The ties to unbind: Age-related differences in feature (un)binding in working memory for emotional faces

Frontiers in Psychology

Volumn 5, Issue APR, 2014, Pages

  Pehlivanoglu, Didem ^a   Jain, Shivangi ^a   Ariel, Robert ^a   Verhaeghen, Paul ^a  

^a GEORGIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aging; Emotion; Hyper binding; Memory binding; Pupillary response; Working memory

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899668893     PISSN: None     EISSN: 16641078     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00253     Document Type: Article

References (64)

1. Ackerman, J. M., Shapiro, J. R., Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., Becker, D. V., Griskevicius, V., et al. (2006). They all look the same to me (unless they're angry): from out-group homogeneity to outgroup heterogeneity. Psychol. Sci. 17, 836-840. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01790.x.
2. Allard, E. S., and Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Are preferences in emotional processing affected by distraction? Examining the age-related positivity effect in visual fixation within a dual-task paradigm. Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 15, 725-743. doi: 10.1080/13825580802348562.
3. Baddeley, A. D., and Hitch, G. J. (1974). "Working memory," in The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, eds G. H. Bower (New York: Academic Press), 47-89.
4. Beatty, J. (1982). Task-evoked pupillary responses, processing load, and the structure of processing resources. Psychol. Bull. 91, 276-292. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.91.2.276.
5. Bopp, K. L., and Verhaeghen, P. (2007). Age-related differences in control processes in verbal and visuo-spatial working memory: storage, transformation, supervision, and coordination. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 62, 239-246. doi: 10.1093/geronb/62.5.P239.
6. Bopp, K. L., and Verhaeghen, P. (2009). Working memory and aging: separating the effects of content and context. Psychol. Aging 24, 968-980. doi: 10.1037/a0017731.
7. Bradley, M. M., and Lang, P. J. (1994). Measuring emotion: the self-assessment manikin and the semantic differential. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 25, 49-59. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9.
8. Brockmole, J. R., Parra, M. A., Della Sala, S., and Logie, R. H. (2008). Do binding deficits account for age-related decline in visual working memory? Psychon. Bull. Rev. 15, 543-547. doi: 10.3758/PBR.15.3.543.
9. Bruce, V., and Young, A. W. (1986). Understanding face recognition. Br. J. Psychol. 77, 305-327. doi: 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1986.tb02199.x.
10. Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Manly, T., Sprengelmeyer, R., Scott, S., Nimmo-Smith, I., et al. (2003). Facial expression recognition across the adult life span. Neuropsychologia 41, 195-202. doi: 10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00149-5.
11. Campbell, K. L., Hasher, L., and Thomas, R. C. (2010). Hyper-binding: a unique age effect. Psychol. Sci. 21, 399-405. doi: 10.1177/0956797609359910.
12. Carstensen, L. L., Isaacowitz, D., and Charles, S. T. (1999). Taking time seriously: a theory of socioemotional selectivity. Am. Psychol. 54, 165-181. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.3.165.
13. Cerella, J. (1985). Information processing rates in the elderly. Psychol. Bull. 98, 67-83. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.98.1.67.
14. Chalfonte, B. L., and Johnson, M. K. (1996). Feature memory and binding in young and older adults. Mem. Cogn. 24, 403-416. doi: 10.3758/BF03200930.
15. Chen, T., and Li, D. (2007). The roles of working memory updating and processing speed in mediating age-related differences in fluid intelligence. Neuropsychol. Dev. Cogn. B Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 14, 631-646. doi: 10.1080/13825580600987660.
16. Conway, A. R. A., Cowan, N., Bunting, M. F., Therriault, D. J., and Minkoff, S. R. B. (2002). A latent variable analysis of working memory capacity, short-term memory capacity, processing speed, and general fluid intelligence. Intelligence 30, 163-183. doi: 10.1016/S0160-2896(01)00096-4.
17. Cowan, N., Naveh-Benjamin, M., Kilb, A., and Saults, J. S. (2006). Life-span development of visual working memory: when is feature binding difficult? Dev. Psychol. 42, 1089-1102. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.6.1089.
18. Dobbs, A. R., and Rule, B. G. (1989). Adult age differences in working memory. Psychol. Aging 4, 500-503. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.4.4.500.
19. Ebner, N., Riediger, M., and Lindenberger, U. (2010). FACES-a database of facial expressions in young, middle-aged, and older women and men: development and validation. Behav. Res. Methods 42, 351-362. doi: 10.3758/BRM.42.1.351.
20. Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J., and Tuholski, S. W. (1999). "Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence and functions of the prefrontal cortex," in Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control, eds A. Miyake and P. Shah (London: Cambridge University Press), 102-134.
21. Faust, M. E., Balota, D. A., Spieler, D. H., and Ferraro, F. R. (1999). Individual differences in information-processing rate and amount: implications for group differences in response latency. Psychol. Bull. 125, 777-799. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.125.6.777.
22. Ganel, T., and Goshen-Gottstein, Y. (2004). Effects of familiarity on the perceptual integrality of the identity and expression of faces: the parallel-route hypothesis revisited. J. Exp. Psychol. Hum. Percept. Perform. 30, 583-597. doi: 10.1037/0096-1523.30.3.583.
23. Goeleven, E., Raedt, R., Leyman, L., and Verschuere, B. (2008). The Karolinska directed emotional faces: a validation study. Cogn. Emot. 22, 1094-1118. doi: 10.1080/02699930701626582.
24. Goldinger, S. D., and Papesh, M. H. (2012). Pupil dilation reflects the creation and retrieval of memories. Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci. 21, 90-95. doi: 10.1177/0963721412436811.
25. Goldinger, S. D., He, Y., and Papesh, M. (2009). Deficits in cross-race face learning: insights from eye-movements and pupillometry. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 35, 1105-1122. doi: 10.1037/a0016548.
26. Granholm, E., Asarnow, R. F., Sarkin, A. J., and Dykes, K. L. (1996). Pupillary responses index cognitive resource limitations. Psychophysiology 33, 457-461. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb01071.x.
27. Grühn, D., and Scheibe, S. (2008). Age-related differences in valence and arousal ratings of pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS): do ratings become more extreme with age? Behav. Res. Methods 40, 512-521. doi: 10.3758/BRM.40.2.512.
28. Heitz, R. P., Schrock, J. C., Payne, T. W., and Engle, R. W. (2008). Effect of incentive on working memory capacity: behavioral and pupillometric data. Psychophysiology 45, 119-129. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2007.00605.x.
29. Hess, E. H. (1965). Attitude and pupil size. Sci. Am. 212, 46-54. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0465-46.
30. Hicks, R. A., Reaney, T., and Hill, L. (1967). Effects of pupil size and facial angle on preference for photographs of a young woman. Percept. Mot. Skills 24, 388-390. doi: 10.2466/pms.1967.24.2.388.
31. Iqbal, S. T., Zheng, X. S., and Bailey, B. P. (2004). "Task-evoked pupillary response to mental workload in human-computer interaction," in Proceedings of the Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Vienna, Austria, 2004, 1477-1480. doi: 10.1145/985921.986094.
32. Kahneman, D., and Beatty, J. (1966). Pupil diameter and load on memory. Science 154, 1583-1585. doi: 10.1126/science.154.3756.1583.
33. Kane, M. J., Bleckley, M. K., Conway, A. R. A., and Engle, R. W. (2001). A controlled-attention view of working memory capacity: individual differences in memory span and the control of visual orienting. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 130, 169-183. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.130.2.169.
34. Karatekin, C., Marcus, D. J., and Couperus, J. W. (2007). Regulation of cognitive resources during sustained attention and working memory in 10-year-olds and adults. Psychophysiology 44, 128-144. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2006.00477.x.
35. Kemper, S., Herman, R. E., and Lian, C. H. T. (2003). The costs of doing two things at once for young and older adults: talking while walking, finger tapping, and ignoring speech or noise. Psychol. Aging 18, 181-192. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.18.2.181.
36. Kensinger, E. A., and Corkin, S. (2003). Effects of negative emotional content on working memory and long-term memory. Emotion 3, 378-393. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.3.4.378.
37. Kirchner, W. K. (1958). Age differences in short-term retention of rapidly changing information. J. Exp. Psychol. 55, 352-358. doi: 10.1037/h0043688.
38. Knight, M., Seymour, T. L., Gaunt, J. T., Baker, C., Nesmith, K., and Mather, M. (2007). Aging and goal directed emotional attention: distraction reverses emotional biases. Emotion 7, 705-714. doi: 10.1037/1528-3542.7.4.705.
39. Kyllonen, P. C. (1996). "Is working memory capacity Spearman's g?," in Human Abilities: Their Nature and Measurement, eds I. Dennis and P. Tapsfield (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 49-75.
40. Laeng, B., Ørbo, M., Holmlund, T., and Miozzo, M. (2011). Pupillary Stroop effects. Cogn. Process. 12, 13-21. doi: 10.1007/s10339-010-0370-z.
41. Martens, U., Leuthold, H., and Schweinberger, S. R. (2010). On the temporal organization of facial identity and expression analysis: inferences from event-related brain potentials. Cogn. Affect. Behav. Neurosci. 10, 505-522. doi: 10.3758/CABN.10.4.505.
42. Mather, M., and Knight, M. (2005). Goal-directed memory: the role of cognitive control in older adults' emotional memory. Psychol. Aging 20, 554-570. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.554.
43. Mikels, J. A., Larkin, G. R., Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., and Cartensen, L. L. (2005). Divergent trajectories in the aging mind: changes in working memory for affective versus visual information with age. Psychol. Aging. 20, 542-553. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.20.4.542.
44. Miyake, A., and Shah, P. (1999). "Toward unified theories of working memory: emerging general consensus, unresolved theoretical issues, and future research directions," in Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control, eds A. Miyake and P. Shah (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 442-481. doi: 10.1017/CBO9781139174909.
45. Murphy, N. A., and Isaacowitz, D. M. (2008). Preferences for emotional information in older adults: a meta-analysis of memory and attention studies. Psychol. Aging 23, 263-286. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.23.2.263.
46. Myerson, J., Hale, S., Wagstaff, D., Poon, L. W., and Smith, G. A. (1990). The information-loss model: A mathematical theory of age-related cognitive slowing. Psychol. Rev. 97, 475-487. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.97.4.475.
47. Naveh-Benjamin, M., Guez, J., Kilb, A., and Reedy, S. (2004). The associative deficit of older adults: further support using face-name associations. Psychol. Aging 19, 541-546. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.541.
48. Oberauer, K. (2002). Access to information in working memory: exploring the focus of attention. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 28, 411-421. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.28.3.411.
49. Old, S., and Naveh-Benjamin, M. (2008). Differential effects of age on item and associative measures of memory: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Aging 23, 104-118. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.23.1.104.
50. Partala, T., and Surakka, V. (2003). Pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing. Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud. 59, 185-198. doi: 10.1016/S1071-5819(03)00017.x.
51. Piquado, T., Isaacowitz, D. M., and Wingfield, A. (2010). Pupillometry as a measure of cognitive effort in younger and older adults. Psychophysiology 47, 560-569. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2009.00947.x.
52. Porter, G., Troscianko, T., and Gilchrist, I. D. (2007). Effort during visual search and counting: insights from pupillometry. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. 60, 211-229. doi: 10.1080/17470210600673818.
53. Rhodes, M. G., and Anastasi, J. S. (2012). The own-age bias in face recognition: a meta-analytic and theoretical review. Psychol. Bull. 138, 146-174. doi: 10.1037/a0025750.
54. Soto, F. A., and Wasserman, E. A. (2011). Asymmetrical interactions in the perception of face identity and emotional expression are not unique to the primate visual system. J. Vis. 11:24. doi: 10.1167/11.3.24.
55. Stanners, R., Coulter, M., Sweet, A., and Murphy, P. (1979). The pupillary response as an indicator of arousal and cognition. Motiv. Emot. 3, 319-340. doi: 10.1007/BF00994048.
56. Van Gerven, P. W. M., Paas, F., Van Merriënboer, J. J. G., and Schmidt, H. G. (2004). Memory load and the cognitive pupillary response in aging. Psychophysiology 41, 167-174. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2003.00148.x.
57. Vaughan, L., Basak, C., Hartman, M., and Verhaeghen, P. (2008). Aging and working memory inside and outside the focus of attention: dissociations of availability and accessibility. Aging Neuropsychol. Cogn. 15, 1-22. doi: 10.1080/13825580802061645.
58. Verhaeghen, P. (2012). "Working memory still working: age-related differences in working memory and executive control," in Memory and Aging, eds N. Ohta and M. Naveh-Benjamin (New York: Psychology Press), 3-30.
59. Verhaeghen, P. (2014). The Elements of Cognitive Aging: Meta-Analyses of Age-Related Differences in Processing Speed and Their Consequences. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
60. Verhaeghen, P., and Basak, C. (2005). Aging and switching of the focus of attention in working memory: results from a modified N-Back task. Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A 58, 134-154. doi: 10.1080/02724980443000241.
61. Verhaeghen, P., Cerella, J., and Basak, C. (2004). A working memory workout: how to change to size of the focus of attention from one to four in ten hours or less. J. Exp. Psychol. Learn. Mem. Cogn. 30, 1322-1337. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.30.6.1322.
62. Wheeler, M. E., and Treisman, A. M. (2002). Binding in short-term visual memory. J. Exp. Psychol. Gen. 131, 48-64. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.131.1.48.
63. Wurm, L. H., Labouvie-Vief, G., Aycock, J., Rebucal, K. A., and Koch, H. E. (2004). Performance in auditory and visual emotional Stroop tasks: a comparison of older and younger adults. Psychol. Aging 19, 523-535. doi: 10.1037/0882-7974.19.3.523.
64. Zhang, Y., Verhaeghen, P., and Cerella, J. (2012). Working memory at work: how the updating process alters the nature of memory encoding. Acta Psychol. 139, 77-83. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2011.10.012.