISSN: 00070874     EISSN: 1474001X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0007087413000344     Document Type: Article

References (176)

1. Frederick Hobday, 'Saving the lives of our dogs', The Field, 4 February 1933, p. 1.
2. Victor Horsley, 'Rabies in dogs', The Standard, 29 May 1889, p. 5.
3. E.M. Tansey, 'Protection against dog distemper and Dogs Protection Bills: the Medical Research Council and anti-vivisectionist protest, 1911-1933', Medical History (1994) 38, pp. 1-26
4. Joan Austoker and Linda Bryder, 'The National Institute for Medical Research and related activities of the MRC', in Austoker and Bryder (eds.), Historical Perspectives on the Role of the MRC: Essays in the History of the MRC of the United Kingdom and Its Predecessor, the Medical Research Committee, 1913-1953, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989, pp. 40 and 43. The 'official' history of the council describes the work at the NIMR and unsurprisingly says little on its context.
5. See A. Landsborough Thomson, Half a Century of Medical Research: The Programme of the Medical Research Council (UK), vol. 2, London: HMSO, 1975, pp. 119-122.
6. The commercial story of the vaccine at Burroughs Wellcome, with little reference to the MRC, is told in R.A. Church and E.M. Tansey, Burroughs, Wellcome & Co.: Knowledge, Trust and Profit, and the Transformation of the British Pharmaceutical Industry, Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing, 2007, pp. 349-351.
7. Roy M. Macleod and E.K. Andrews, 'The origins of the DSIR: reflections on ideas and men, 1915-1916', Public Administration (1970) 48, pp. 23-48
8. Peter Alter, The Reluctant Patron: Science and the State in Britain 1850-1920, Oxford: Berg, 1987
9. Joan Austoker, 'Walter Morley Fletcher and the origins of a basic biomedical research policy', in Austoker and Bryder, Historical Perspectives, op. cit. (3), pp. 22-33
10. David Edgerton and Sally M. Horrocks, 'British industrial research and development before 1945', Economic History Review (1994) 47, pp. 213-238
11. David Edgerton, Science, Technology and the British Industrial 'Decline', 1870-1970, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996
12. Edgerton, Warfare State: Britain, 1920-1970, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005
13. Sabine Clarke, 'Pure science with a practical aim: the meanings of fundamental research in Britain, circa 1916-1950', Isis (2010) 10, pp. 285-311.
14. Donald Fisher, 'Rockefeller philanthropy and the British Empire: the creation of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine', History of Education (1978) 7, pp. 129-143
15. Fisher, 'The Rockefeller Foundation and the development of scientific medicine in Great Britain', Minerva (1978) 16, pp. 20-41
16. Christopher Lawrence, Rockefeller Money, the Laboratory, and Medicine in Edinburgh, 1919-1930: New Science in an Old Country, Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 2005.
17. For the interests of landed elites we have relied on David Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990.
18. For their relative position and role in British society see Jose Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit: A Social History of Britain, 1870-1914, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1993.
19. The history of the British veterinary profession has received limited attention, see Iain Pattison, The British Veterinary Profession, London: J.A. Allen, 1984.
20. Emma Griffin, Blood Sport: Hunting in Britain since 1066, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008
21. J. Blancou, 'Dog distemper: imported into Europe from South America?', Historia medicinae veterinaria (2004) 29, pp. 35-41.
22. Pamela Hunter, Veterinary Medicine: A Guide to the Sources, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2004, p. 11. The first modern dog show was held in Newcastle upon Tyne in July 1859. The Kennel Club was established in 1873.
23. William Hunting, 'Vaccination against distemper', Veterinary Record (1902) 14, p. 373.
24. Andrew Gardiner, '"The loathsome complaint": the early history of canine distemper', Veterinary History (2008) 14, pp. 105-114.
25. J.R. Fisher, 'Not quite a profession: the aspirations of veterinary surgeons in England in the midnineteenth century', Historical Research (1993) 66, pp. 284-302
26. Abigail Woods and Stephen Matthews, '"Little, if at all, removed from the illiterate farrier or cow-leech": the English veterinary surgeon, c.1860-1885, and the campaign for veterinary reform', Medical History (2010) 54, pp. 29-54
27. Anne Hardy, 'Professional advantage and public health: British veterinarians and State Veterinary Services, 1865-1939', 20th Century British History (2003) 14, pp. 1-23.
28. Antje Grünberg, 'The distemper of the dog: a contribution to the history of pet diseases', PhD dissertation, University of Berlin, 1997.
29. Hamilton Kirk, Canine Distemper: Its Complications, Sequelae and Treatment, London: Baillière, Tindall & Cox, 1922.
30. 'W', 'The distemper in dogs', New Sporting Magazine (1847) 13, p. 439.
31. For similar views see, for example, Mr McBride, 'On ulcers of the cornea in dogs suffering from distemper', British Medical Journal (12 February 1870) 1, p. 159
32. George Fleming, A Manual of Veterinary Sanitary Science and Police, London: Chapman & Hall, 1875, pp. 290-291.
33. Michael Worboys, 'Germ theories of disease and British veterinary medicine, 1860-1890', Medical History (1991) 35, pp. 308-327
34. Abigail Woods, A Manufactured Plague? The History of Foot and Mouth Disease in Britain, London: Earthscan, 2004, pp. 1-19.
35. On early distemper vaccines see Ian Tizard and Roland D. Schultz, 'Grease, anthraxgate, and kennel cough: a revisionist history of early veterinary vaccines', Advances in Veterinary Medicine (1999) 41, pp. 7-24.
36. Everett Millais, 'The pathogenic microbe of distemper in dogs, and its use for protective inoculation', British Medical Journal (1890) 1, pp. 856-859.
37. Sidney Monckton Copeman, 'The micro-organism of distemper in the dog and the production of a distemper vaccine', Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1900) 67, pp. 459-461.
38. Charles Phisalix, 'Maladie des jeunes chiens: Statistique des vaccinations pratiquées du 15 mai au 15 août 1902', Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences (1902) 134, 1252.
39. Lignières and Phisalix's bacillus is discussed in Kirk, op. cit. (14), pp. 32-33.
40. 'Report of a Committee formed to carry out experiments with the vaccine of Dr. Phisalix', Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapy (1904) 17, p. 274
41. Some remarks on distemper', Veterinary Record (1906) 18, p. 757.
42. Newell S. Ferry, 'Etiology of canine distemper', Journal of Infectious Diseases (1911) 4, pp. 399-420
43. J.P. M'Gowan, 'Some observations on a laboratory epidemic, principally among dogs and cats, in which the animals affected presented symptoms of the disease called "distemper"', Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology (1911) 15, pp. 372 ff.
44. 'Committee on Distemper in Dogs', Veterinary Record (1907) 20, pp. 17-18.
45. Masters of the Puckeridge Hunt were usually bankers or brewers, of whom the Barclays were leading figures. Raymond Carr, English Fox Hunting: A History, London:Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1976, pp. 81-82.
46. Michael F. Berry, A History of the Puckeridge Hunt, London: Country Life Books, 1950.
47. Obituary, 'Lord Leconfield: a life of public service', The Times, 18 April 1952, p. 8E
48. Obituary, 'Major M.E. Barclay: Hunting and Farming', The Times, 16 November 1962, p. 15C
49. 'The Puckeridge Hunt, 1725-1946', Hertfordshire Countryside, available at www.hertfordshire-genealogy.co.uk/data/places/places-p/puckeridge-/ puckeridgefoxhounds.htm, accessed 15 May 2012.
50. On the problem of distemper amongst hounds before the First World War see C. Bradley, The Foxhound of the Twentieth Century: The Breeding and Work of the Kennels of England, London: George Routledge and Sons, 1914.
51. Abigail Woods, '"Partnership" in action: contagious abortion and the governance of livestock disease in Britain, 1885-1921', Minerva (2009) 47, pp. 195-216.
52. Keir Waddington, The Bovine Scourge: Meat, Tuberculosis and Public Health, 1850-1914, Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2006.
53. Report, 'The Commission on Grouse Disease', The Times, 13 August 1904, p. 4E.
54. 'Committee on Grouse Disease', The Times, 4 February 1907, p.14B.
55. Louis Cobbett and G.S. Graham-Smith, 'An investigation of the pathology of "grouse disease"', Journal of Hygiene 10 (1910), pp. 1-36.
56. Andrew Gardiner, 'Small animal practice in British veterinary medicine, 1920-1956', unpublished PhD thesis, University of Manchester, 2009, pp. 112-115.
57. Frederick T.G. Hobday, Surgical Diseases of the Dog and Cat: With Chapters on Anaesthetics and Obstetrics, London: Baillière Tindall and Cox, 1901.
58. Cook to Fletcher, meeting to discuss 'The Distemper Question', 21 October 1922, National Archives, Kew Gardens, London (hereafter NA), FD1/1274.
59. Cook to Fletcher, 22 November 1922, NA FD1/1274.
60. Steve Sturdy, 'War as experiment: physiology, innovation and administration in Britain, 1914-1917 the case of chemical warfare', in Roger Cooter, Mark Harrison and Steve Sturdy (eds.), War, Medicine and Modernity, London: Sutton, 1999, pp. 65-84.
61. Jonathan Liebenau, 'The MRC and the pharmaceutical industry: the model of insulin', in Austoker and Bryder, Historical Perspectives, op. cit. (3), pp. 163-180
62. Michael Bliss, The Discovery of Insulin, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982.
63. Tansey, op. cit. (3), p. 11; Tansey, 'The early scientific career of Sir Henry Dale F.R.S. (1875-1968)', unpublished PhD dissertation, University of London, 1990
64. Christiane Sinding, 'Making the unit of insulin: standards, clinical work, and industry, 1920-1925', Bulletin of the History of Medicine (2002) 76, pp. 231-277.
65. Michael Bresalier, 'Neutralizing flu: "immunological devices" and the making of a virus disease', in K. Kroker, J. Keelan and P.M.H. Mazumdar (eds.), Crafting Immunity: Working Histories of Clinical Immunology, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2008, pp. 107-144
66. Bresalier, 'Uses of a pandemic: forging the identities of influenza and virus research in interwar Britain', Social History of Medicine (2008) 25, pp. 400-424.
67. Fletcher to Cook, 14 November 1922, NA FD1/1274.
68. Robert E. Kohler, 'Walter Fletcher, F.G. Hopkins, and the Dunn Institute of Biochemistry: a case study in the patronage of science', Isis (1978) 69, pp. 331-355
69. Lawrence, op. cit. (6), pp. 11-23; Robert E. Kohler, Partners in Science: Foundations and Natural scientists, 1900-1945, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991.
70. 'Research on distemper', The Lancet (1924) 1, p. 1010. Details of contributions were published in Hobday, op. cit. (1).
71. Susan D. Jones, Valuing Animals: Veterinarians and Their Patients in Modern America, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003, p. 132
72. A. Eichhorn, 'Credit where credit is due (letter to the editor)', Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (1934) 85, pp. 823-824.
73. The American Distemper Committee found it harder to raise money, its scientists continued to work on 'bacteria' rather than viruses, and thus it continually deferred to the FDC and the NIMR. See New York Times, 22 April 1923, p. 156; 27 January 1929, p. S6; 5 May 1929, p. 168; 7 July 1929.
74. 'The cure and causes of distemper', the Field Distemper Council, November 1924, NA FD/1275.
75. Members from the medical and veterinary professions included (Sir) Humphry Rolleston, president of the Royal College of Physicians.
76. Ray E. Lankester, former director of the Natural History Museum.
77. David Bruce, chairman of the Lister Institute.
78. Frederick Hobday; Professor A.J. Sewell, canine surgeon to the King and Kennel Club.
79. Harold Leeney, MRCVS, veterinary surgeon and author of The Animal Doctor(1913) and Home Doctoring of Animals (1929).
80. William Boog Leishman, expert in tropical diseases, a founding member of the MRC, and adviser on pathology to the War Office.
81. Maisie Fletcher, The Bright Countenance: A Personal Biography of Walter Morley Fletcher, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1957.
82. T.R.E., 'Sir Walter Morley Fletcher, 1873-1933', Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society (December 1933) 1, pp. 153-163.
83. Letter to Lord Astor from Lord Mildmay, 1 December 1932, Field Distemper Council, NA FD1/1281. Also see Hobday, op. cit. (1), p. iii.
84. Figures based on reports issued by the Field Distemper Fund, NA FD 1/1274. Report for January 1927, 'Details of Contributions to The Field Distemper Fund to the end of 1925', pp. 12-18
85. 'Details of Contributions to The Field Distemper Fund for 1927 and to the 3rd of December, 1928', in P.P. Laidlaw and F.W. Dunkin, 'A report upon the cause andprevention of dog distemper', Progress Report of the Distemper Research Committee, the Field Distemper Fund, 1928, pp. 19-20.
86. 'Details of contributions to The Field Distemper Fund', 1930, NA FD1/1296.
87. Henry H. Dale, 'Patrick Playfair Laidlaw, 1881-1940', Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society (1941) 3, pp. 427-447.
88. Thomas Dalling, 'George William Dunkin, 1886-1942', Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology (1942) 54, pp. 401-402.
89. Laidlaw and Dunkin, op. cit. (55), pp. 5-6. The need for controlled supplies of animals was identified as a general issue for the NIMR from its creation. See Robert G.W. Kirk, '"Wanted - standard guinea pigs": standardisation and the experimental animal market in Britain ca.1919-1947', Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences (2008) 39, pp. 283-285.
90. MRC, Report of the Medical Research Council for the Year 1930-1931, London: HMSO, 1932, p. 27.
91. 'Field Distemper Fund', Fletcher to Cook, 24 January 1924, NA FD1/1275.
92. 'Visit to Mill Hill Farm Laboratories', Veterinary Record (1928) 8, p. 1102.
93. Second Report of the Dog Distemper Research Committee, February 1924.
94. P.P. Laidlaw and G.W. Dunkin, 'Studies in dog distemper. V. The immunisation of dogs', Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics (1928) 41, pp. 209-227
95. G.W. Dunkin and P.P. Laidlaw, 'Studies in dog-distemper. II. Experimental distemper in the dog', Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics (1926) 39, pp. 213-221.
96. MRC, Report of the Medical Research Council for the Year 1924-1925, London: HMSO, 1926
97. MRC, Report of the Medical Research Council for the Year 1925-1926, London: HMSO, 1927.
98. For discussion of the general problem of filtration in virus work, see Ton van Helvoort, 'History of virus research in the twentieth century: the problem of conceptual continuity', History of Science (1994) 32, pp. 190-194.
99. P.P. Laidlaw, and G.W. Dunkin, 'Studies in dog-distemper. III. The nature of the virus', Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics (1926) 39, p. 228.
100. 'Visit to Mill Hill Farm Laboratories', Veterinary Record (1928) 8, pp. 1101-1103, 1102. Later, their vaccine work demonstrated that, unlike many other pathogenic viruses identified at this time, distemper was not characterized by many strains.
101. Third Report of the Distemper Research Committee - Ferrets, 7 October 1924, NA FD1/1275.
102. On ferrets see Arthur R. Harding, Ferret Facts and Fancies: A Book of Practical Instructions on Breeding, Raising, Handling and Selling; Also Their Uses and Fur Value, Columbus: A.R. Harding, 1919.
103. Third Report of the Distemper Research Committee - Ferrets, 7 October 1924. The veterinary surgeons, Henry Gray and A.J. Sewell, who had battled over distemper in the early 1900s, also informed Laidlaw and Dunkin that they had succeeded in infecting ferrets with distemper.
104. G.W. Dunkin and P.P. Laidlaw, 'Studies in dog-distemper. I. Dog-distemper in the ferret', Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics (1926) 39, p. 201-212.
105. Alexander P. Thomson, 'A history of the ferret', Journal of the History of Medicine (1951) 6, pp. 471-480
106. C. Sweet, R.J. Fenton and G.E. Price, 'The ferret as an animal model of influenza virus infection', in Oto Zak and Merle A. Sande (eds.), Handbook of Animal Models of Infection: Experimental Models in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, London: Academic Press, 1999, pp. 288-298.
107. 'Visit to Mill Hill Farm Laboratories', op. cit. (71), p. 1101.
108. The issue was widely explored in late 1920s and early 1930s, with considerable work being done at the NIMR. See, for example, S.P. Bedson, 'Observations on the mode of action of a viricidal serum', British Journal of Experimental Pathology (1928) 9, pp. 235-240
109. C.H. Andrewes, 'Immunity in virus diseases', The Lancet (1931) 2, pp. 1046-1049
110. W.W.C. Topley, An Outline of Immunity, London: Edward Arnold & Co., 1933, pp. 254-273.
111. The problem was also explored at BWC; see R.A. O'Brien, 'Certain practical aspects of immunity', British Journal of Medicine (29 November 1927) 2, pp. 975-978.
112. 'Distemper and influenza', The Lancet (1927) 1, p. 445.
113. Lise Wilkinson, 'The development of the virus concept as reflected in corpora of studies on individual pathogens. 5. Smallpox and the evolution of ideas on acute (viral) infections', Medical History (1979) 23, pp. 1-28
114. Wilkinson, 'The development of the virus concept as reflected in corpora of studies on individual pathogens. 4. Rabies: two millennia of ideas and conjecture on the aetiology of a virus disease', Medical History (1977) 21, pp. 15-31. In interwar Britain, purifying vaccinia virus for the Government Lymph Department was crucial issue tackled by C.H. Ledingham at the Lister Institute.
115. See Harriett Chick, Margaret Hume and Marjorie MacFarlane, War on Disease: A History of the Lister Institute, London: A. Deutsch, 1971, pp. 133-134.
116. Pauline M.H. Mazumdar, '"In the silence of the laboratory": The League of Nations standardizes syphilis tests', Social History of Medicine (2003) 16, pp. 437-459.
117. P.P. Laidlaw and G.W. Dunkin, 'Studies in dog distemper. IV. The immunisation of ferrets against dog distemper', Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics (1927) 41, pp. 1-17, 5.
118. 'Dr. Laidlaw and Mr. Dunkin on their distemper investigations', Veterinary Record (1928) 8, p. 1104.
119. For the concept of control in MRC clinical trials see Martin Edwards, Control and the Therapeutic Trial: Rhetoric and the Therapeutic Trial in Britain, 1918-48, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2007.
120. MRC, Report of the Medical Research Council for the Year 1927-1928, London: HMSO, 1929, p. 106.
121. 'The inoculation for distemper', Veterinary Record (1929) 9, pp. 123-124.
122. Reprinted from 'The "Field" Distemper Fund', The Field (January 1929).
123. 'The prevention of distemper: discovery of an immunity vaccine', Veterinary Journal (1928) 84, pp. 595-596
124. 'Distemper conquered - Fruit of 5 Years' Work', Daily Mirror, 30 November 1928, p. 1
125. Manchester Guardian, 30 November 1930, p. 20.
126. Also see Daily Mirror, 20 October 1928, p. 5A and 30 October 1928, p. 1, including front-page photographs of Laidlaw and Dunkin; The Times, 23 December 1926, p. 12 ff
127. 25 January 1927, p. 9D; 29 November 1928, p. 9a and Editorial p. 15C; Editorial, 20 December 1929, p. 8G.
128. The Field, 30 November 1929 and 21 December 1929.
129. Editorial, 'Animal immunity', Veterinary Journal (1928) 8, p. 591.
130. Editorial, 'Distemper research', Veterinary Record (1928) 8, p. 1095.
131. Correspondence between the Field Distemper Council and BWC, NA FD1/1296.
132. Peter J. Bowler, Science for All: The Popularization of Science in Early Twentieth-Century Britain, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2009.
133. Geo. E. Pearson (deputy director, BWC) to E.S. Grew (secretary, Field Distemper Council) on monopoly, production, distribution, naming of vaccine, 11 December 1928, NA FD1/1296. Also see Church and Tansey, op. cit. (3), pp. 349-350
134. H.J. Parish, The Wellcome Research Laboratories and Immunisation: A Historical Survey and Personal Memoir - chronologies and biographical notes, mimeograph, c.1970, Wellcome Library Archives, WF/M/H/08/19.
135. Progress Report of the Distemper Research Committee, 1929, p. 1, NA FD1/1279.
136. 'Obituary: Sir Thomas Dalling', Times, 26 May 1982, p. 12G-H.
137. The American companies were Lederle Laboratories and Mulford Laboratories. 'Success of Vaccine Treatment', Veterinary Record (1930) 10, p. 38
138. MRC, op. cit. (94), p. 34; Lederle Laboratories, 'The control of canine distemper', 1952, p. 4, available at http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo. 31924000254262, accessed 10 May 2012.
139. Correspondence between BWC and Field Distemper Council, December 1928-March 1929, NA FD1/1296.
140. Thomson to Mildmay, 12 March 1929: 'Burroughs Wellcome & Co. will be supplying veterinary practitioners on a commercial basis almost immediately'; 'Confidential to veterinary surgeons', undated; BWC to Landsborough Thomson, 6 March 1929, NA FD1/1296. Thomas Dalling, 'Canine distemper: some sequelae to active immunisation', Veterinary Record (1929) 9, pp. 774-776
141. Dalling, 'Canine distemper prophylaxis' Veterinary Record (1929) 9, pp. 1049-1052.
142. Thomas Dalling, 'Canine distemper prophylaxis', Veterinary Record (1929) 9, p. 1049.
143. Dalling to Miss Olga B. Woodward, MRCVS, Walpole House, Burton-on-Trent, 31 December 1929
144. Miss Olga B. Woodward, MRCVS, to Lady Burton, 2 January 1930, NA FD1/1279.
145. Holland-Hibbert to Portland, 28 January 1930; Fletcher to Mildmay, 1 February 1930; Fletcher to Portland, 12 February 1930. For Lady Howe's kennel and dogs see www.lorkenfarms.com/banchory-bolo.htm, accessed 14 February 2013, NA FD1/1279.
146. 'Report of the Vaccination Committee', British Medical Journal (1928) 2, p. 266-268; (1929) 2, pp. 30-1; (1931) 2, p. 478
147. Major Greenwood, 'The vaccination problem', British Medical Journal (1930) 1, pp. 398-401.
148. A.A. Comerford, 'Two years' field experience with the preventative treatment of distemper as advocated by Laidlaw and Dunkin', Veterinary Record (1929) 9, p. 84.
149. Press cutting on 'Canine hysteria', WF/M/H/02/24.
150. The inquiry was closely followed by the Field Distemper Council, which had its Scientific Committee analyse the problems with the vaccine. 'Inquiry into experience with the commercial preparation', Report of The Field Distemper Committee, March 1930, NA FD1/1279.
151. Dalling first publicly outlined the issues at a meeting of the Section of Comparative Medicine of the Royal Society of Medicine on 26 February 1930, 'Discussion on canine distemper', Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine (1930) 23, pp. 747-756
152. Reprinted as 'Canine distemper', Veterinary Record (1930) 10, pp. 467-475.
153. Thomas Dalling, 'Experiences with distemper immunisation', Veterinary Record (1930) 10, pp. 225-234.
154. P.P. Laidlaw, 'Dog distemper and immunisation', Nature (28 December 1929) 124, pp. 991-993
155. Reprinted in the Veterinary Journal (January 1930), pp. 48-51.
156. Report of the Distemper Research Committee: Analysis of Complaints, March 1930, pp. 2-5
157. R.A. O'Brien, proposed letter to Veterinary Record, 12 July 1930, WF/WBSR/06/09.
158. Also see O'Brien's comments in T. Dalling, 'Experiences with distemper immunisation', Veterinary Record (1930) 10, pp. 233-234.
159. O'Brien to Laidlaw, 13 July 1930, WF/WBSR/06/09.
160. Editorial, 'The "Field" distemper vaccine and virus', Veterinary Record (1930) 10, p. 541.
161. Letter, R.A. O'Brien to Wenyon, 14 June 1930, WF/WBSR/06/09.
162. Thomas Dalling, 'Further field and laboratory observations in connection with canine distemper prophylaxis', Veterinary Record (1931) 11, pp. 617-618.
163. P.P. Laidlaw and G.W. Dunkin, 'Studies in dog distemper. VI. Dog distemper anti-serum', Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapy (1931) 44, pp. 1-3.
164. P.P. Laidlaw and G.W. Dunkin, 'Dog distemper antiserum', Veterinary Record (1931) 11, pp. 359-367.
165. Thomas Dalling, 'Canine distemper immunisation: use of various prophylactics in hunting packs', Veterinary Journal (1931) 87, pp. 553-558.
166. Thomas Dalling, 'Observations on canine distemper prophylaxis', Veterinary Record (1932) 12, p. 743.
167. Thomas Dalling, 'Recent observations on canine distemper immunisation', Veterinary Record (1934) 14, p. 1350-1351.
168. See Dalling's comments in G.F. Boddie, 'The clinical aspect of distemper immunisation', Veterinary Record (1934) 14, p. 513.
169. Hector C. Cameron, 'Patrick Playfair Laidlaw', Guy's Hospital Reports (1940-1941) 90, p. 9.
170. 'The conquest of distemper', The Observer, 4 December 1932, p. 8F.
171. Quoted in The Times, 3 December 1932, p. 7A.
172. Dalling Report, January 1933, WF/WSBR/06/17-18.
173. P.P. Laidlaw, 'Distemper', in Paul Fildes et al. (eds.), 'Viruses and virus diseases', A System of Bacteriology in Relation to Medicine, vol. 7, London: HMSO, 1930, pp. 232-243.
174. MRC, Report of the Medical Research Council for the Year 1931-1932, London: HMSO, 1933, p. 19.
175. MRC, op. cit. (149), p. 20; Daniel Gilfoyle, 'Veterinary immunology as colonial science: method and quantification in the investigation of horsesickness in South Africa, c.1905-1945', Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (2005) 61, pp. 26-65.
176. See, for example, Christopher Lawrence and Anna K. Mayer (eds.), Regenerating England: Science, Medicine and Culture in Inter-war Britain, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2000.