Recent studies in microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in hypersaline environments

Frontiers in Microbiology

Volumn 5, Issue APR, 2014, Pages

  Fathepure, Babu Z ^a  

^a OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Biodegradation; Halophilic and halotolerant bacteria and archaea; Hypersaline environments; Molecular mechanism of degradation; Oxygenated and non oxygenated hydrocarbons

Indexed keywords

ALIPHATIC COMPOUND; BENZENE; BENZOIC ACID DERIVATIVE; ETHYLBENZENE; HYDROCARBON; PETROLEUM; PETROLEUM DERIVATIVE; PHENOL DERIVATIVE; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; TOLUENE; XYLENE;

ALCANIVORAX; BIOREMEDIATION; HALOARCULA; HALOBACTERIUM; HALOFERAX; HALOMONAS; HYPERSALINE ENVIRONMENT; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MARINOBACTER; MICROBIAL DEGRADATION; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NONHUMAN; REVIEW;

EID: 84899687985     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664302X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00173     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Abdelkafi, S., Labat, M., Casalot, L., Chamkha, M., and Sayadi, S. (2006). Isolation and characterization of Halomonas sp. strain IMPC, a p-coumaric acid-metabolizing bacterium that decarboxylates other cinnamic acids under hypersaline conditions. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 255, 108-114. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2005.00061.x
2. Abed, R. M. M., Al-Thukair, A., and De Beer, D. (2006). Bacterial diversity of a cyanobacterial mat degrading petroleum compounds at elevated salinities and temperatures. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 57, 290-301. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00113.x
3. Al-Mailem, D. M., Eliyas, M., and Radwan, S. S. (2012). Enhanced haloarchaeal oil removal in hypersaline environments via organic nitrogen fertilization and illumination. Extremophiles 16, 751-758. doi: 10.1007/s00792-012-0471-y
4. Al-Mailem, D. M., Eliyas, M., and Radwan, S. S. (2013). Oil-bioremediation potential of two hydrocarbonoclastic, diazotrophic Marinobacter strains from hypersaline areas along the Arabian Gulf coasts. Extremophiles 17, 463-470. doi: 10.1007/s00792-013-0530-z
5. Al-Mailem, D. M., Sorkhoh, N. A., Al-Awadhi, H., Eliyas, M., and Radwan, S. S. (2010). Biodegradation of crude oil and pure hydrocarbons by extreme halophilic archaea from hypersaline coasts of the Arabian Gulf. Extremophiles 14, 321-328. doi: 10.1007/s00792-010-0312-9
6. Al-Mallah, M., Goutx, M., Mille, G., and Bertrand, J.-C. (1990). Production of emulsifying agents during Growth of a marine Alteromonas in sea water with eicosane as carbon source, a solid hydrocarbon. Oil Chem. Pollut. 6, 289-305. doi: 10.1016/S0269-8579(05)80005-X
7. Al-Mueini, R., Al-Dalali, M., Al-Amri, I. S., and Patzelt, H. (2007). Hydrocarbon degradation at high salinity by a novel extremely halophilic actinomycete. Environ. Chem. 4, 5-7. doi: 10.1071/EN06019
8. Alva, V., and Peyton, B. M. (2003). Phenol and catechol biodegradation by the haloalkaliphile Halomonas campisalis: influence of pH and salinity. Environ. Sci. Technol. 37, 4397-4402. doi: 10.1021/es0341844
9. Ashok, T., Saxena, S., and Musarrat, J. (1995). Isolation and characterization of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacteria from soil near an oil refinery. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 21, 246-248. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1995.tb01052.x
10. Azetsu, S., Nicholson, C., Najar, F., Roe, B., and Fathepure, B. (2009). "Physiological and genomic analysis of BTEX degradation in novel Arhodomonas strains, isolated from hypersaline environments," in 109th American Society for Microbiology (Philadelphia, PA).
11. Bastos, A. E. R., Moon, D. H., Rossi, A., Trevors, J. T., and Tsai, S. M. (2000). Salt-tolerant phenol-degrading microorganisms isolated from Amazonian soil samples. Arch. Microbiol. 174, 346-352. doi: 10.1007/s002030000216
12. Berlendis, S., Cayol, J.-L., Verhe, F., Laveau, S., Tholozan, J.-C., Ollivier, B., et al. (2010). First evidence of aerobic biodegradation of BTEX compounds by pure cultures of Marinobacter. Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 160, 1992-1999. doi: 10.1007/s12010-009-8746-1
13. Bertrand, J-C., Almallah, M., Acquaviva, M., and Mille, G. (1990). Biodegradation of hydrocarbons by an extremely halophilic archaebacterium. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 11, 260-263. doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.1990.tb00176.x
14. Bonfá, M. R. L., Grossman, M. J., Mellado, E., and Durrant, L. R. (2011). Biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons by Haloarchaea and their use for the reduction of the chemical oxygen demand of hypersaline petroleum produced water. Chemosphere 84, 1671-1676. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.05.005
15. Bonfá, M. R. L., Grossman, M. J., Piubeli, F., Mellado, E., and Durrant, L. R. (2013). Phenol degradation by halophilic bacteria isolated from hypersaline environments. Biodegradation 24, 699-709. doi: 10.1007/s10532-012-9617-y
16. Borzenkov, I. A., Milekhina, E. I., Gotoeva, M. T., Rozanova, E. P., and Belyaev, S. S. (2006). The properties of hydrocarbon-oxidizing bacteria isolated from the oilfields of Tatarstan, Western Siberia, and Vietnam. Microbiology 75, 66-72. doi: 10.1134/S0026261706010127
17. Cao, B., Nagarajan, K., and Loh, K.-C. (2009). Biodegradation of aromatic compounds: current status and opportunities for biomolecular approaches. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 85, 207-228. doi: 10.1007/s00253-009-2192-4
18. Chamkha, M., Mnif, S., and Sayadi, S. (2008). Isolation of a thermophilic and halophilic tyrosol-degrading Geobacillus from a Tunisian high-temperature oil field. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 283, 23-29. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01136.x
19. Cuadros-Orellana, S., Pohlschroderb, M., Grossmanc, M. J., and Durrant, L. R. (2012). Biodegradation of aromatic compounds by a halophilic archaeon isolated from the Dead Sea. Chem. Eng. Trans. 27, 13-18. doi: 10.3303/cet1227003
20. Cuadros-Orellana, S., Pohlschroder, M., and Durrant, L. R. (2006). Isolation and characterization of halophilic archaea able to grow in aromatic compounds. Int. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 57, 151-154. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2005.04.005
21. Dalvi, S., Azetsu, S., Patrauchan, M. A., Aktas, D. F., and Fathepure, B. Z. (2012). Proteogenomic elucidation of the initial steps in the benzene degradation pathway of a novel halophile, Arhodomonas sp. Strain Rozel, isolated from a hypersaline environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78, 7309-7316. doi: 10.1128/AEM.01327-12
22. Dastgheib, S. M. M., Amoozegar, M. A., Khajeh, K., Shavandi, M., and Ventosa, A. (2012). Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by a halophilic microbial consortium. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 95, 789-798. doi: 10.1007/s00253-011-3706-4
23. Dastgheib, S. M. M., Amoozegar, M. A., Khajeh, K., and Ventosa, A. (2011). A halotolerant Alcanivorax sp. strain with potential application in saline soil remediation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 90, 305-312. doi: 10.1007/s00253-010-3049-6
24. Diaz, M. P., Boyd, K. G., Grigson, S. J. W., and Burgess, J. G. (2002). Biodegradation of crude oil across a wide range of salinities by an extremely halotolerant bacterial consortium MPD-M, immobilized onto polypropylene fibres. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 79, 145-153. doi: 10.1002/bit.10318
25. Diaz, M. P., Grigson, S. J. W., Peppiatt, C. J., and Burgess, J. G. (2000). Isolation and characterization of novel hydrocarbon-degrading euryhaline consortia from crude oil and mangrove sediments. Mar. Biotechnol. 2, 522-532. doi: 10.1007/s101260000037
26. Duran, R. (2010). "Marinobacter," in Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology, ed K. N. Timmis (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag), 1726-1733. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_122
27. Emerson, D., Chauchan, S., Oriel, P., and Breznak, J. A. (1994). Haloferax sp. D1227, a halophilic archaeon capable of growth on aromatic compounds. Arch. Microbiol. 161, 445-452. doi: 10.1007/BF00307764
28. Erdogmuş, S. F., Mutlu, B., Korcan, S. E., Guven, K., and Konuk, M. (2013). Aromatic hydrocarbon degradation by halophilic archaea isolated from çamalti Saltern, Turkey. Water Air Soil Pollut. 224, 1449. doi: 10.1007/s11270-013-1449-9
29. Fairley, D. J., Boyd, D. R., Sharma, N. D., Allen, C. C., Morgan, P., and Larkin, M. J. (2002). Aerobic metabolism of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in Archaea via an unusual pathway involving an intramolecular migration (NIH shift). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 6246-6255. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.12.6246-6255.2002
30. Fairley, D. J., Wang, G., Rensing, C., Pepper, I. L., and Larkin, M. J. (2006). Expression of gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (gdoA) genes involved in aromatic degradation in two haloarchaeal genera. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 73, 691-695. doi: 10.1007/s00253-006-0509-0
31. Feng, L., Wang, W., Cheng, J., Ren, Y., Zhao, G., Gao, C., et al. (2007). Genome and proteome of long-chain alkane degrading Geobacillus thermodenitrificans NG80-2 isolated from a deep-subsurface oil reservoir. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 5602-5607. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0609650104
32. Fernandez-Linares, L., Acquaviva, M., Bertrand, J.-C., and Gauthier, M. (1996). Effect of sodium chloride concentration on growth and degradation of eicosane by the marine halotolerant bacterium Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus. System Appl. Microbial. 19, 113-121. doi: 10.1016/S0723-2020(96)80018-X
33. Fowler, S. W., Readman, J. W., Oregioni, B., Villeneuve, J. P., and McKay, K. (1993). Petroleum hydrocarbons and trace metals in nearshore gulf sediments and biota before and after the 1991 war-an assessment of temporal and spatial trends. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 27, 171-182. doi: 10.1016/0025-326X(93)90022-C
34. Fu, W., and Oriel, P. (1998). Gentisate 1,2-dioxygenase from Haloferax sp. D1227. Extremophiles 2, 439-436. doi: 10.1007/s007920050090
35. Fu, W., and Oriel, P. (1999). Degradation of 3-phenylpropionic acid by Haloferax sp. D1227. Extremophiles. 3, 45-53. doi: 10.1007/s007920050098
36. Fuchs, G., Boll, M., and Heider, J. (2011). Microbial degradation of aromatic compounds-from one strategy to four. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 9, 803-816. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2652
37. Gao, W., Cui, Z., Li, Q., Xu, G., Jia, X., and Zheng, L. (2013). Marinobacter nanhaiticus sp. nov., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium isolated from the sediment of the South China Sea. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 103, 485-491. doi: 10.1007/s10482-012-9830-z
38. Garcia, M. T., Gallego, V., Ventosa, A., and Mellado, E. (2005a). Thalassobacillus devorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, phenol-degrading, Gram-positive bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 55, 1789-1795. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63560-0
39. Garcia, M. T., Mellado, E., Ostos, J. C., and Ventosa, A. (2004). Halomonas organivorans sp. nov., a moderate halophile able to degrade aromatic compounds. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54: 1723-1728. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.63114-0
40. Garcia, M. T., Ventosa, A., and Mellado, E. (2005b). Catabolic versatility of aromatic compound-degrading halophilic bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 54, 97-109. doi: 10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.009
41. Gauthier, M. J., Lafay, B., Christen, R., Fernandez, L., Acquaviva, M., Bonin, P., et al. (1992). Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus gen. nov., sp. nov., a new, extremely halotolerant, hydrocarbon-degrading marine bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 42, 568-576. doi: 10.1099/00207713-42-4-568
42. Gibbs, G. W. (1997). Estimating residential polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) related lung cancer risk using occupational data. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 41, 49-53. doi: 10.1093/annhyg/41.inhaled_particles_VIII.49
43. Harayama, S., Kishira, H., Kasai, Y., and Shutsubo, K. (1999). Petroleum biodegradation in marine environments. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1, 63-70.
44. Harwood, C. S., and Parales, R. E. (1996). The beta-ketoadipate pathway and the biology of self identity. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 50, 553-590. doi: 10.1146/annurev.micro.50.1.553
45. Hassan, H. A., Rizk, N. M. H., Hefnawy, M. A., and Awad, A. M. (2012). Isolation and characterization of halophilic aromatic and chloroaromatic degrader from Wadi El-Natrun Soda lakes. Life Sci. J. 9, 1565-1570.
46. Head, I. M., and Swannell, R. P. (1999). Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants in marine habitats. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 10, 234-239. doi: 10.1016/S0958-1669(99)80041-X
47. Hinteregger, C., and Streischsberg, F. (1997). Halomonas sp., a moderately halophilic strain, for biotreatment of saline phenolic waste-water. Biotechnol. Lett. 19, 1099-1102. doi: 10.1023/A:1018488410102
48. Holden, P. A., LaMontagne, M. G., Bruce, A. K., Miller, W. G., and Lindow, S. E. (2002). Assessing the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa surface-active gene expression in hexadecane biodegr-adation in sand. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 2509-2518. doi: 10.1128/AEM.68.5.2509-2518.2002
49. Huu, N. B., Denner, E. B. M., Ha, D. T. C., Wanner, G., and Stan-Lotter, H. (1999). Marinobacter aquaeolei sp. nov., a halophilic bacterium isolated from a Vietnamese oil-producing well. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 49, 367-375. doi: 10.1099/00207713-49-2-367
50. Kim, D., Kim, S. W., Choi, K. Y., Lee, J. S., and Kim, E. (2008). Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the genes encoding benzoate and p-hydroxybenzoate degradation by the halophilic Chromohalobacter sp. strain HS-2. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 280, 235-241. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2008.01067.x
51. Kleinsteuber, S., Müller, R. H., and Babel, W. (2001). Expression of the 2,4-D degradative pathway of pJP4 in an alkaliphilic, moderately halophilic soda lake isolate, Halomonas sp. EF43. Extremophiles 5, 375-384. doi: 10.1007/s007920100202
52. Kulichevskaya, I. S., Milekhina, E. I., Borzenkov, I. A., Zvyagintseva, I. S., and Belyaev, S. S. (1992). Oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons by extremely halophilic archaebacteria. Microbiology 60, 596-601.
53. Kushner, D. J. (1978). "Life in high salt and solute concentrations: halophilic bacteria," in Microbial Life in Extreme Environments, ed D. J. Kushner (London: Academic Press, Ltd.), 317-368.
54. Kuznetsov, V. D., Zaitseva, T. A., Vakulenko, L. V., and Filippova, S. N. (1992). Streptomyces albiaxialis sp. nov.: a new petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading species of thermo-and halotolerant Streptomyces. Microbiology 61, 62-67.
55. Leahy, J. G., and Colwell, R. R. (1990). Microbial degradation of hydrocarbons in the environment. Microbiol. Rev. 54, 305-315.
56. Le Borgne, S., Paniagua, D., and Vazquez-Duhalt, R. (2008). Biodegradation of organic pollutants by halophilic bacteria and archaea. J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 15, 74-92. doi: 10.1159/000121323
57. Li, H., Liu, Y. H., Luo, N., Zhang, X. Y., Luan, T. G., Hu, J. M., et al. (2006). Biodegradation of benzene and its derivatives by a psychrotolerant and moderately haloalkaliphilic Planococcus sp. strain ZD22. Res. Microbiol. 157, 629-636. doi: 10.1016/j.resmic.2006.01.002
58. Luz, A. P., Pellizari, V. H., Whyte, L. G., and Greer, C. W. (2004). A survey of indigenous microbial hydrocarbon degradation genes in soils from Antarctica and Brazil. Can. J. Microbiol. 50, 323-333. doi: 10.1139/w04-008
59. Martins, L. F., and Peixoto, R. S. (2012). Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in hypersaline environments. Braz. J. Microbiol. 43, 865-872. doi: 10.1590/S1517-83822012000300003
60. McGenity, T. J. (2010). "Halophilic hydrocarbon degraders," in Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology, ed K. N. Timmis (Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag), 1939-1948.
61. McGenity, T. J., Folwell, B. D., McKew, B. A., and Sanni, G. O. (2012). Marine crude-oil biodegradation: a central role for interspecies interactions. Aquat. Biosyst. 8, 10. doi: 10.1186/2046-9063-8-10
62. Menzie, C. A., Potocki, B. B., and Santodonato, J. (1992). Exposure to carcinogenic PAH in the environment. Environ. Sci. Technol. 26, 1278-1284. doi: 10.1021/es00031a002
63. Mnif, S., Chamkha, M., Labat, M., and Sayadi, S. (2011). Simultaneous hydrocarbon biodegradation and biosurfactant production by oilfield-selected bacteria. J. Appl. Microbiol. 111, 525-536. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05071.x
64. Mnif, S., Chamkha, M., and Sayadi, S. (2009). Isolation and characterization of Halomonas sp. strain C2SS100, a hydrocarbon-degrading bacterium under hypersaline conditions. J. Appl. Microbiol. 107, 785-794. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04251.x
65. Moreno, M. D. L., Sanchez-Porro, C., Piubeli, F., Frias, L., Garcia, M. T., and Mellado, E. (2011). Cloning, characterization and analysis of cat and ben genes from the phenol degrading halophilic bacterium Halomonas organivorans. PLoS ONE 6:e21049. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021049
66. Neff, J., Lee, K., and DeBlois, E. M. (2011). "Produced water: overview of composition, fates, and effects," in Produced Water: Environmental Risks and Advances in Mitigation Technologies eds K. Lee and J. Neff (New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC), 3-54. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0046-2_1
67. Nicholson, C. A., and Fathepure, B. Z. (2004). Biodegradation of benzene by halophilic and halotolerant bacteria under aerobic conditions. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 1222-1225. doi: 10.1128/AEM.70.2.1222-1225.2004
68. Nicholson, C. A., and Fathepure, B. Z. (2005). Aerobic biodegradation of benzene and toluene under hypersaline conditions at the Great Salt Plains, Oklahoma. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 245, 257-262. doi: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.03.014
69. Nicholson, C. A., and Fathepure, B. Z. (2006). "Isolation and characterization of a halophile that degrades benzene as the sole carbon and energy source," in 106th American Society for Microbiology (Orlando, FL).
70. Nie, Y., Fang, H., Li, Y., Chi, C. Q., Tang, Y. Q., and Wu, X. L. (2013). The genome of the moderate halophile Amycolicicoccus subflavus DQS3-9A1T reveals four alkane hydroxylation systems and provides some clues on the genetic basis for its adaptation to a petroleum environment. PLoS ONE 8:e70986. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070986
71. Obuekwe, C. O., Badrudeen., A. M., Al-Saleh, E., and Mulder, J. L. (2005). Growth and hydrocarbon degradation by three desert fungi under conditions of simultaneous temperature and salt stress. Intern. Biodeter. Biodegrad. 56, 197-205. doi: 10.1016/j.ibiod.2005.05.005
72. Oren, A. (2013). "Life at high salt concentrations," in The Prokaryotes - Prokaryotic Communities and Ecophysiology, eds E. Rosenberg, E. F. Delong, S. Lory, E. Stackebrandt, and F. Thompson (Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag), 421-440. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-30123-0_57
73. Oren, A., Gurevich, P., Azachi, M., and Hents, Y. (1992). Microbial degradation of pollutants at high salt concentrations. Biodegradation 3, 387-398. doi: 10.1007/BF00129095
74. Oie, C. S., Albaugh, C. E., and Peyton, B. M. (2007). Benzoate and salicylate degradation by Halomonas campisalis, an alkaliphilic and moderately halophilic microorganism. Water Res. 41, 1235-1242. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.029
75. Patzelt, H. (2005). "Hydrocarbon degradation under hypersaline conditions, some facts, some experiments and many open questions," in Adaptation to Life at High Salt Concentrations in Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya, eds Gunde-Cimerman et al. (Netherlands: Springer publishers), 105-122. doi: 10.1007/1-4020-3633-7_8
76. Patzelt, H. (2007). "Hydrocarbon metabolism," in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (John Wiley and Sons, Ltd), 1-9. doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0000473
77. Pérez-Pantoja, D., González, B., and Pieper, D. H. (2010). "Aerobic degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons," in Handbook of Hydrocarbon and Lipid Microbiology, ed K. N. Timmis (Berlin: Springer-Verlag), 799-837. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-77587-4_60
78. Pernetti, M., and Di Palma, L. (2005). Experimental evaluation of inhibition effects of saline wastewater on activated sludge. Environ. Technol. 26, 695-703. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2001.9619509
79. Philip, J. C., Bamforth, S. M., Singleton, I., and Atlas, R. M. (2005). "Environmental pollution and restoration: a role for bioremediation," in Bioremediation: Applied Microbial Solutions for Real-World Environmental Cleanup eds R. M. Atlas and J. Philip (Washington, DC: ASM Press), 1-48.
80. Plotnikova, E. G., Alyntseva, O. V., Kosheleva, I. A., Puntus, I. F., Filonov, A. E., Gavrish Elu, et al. (2001). Bacterial degraders of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons isolated from salt-contaminated soils and bottom sediments in salt mining areas. Microbiology 70, 51-58. doi: 10.1023/A:1004892804670
81. Plotnikova, E. G., Yastrebova, O. V., Anan'ina, L. N., Dorofeeva, L. V., Lysanskaya, V. Ya., and Demakov, V. A. (2011). Halotolerant bacteria of the genus Arthrobacter degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Russian J. Ecol. 42, 502-509. doi: 10.1134/S1067413611060130
82. Reineke, W. (2001). "Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation potentials of microorganisms," in The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Vol. 2 Part K Biodegradation and Persistance, ed B. Beek (Berlin; Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag), 1-140.
83. Riis, V., Kleinsteuber, S., and Babel, W. (2003). Influence of high salinities on the degradation of diesel fuel by bacteria consortia. Can. J. Microbiol. 49, 713-721. doi: 10.1139/w03-083
84. Rosenberg, A. (1983). Pseudomonas halodurans sp. nov., a halotolerant bacterium. Arch. Microbiol. 136, 117-123. doi: 10.1007/BF00404785
85. Sass, A. M., McKew, B. A., Sass, H., Fichtel, J., Timmis, K. N., and McGenity, T. J. (2008). Diversity of Bacillus-like organisms isolated from deep-sea hypersaline anoxic sediments. Saline Syst. 4, 8. doi: 10.1186/1746-1448-4-8
86. Sei, A., and Fathepure, B. Z. (2009). Biodegradation of BTEX at high salinity by an enrichment culture from hypersaline sediments of Rozel Point at Great Salt Lake. J. Appl. Microbiol. 107, 2001-2008. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04385.x
87. Tapilatu, Y. H., Grossi, V., Acquaviva, M., Militon, C., Bertrand, J.-C., and Cuny, P. (2010). Isolation of hydrocarbon-degrading extremely halophilic archaea from an uncontaminated hypersaline pond (Camargue, France). Extremophiles 14, 225-231. doi: 10.1007/s00792-010-0301-z
88. Throne-Holst, M., Wentzel, A., Ellingsen, T. E., Kotlar, H. K., and Zotchev, S. B. (2007). Identification of novel genes involved in long-chain n-alkane degradation by Acinetobacter sp. strain DSM 17874. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73, 3327-3332. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00064-07
89. van Beilen, J. B., and Funhoff, E. G. (2007). Alkane hydroxylases involved in microbial alkane degradation. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 74, 13-21. doi: 10.1007/s00253-006-0748-0
90. Van Hamme, J. D., Singh, A. M., and Ward, O. P. (2003). Recent advances in petroleum microbiology Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 6, 503-549. doi: 10.1128/MMBR.67.4.503-549.2003
91. Veil, J. H., Puder, M. G., Elcock, D., and Redweik, R. J. (2004). "A white paper describing produced water from production of crude oil, natural gas, and coal bed methane," in U.S. Department of energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory. Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory (Washington, DC), 1-87.
92. Ventosa, A., and Nieto, J. J. (1995). Biotechnological applications and potentialities of halophilic microorganisms. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 11, 85-94. doi: 10.1007/BF00339138
93. Wang, Y. N., Chi, C. Q., Cai, M., Lou, Z. Y., Tang, Y. Q., Zhi, X. Y., et al. (2010). Amycolicicoccus subflavus gen. nov., sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from a saline soil contaminated by crude oil. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 60, 638-643. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.010546-0
94. Ward, D. M., and Brock, T. D. (1978). Hydrocarbon biodegradation in hypersaline environments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 35, 353-359.
95. Woolard, C. R., and Irvine, R. L. (1995). Treatment of hypersaline wastewater in the sequencing batch reactor. Water Res. 29, 1159-1168. doi: 10.1016/0043-1354(94)00239-4
96. Yemashova, N. A., Murygina, V. P., Zhukov, D. V., Zakharyantz, A. A., Gladchenko, M. A., Appanna, V., et al. (2007). Biodeterioration of crude oil and oil derived products: a review. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. 6, 315-337. doi: 10.1007/s11157-006-9118-8
97. Wang, Y. N., Cai, H., Chi, C. Q., Lu, A. H., Lin, X. G., Jian, Z. F., et al. (2007). Halomonas shengliensis sp. nov., a moderately halophilic, denitrifying, crude-oil-utilizing bacterium. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57, 1222-1226. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.64973-0
98. Zhao, B., Wang., H., Mao, X., and Li, R. (2009). Biodegradation of phenanthrene by a halophilic bacterial consortium under aerobic conditions. Curr. Microbiol. 58, 205-210. doi: 10.1007/s00284-008-9309-3
99. Zvyagintseva, I. S., Belyaev, S. S., Borzenkov, I. A., Kostrikina, N. A., Milekhina, E. I., and Ivanov, M. V. (1995). Halophilic archaebacteria from the Kalamkass oil field. Microbiology 64, 67-71.
100. Zvyagintseva, I. S., Poglasova, M. N., Gotoeva, M. T., and Belyaev, S. S. (2001). Effect of the medium salinity on oil degradation by Nocardioform bacteria. Microbiology 70, 652-656. doi: 10.1023/A:1013179513922