A feeling of belonging: Asian American women's public culture, 1930-1960

A Feeling of Belonging: Asian American Women's Public Culture, 1930-1960

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 1-241

  Lim, Shirley Jennifer ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84899242855     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (568)

1. Alice Walker, "Saving the Life That Is Your Own: The Importance of Models in the Artist's Life," in In Search of Our Mother's Gardens (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1983), p. 13.
2. Works that interrogate this intersection of race and gender include: King- Kok Cheung, Articulate Silences: Hisaye Yamamoto, Maxine Hong Kingston, Joy Kogawa (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993).
3. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (New York: Routledge, 1991).
4. Angela Davis, Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998).
5. Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Issei, Nisei, Warbride: Three Generations of Japanese American Women in Domestic Service (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986).
6. Valerie Matsumoto, "Desperately Seeking 'Deirdre': Gender Roles, Multicultural Relations, and Nisei Women Writers of the 1930s," Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies 12 (1991), pp. 19-32.
7. Chandra Talpade Mohanty, Ann Russo, and Lourdes Torres. Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991).
8. Gail Nomura, "Tsugiki, a Grafting: A History of a Japanese Pioneer Woman in Washington State," Women's Studies 14.1 (1987), pp. 183-197.
9. Peggy Pascoe, Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874-1939 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).
10. Barbara Posadas, "Crossed Boundaries in Interracial Chicago: Pilipino Families since 1925," in Ellen C. DuBois and Vicki Ruiz, eds., Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History, 2d ed. (New York: Routledge, 1994), pp. 316-329.
11. Andrew Parker, Mary Russo, Doris Sommer, and Patricia Yeager, eds., Nationalisms and Sexualities (New York: Routledge, 1992).
12. Vicki Ruiz, From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).
13. Virginia Sanchez Korrol, From Colonia to Community: The History of Puerto Ricans in New York City (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994).
14. Rachel Lee, The Americas of Asian American Literature: Gendered Fictions of Nation and Transfiction (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999).
15. Judy Wu, "Loveliest Daughter of Our Ancient Cathay Representations of Ethnic and Gender Identity in the Miss Chinatown U.S.A. Beauty Pageant," Journal of Social History 31 (Fall 1997), pp. 5-32.
16. Judy Yung, Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995).
17. Catherine Ceniza Choy, Empires of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American History (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003).
18. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe: Postcolonial Thought and Historical Difference (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000).
19. Thomas Richards, The Imperial Archive: Knowledge and Fantasy of Empire (New York and London: Verso, 1993).
20. Angela McRobbie, Feminism and Youth Culture: From 'Jackie' to 'Just Seventeen' (London: Macmillan, 1991).
21. Dick Hebdige, Subculture: The Meaning of Style (London: Methuen, 1979).
22. Stuart Hall, "Notes on Deconstructing the 'Popular,'" in Samuel Raphael and Paul Kegan, eds., People's History and Socialist Theory (London: Routledge, 1981).
23. Sarah Banet-Weiser, The Most Beautiful Girl in the World: Beauty Pageants and National Identity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999).
24. Margaret Beetham, A Magazine of Her Own? Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800-1914 (New York: Routledge, 1996).
25. Jennifer Scanlon Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies' Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (New York: Routledge, 1995).
26. Kathy Peiss, Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture (New York: Metropolitan, 1998).
27. Janice Radway, Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984).
28. Colleen Ballerino Cohen, Richard Wilk, and Beverly Stoeltje, Beauty Queens: On the Global Stage (New York: Routledge, 1996).
29. Beth Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
30. Noliwe Rooks, Ladies' Pages: African American Women's Magazines and the Cultures That Made Them (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2004).
31. Joan Jacobs Brumberg, The Body Project: An Intimate History of American Girls (New York: Vintage, 1998).
32. Nancy Armstrong, Desire and Domestic Fiction: A Political History of the Novel (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), pp. 26-27.
33. Lauren Berlant, The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Essays on Sex and Citizenship (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997).
34. Rogers Brubaker, Immigration and the Politics of Citizenship in Liberal Democratic Societies (Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1989).
35. William Novak, "The Legal Transformation of Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century America," in Meg Jacobs, William Novak, and Julian Zelizer, eds., The Democratic Experiment: New Directions in American Political History (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).
36. Mae Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).
37. Sucheng Chan, Asian Americans: An Interpretive History (Boston: Twayne, 1991).
38. Gary Okihiro, Cane Fires: The Anti-Japanese Movement in Hawaii, 1865- 1945, Asian American History and Culture Series (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992).
39. Roger Daniels, Asian America (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988).
40. Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore (New York: Penguin, 1989
41. David Palumbo-Liu, Asian/American: Historical Crossings of a Racial Frontier (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1999).
42. Anthony W. Lee, Picturing Chinatown: Art and Orientalism in San Francisco (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001).
43. Lisa Lowe, Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Practices (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996).
44. Robert Lee, Orientals (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998).
45. Jack Tchen, New York before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture, 1776-1882 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
46. Alexander Saxton, The Indispensable Enemy: Labor and the Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1971).
47. Carl Gutierrez-Jones, Rethinking the Borderlands: Between Chicano Culture and Legal Discourse (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995).
48. David G. Gutierrez, Walls and Mirrors: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and the Politics of Ethnicity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995).
49. Karen Shimakawa, National Abjection: The Asian American Body Onstage (Durham: Duke University Press), p. 5.
50. Erika Lee, "Exclusion Acts: Chinese Women during the Chinese Exclusion Era, 1882-1943," in Shirley Hune and Gail Nomura, eds., Asian Pacific American Women: A Historical Anthology (New York: New York University Press, 2003.
51. At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
52. George A. Peffer, If They Don't Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
53. Sucheng Chan, "The Exclusion of Chinese Women, 1870-1943," in Sucheng Chan, ed., Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Community in America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).
54. Lucie Cheng Hirata, "Free, Indentured, Enslaved: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century America," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5(Autumn 1979), pp. 3-29.
55. Him Mark Lai, Genny Lim, and Judy Yung, Island: Poetry and History of Chinese Immigration on Angel Island, 1910-1940, reprint (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999).
56. David Yoo, Growing Up Nisei: Race, Generation, and Culture among Japanese Americans of California, 1924-1949 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000).
57. Valerie Matsumoto, "Japanese American Women during World War II," in DuBois and Ruiz, eds., Unequal Sisters, pp. 436-449.
58. K. Scott Wong and Sucheng Chan, eds., Claiming America: Constructing Chinese American Identities during the Exclusion Era (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998).
59. Madeline Y. Hsu, Dreaming of Gold, Dreaming of Home: Transnationalism and Migration between the United States and South China, 1882- 1943 (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2002).
60. Carole Pateman, The Sexual Contract (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988).
61. Joan Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York: Columbia University Press, 1988).
62. Kathleen Wilson, The Island Race: Englishness, Empire, and Gender in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Routledge, 2002).
63. Linda Kerber, No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship (New York: Hill and Wang 1999).
64. Mary Beth Norton, Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society (New York: Vintage, 1997).
65. Karin Hausen, "Mother's Day in the Weimar Republic," in Renate Bridenthal, Atina Grossman, and Marion Kaplan, eds., When Biology Became Destiny: Women in the Weimar and Nazi Germany (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984), pp. 131-151.
66. Geoff Eley and Ronald Grigor, Becoming National: A Reader (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
67. Paul Gilroy, Ain't No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation (London: Hutchinson, 1987).
68. Jacqueline Nassy Brown, "Black Liverpool, Black America, and the Gendering of Diasporic Space," Cultural Anthropology 13 (1998), pp. 291-325.
69. Robyn Wiegman, American Anatomies: Theorizing Race and Gender (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995), p. 6.
70. Rajeswari Sunder Rajan, Signposts: Gender Issues in Post-Independence India (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001), p. 7.
71. Renato Rosaldo, "Cultural Citizenship, Inequality, and Multiculturalism," in William V. Flores and Rina Benmayor, eds., Latino Cultural Citizenship: Claiming Identity, Space, and Rights (Boston: Beacon Press, 1997).
72. Aiwha Ong, "Cultural Citizenship as Subject Making: Immigrants Negotiate Racial and Cultural Boundaries in the United States," in Rodolfo Torres, Louis Miron, and Jonathan Inda, eds., Race, Identity, and Citizenship: A Reader (New York: Blackwell, 1999).
73. May Joseph, Nomadic Identities: The Performance of Citizenship (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1999).
74. Lok Siu, "Diasporic Cultural Citizenship: Chineseness and Belonging in Panama and Central America," Social Text 69 (Winter 2001), pp. 7-28.
75. Harry Stecopoulos and Michael Ubel, eds., Race and the Subject of Masculinities (Durham: Duke University Press, 1997), pp. 10.
76. Juan Flores, From Bomba to Hip Hop, 2000 (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000).
77. Fatimah Tobing Rony, The Third Eye: Race, Cinema, and Ethnographic Spectacle (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996).
78. How to Tell Your Friends from the Japs," Time, December 22, 1941, p. 33.
79. Caren Kaplan, Norma Alarcon, and Minoo Moallem, Between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminisms, and the State (Durham: Duke University Press, 1999), pp. 1-16.
80. Lowe, Immigrant Acts, p. 97.
81. Kaplan, Alarcon Moallem, Between Woman and Nation; Brown, "Black Liverpool, Black America, and the Gendering of Diasporic Space," pp. 291-325.
82. Roger Daniels, Prisoners without a Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993).
83. Valerie Matsumoto, "Japanese American Girls' Clubs in Los Angeles during the 1920s and 1930s," in Shirley Hune and Gail M. Nomura, Asian/Pacific Islander American Women: A Historical Anthology (New York: New York University Press, 2003). pp. 172-187.
84. Lon Kurashige, Japanese American Celebration and Conflict: A History of Ethnic Identity and Festival in Los Angeles, 1934-1990 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002).
85. David Yoo, Growing Up Nisei: Race, Generation, and Culture among Japanese Americans of California, 1924-1949 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000).
86. William V. Flores, with Rina Benmayor, Latino Cultural Citizenship: Claiming Identity, Space, and Rights (Boston: Beacon Press, 1997), p. 15.
87. Paula Giddings, In Search of Sisterhood: Delta Sigma Theta and the Challenge of the Black Sorority Movement (New York: William Morrow, 1988).
88. As Lisa Lowe eloquently argues, Asian American cultural productions are countersites to U.S. national memory and national culture (Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics [Durham: Duke University Press, 1996], p. 29).
89. Mae Ngai, "The Architecture of Race in American Immigration Law: A Reexamination of the Immigration Act of 1924," Journal of American History 86 (June 1999), pp. 67-92.
90. For more on race, ethnicity, and pre-World War II Los Angeles, see George Sanchez, Becoming Mexican American: Ethnicity, Culture, and Identity in Chicano Los Angeles, 1900-1945, reprint (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1995).
91. Paula Fass, The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977).
92. The Claw, 1918.
93. The Claw, October 1940.
94. The Claw, September 25, 1931, p. 26
95. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (New York: Routledge, 1991).
96. Herman Gray, Watching Race: Television and the Struggle for the Sign of Blackness (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997).
97. Donald Bogle, Toms, Coons, Mulattoes, Mammies, and Bucks: An Interpretive History of Blacks in American Films (New York: Continuum, 1994).
98. Look, December 19, 1939, pp. 52-55.
99. Pacific Ties, May/June 1982, p. 15.
100. Jere Takahashi, Nisei/Sansei: Shifting Japanese American Identities and Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997), p. 122.
101. Eileen Tamura, Americanization, Acculturation, and Ethnic Identity: The Nisei Generation in Hawaii (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994), p. 217.
102. Pacific Ties, May/June 1982, p. 15.
103. Sucheng Chan, Asian Americans: An Interpretive History (Boston: Twayne, 1991).
104. Eiichiro Azuma, "Japanese Immigrant Farmers and California Alien Land Laws: A Study of the Walnut Grove Japanese Community," California History (Spring 1994), pp. 14-29.
105. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontiers: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985).
106. Judy Yung, Unbound Feet (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), p. 128.
107. Takahashi, Nisei/Sansei, p. 43.
108. Giddings, In Search of Sisterhood, pp. 43-45.
109. Homi Bhabha, "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse," in The Location of Culture (New York and London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 85-92.
110. The Claw, September 25, 1931, p. 29.
111. Beth Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), pp. 25-56.
112. Joe Austin and Michael Nevin Willard, Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-Century America (New York: New York University Press, 1998).
113. Valerie Matsumoto, "Japanese American Women during World War II," in Ellen C. DuBois and Vicki Ruiz, eds., Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History, 2d ed.(New York: Routledge, 1994).
114. Rose Hum Lee, The Chinese in the United States of America (Hon Kong: Hong Kong University Press; New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1960), p. 92.
115. Judy Yung, Unbound Voices: A Documentary History of Chinese Women in San Francisco (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999), p. 378.
116. Chinese Digest (March 1937), p. 10.
117. Edna Bonacich and John Modell, The Economic Basis of Ethnic Solidarity: Small Business in the Japanese American Community (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), pp. 57-58.
118. Roger Daniels, "Japanese America, 1930-1941: An Ethnic Community in the Great Depression," Journal of the West 24 (October 1985), pp. 35-49.
119. Yuji Ichioka, The Issei: The World of First Generation Japanese Immigrants, 1885-1924 (New York: Free Press, 1988).
120. Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd, Middletown in Transition: A Study in Cultural Conflicts (New York: Harcourt, Brace, and World, 1937), pp. 211-212.
121. Neil Gabler, An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood (New York: Crown Books, 1988).
122. George Lipsitz, Time Passages: Collective Memory and American Popular Culture (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1990).
123. Kathy Peiss, Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture (New York: Metropolitan, 1998).
124. Jennifer Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies' Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (New York: Routledge, 1995).
125. Jackson Lears, Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America (New York: Basic Books, 1994).
126. Roy Rosenzweig, Eight Hours for What We Will: Workers and Leisure in an Industrial City, 1870-1920 (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).
127. Elaine S. Abelson, When Ladies Go a-Thieving: Middle-Class Shoplifters in the Victorian Department Store (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992).
128. Lewis A. Erenberg, Steppin' Out: New York Nightlife and the Transformation of American Culture, 1890-1930, reprint (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984).
129. Bill Lancaster, The Department Store: A Social History (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1995).
130. Vicki L. Ruiz, From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
131. Linda Maram, "Brown 'Hordes' in McIntosh Suits: Filipinos, Taxi Dance Halls, and Performing the Immigrant Body in Los Angeles, 1930s-1940s," in Austin and Willard, eds., Generations of Youth, p. 119.
132. Donna Gabaccia, From Sicily to Elizabeth Street: Housing and Social Change among Italian Immigrants, 1880-1930, SUNY Series in American Social History (Albany: SUNY Press, 1984).
133. Janet Billson, Keepers of the Culture: The Power of Tradition in Women's Lives (Latham, Md.: Lexington Books, 1995).
134. Micaela di Leonardo, The Varieties of Ethnic Experience: Kinship, Class, and Gender among California Italian Americans (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984).
135. Robert Orsi, Madonna on 115th Street: Faith and Community in Italian Harlem, 1880-1950 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).
136. Vicki Ruiz, From Out of the Shadows; Elizabeth Ewen, Immigrant Women in the Land of Dollars: Life and Culture on the Lower East Side, 1890-1925 (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1985).
137. Kurashige, Japanese American Celebration and Conflict, p. 25.
138. Daily Bruin, UCLA Yearbook, 1941, p. 305.
139. Kashu Mainichi, September 11, 1938.
140. Tamura, Americanization, Acculturation, and Ethnic Identity, p. 178.
141. Kurashige, Japanese American Celebration and Conflict.
142. Rafu Shimpo, August 10, 1941, p. 5.
143. Rafu Shimpo, August 16, 1934, front page.
144. Valerie Steele, Fashion and Eroticism: Ideals of Feminine Beauty from the Victorian Era to the Jazz Age (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985).
145. Jane Gaines and Charlotte Herzog, eds., Fabrications: Costume and the Female Body (New York: Routledge, 1990).
146. Adrienne Rich, "Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5 (Summer 1980), pp. 631-660.
147. John Finley Scott, "Sororities and Marriage," Daily Bruin Spectra, November 30, 1965.
148. Peggy Pascoe, "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America," Journal of American History 83 (June 1996), pp. 44-69.
149. Edward W. Soja, Postmodern Geographies: The Reassertion of Space in Critical Social Theory (London and New York: Verso, 1989), p. 195.
150. Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920 (New York and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 95-96.
151. Deborah Gray White, The Cost of Club Work, the Price of Black Feminism, in Nancy Hewitt, ed., Visible Women: New Essays on American Activism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993).
152. Michael Rogin, Blackface, White Noise (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996), pp. 150-155.
153. Gary Okihiro, Cane Fires: The Anti-Japanese Movement in Hawaii, 1865- 1945 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).
154. Ronald Takaki, Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii, 1835-1920 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983).
155. Yoo, Growing Up Nisei.
156. Beth Bailey, From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988).
157. Yung, Unbound Feet, p. 167.
158. Rafu Shimpo, August 10, 1941, p. 5.
159. Kurashige, Japanese American Celebration and Conflict, p. 97.
160. Greg Robinson, By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 121.
161. Stuart Hall, "Notes on Deconstructing the 'Popular,'" in Samuel Raphael and Paul Kegan, eds., People's History and Socialist Theory (London: Routledge, 1981), p. 52.
162. Cynthia Liu, "When Dragon Ladies Die, Do They Come Back as Butterflies? Re-imagining Anna May Wong," in Darrell Hamamoto and Sandra Liu, eds., Countervisions: Asian American Film Criticism (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000), pp. 23-39.
163. Shirley Jennifer Lim, "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun: The Politics of Asian American Women's Public Culture, 1930- 1960" (Ph.D. diss., UCLA, 1998), chap. 2.
164. Philip Leibfried and Chei Mi Lane, Anna May Wong: A Complete Guide to Her Film, Stage, Radio, and Television Work (New York: McFarland and Company, 2003).
165. Anthony C. Chan, Perpetually Cool: The Many Lives of Anna May Wong, 1905-1961 (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003).
166. Vasant Kaiwar and Sucheta Mazumdar, The Antimonies of Modernity: Essays on Race, Orient, Nation (Durham: Duke University Press, 2003).
167. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978).
168. Nancy Leys Stephan and Sander L. Gilman, "Appropriating the Idioms of Science: The Rejection of Scientific Racism," in Dominick LaCapra, ed., The Bounds of Race: Perspectives on Hegemony and Resistance (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).
169. Viet Than Nguyen, Race and Resistance: Literature and Politics in Asian America (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 2002).
170. Laura Mulvey, "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema," in Constance Penley, ed., Feminism and Film Theory (New York: Routledge, 1988).
171. Andrew Parker,Mary Russo, Doris Sommer, and Patricia Yeager, eds., Nationalisms and Sexualities (New York: Routledge, 1992).
172. Robert Lee, Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999).
173. Jack Tchen, New York before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture, 1776-1882 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).
174. Erika Lee, "Exclusion Acts: Chinese Women during the Chinese Exclusion Era, 1882-1943," in Shirley Hune and Gail Nomura, eds., Asian Pacific American Women: A Historical Anthology (New York: New York University Press, 2003).
175. At America's Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003).
176. George A. Peffer, If They Don't Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999).
177. Sucheng Chan, "The Exclusion of Chinese Women, 1870-1943," in Sucheng Chan, ed., Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Community in America (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).
178. Lucie Cheng Hirata, "Free, Indentured, Enslaved: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century America," Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 5 (Autumn 1979), pp. 3-29.
179. Andrew Gyory, Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998).
180. Inderpal Grewal and Caren Kaplan, Scattered Hegemonies: Postmodernity and Transnational Feminist Practice (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), pp. 4-9.
181. Valerie Steele and John S. Major, China Chic: East Meets West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).
182. Leo Ou-Fan Lee, Shanghai Modern: The Flowering of a New Urban Culture in China, 1930-1942 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).
183. Shu-mei Shih, The Lure of the Modern: Writing Modernism in Semicolonial China, 1917-1937 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001).
184. Useful frameworks for conceptualizing primitivism include Mariana Torgovnick, Gone Primitive: Savage Intellects, Modern Lives (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990).
185. Fatimah Tobing Rony, The Third Eye: Race, Cinema, and the Ethnographic Spectacle (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996).
186. Johannes Fabian, Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983).
187. Lisa Lowe, Immigrant Acts: On Asian American Cultural Politics (Durham: Duke University Press, 1996).
188. Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Femi-nism and the Subversion of Identity (New York: Routledge, 1990).
189. Dorinne Kondo, About Face: Performing Race in Fashion and Theater (New York: Routledge, 1997).
190. Chinese America: Immigration, Family and Community, 1940-1965 [New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002], p. 105.
191. Judy Chu, "Anna May Wong," in Emma Gee, ed., Counterpoint: Perspectives on Asian America (Los Angeles: UCLA Asian American Studies Center, 1976), pp. 284-288.
192. Garland Kyle, "The Legend of Anna May Wong," Gum Saam Journal (October 1988).
193. Michael Rogin, Blackface, White Noise: Jewish Immigrants in the Hollywood Melting Pot (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996
194. Daniel Bernardi, ed., The Birth of Whiteness: Race and the Emergence of U.S. Cinema (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1996).
195. Neil Gabler, An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood (New York: Crown Books, 1988).
196. Lary May, Screening Out the Past: The Birth of Mass Culture and the Motion Picture Industry (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980).
197. As film scholar Gina Marchetti's study's opening line states, "Hollywood has long been fascinated by Asia, Asians, and Asian themes" (Romance and the "Yellow Peril": Rage, Sex, and Discursive Strategies in Hollywood Fiction [Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993], p. 1).
198. Gervasio Luis Garcia, "I Am the Other: Puerto Rico in the Eyes of North America, 1898," Journal of American History 87(June 2000), pp. 39-64.
199. Frederick Jackson Turner, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Proceedings, 1893.
200. Kerwin Klein, Frontiers of Historical Imagination (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997).
201. Harold Isaacs, Scratches on Our Minds: American Views of China and India (New York: John Day, 1958).
202. Malini Johar Schueller, U.S. Orientalisms: Race, Nation, and Gender in Literature, 1790-1890 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1998).
203. Amy Kaplan and Donald E. Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham: Duke University Press, 1993).
204. Cari Beauchamp, Without Lying Down: Frances Marion and the Powerful Women of Early Hollywood (New York: Scribner's, 1997).
205. Nick Browne, "The Undoing of the Other Woman: Madame Butterfly in the Discourse of American Orientalism," in Bernardi, ed., Birth of Whiteness, pp. 227-256.
206. Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 2002).
207. James Moy, Marginal Sights: Staging the Chinese in America (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1993), p. 89.
208. Tim Bergfelder, "Negotiating Exoticism: Hollywood, Film Europe and the Cultural Reception of Anna May Wong," in Andrew Higson and Richard Maltby, eds., "Film Europe" and "Film America": Cinema, Commerce and Cultural Exchange, 1920-1939 (Exeter: University of Exeter Press, 1999).
209. Phyllis Rose, Jazz Cleopatra: Josephine Baker in Her Time (New York: Doubleday, 1989).
210. Robert Young, Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race (New York: Routledge, 1995).
211. Nancy Nenno, Tim Berfelder, Erica Carter, and Deniz Goturk, The German Cinema Book (London: British Film Institute, 2003).
212. Mary L. Dudziak, "Josephine Baker, Racial Protest, and the Cold War," Journal of American History (September 1994), pp. 543-570.
213. Anna May Wong in James Robert Parish and William T. Leonard, eds., Hollywood Players: The Thirties (New Rochelle, N.Y.: Arlington House, 1976), p. 534.
214. Sumiko Higashi, "DeMille's The Cheat," in Lester Friedman, ed., Unspeakable Images: Ethnicity and the American Cinema (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), pp. 112-139.
215. Betty Willis, "Famous Oriental Stars Return to the Screen," Motion Picture, October 1931, pp. 44-45.
216. Donald Kirihara, "The Accepted Idea Displaced: Stereotype and Sessue Hayakawa," in Bernardi, ed., Birth of Whiteness, pp. 81-99.
217. Doris Mackie, "I Protest, by Anna May Wong," in Film Weekly 10, August 18, 1933, p. 11.
218. Judy Yung, Unbound Voices: A Documentary History of Chinese Women in San Francisco (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999), p. 274.
219. Gloria H. Chun, Of Orphans and Warriors: Inventing Chinese-American Culture and Identity (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2000), p. 67.
220. Hodges, Anna May Wong, photographic insert between pp. 120-121.
221. Richard Oehling, "Hollywood and the Image of the Oriental," Film and History (May 1978), pp. 33-67.
222. Gloria H. Chun, "Go West to China," in K. Scott Wong and Sucheng Chan, eds., Claiming America: Constructing Chinese Identities during the Exclusion Era (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), p. 168.
223. Thomas Cripps, Slow Fade to Black: The Negro in American Film, 1900-1942 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), p. 306.
224. Karen Shimikawa, National Abjection: The Asian American Body Onstage (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002), p. 3.
225. Philip Leibfried, "Anna May Wong," Films in Review (March 1987), pp. 147-152.
226. Roger Moley, The Hays Office (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1945).
227. James Combs, Movies and Politics, the Dynamic Relationship (New York: Garland, 1993).
228. Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, Doctor Mom Chung of the Fair-Haired Bastards: The Life of a Wartime Celebrity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005).
229. Yung, Unbound Voices, p. 439.
230. Chinese Historical Society of Southern California, Linking Our Lives: Chinese American Women of Los Angeles (Los Angeles:Westland, 1984), p. 98.
231. Him Mark Lai, "The Chinese Vernacular Press in North America, 1900-1950: Their Role in Social Cohesion," Annals of the Chinese Historical Society of the Pacific Northwest (1984), pp. 170-178.
232. Angela Davis, Blues Legacies and Black Feminism: Gertrude "Ma" Rainey, Bessie Smith, and Billie Holiday (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998).
233. Ann DuCille, "Shirley Temple" (paper presented at UCLA, 1997).
234. Ella Shohat, "Ethnicities-in-Relation: Toward a Multicultural Reading of the American Cinema," in Lester Friedman, ed., Unspeakable Images: Ethnicity and the American Cinema (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1991), p. 233.
235. Andrea Walsh, The Women's Film and Female Experience, 1940-1950 (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1984), p. 33.
236. Peggy Pascoe, "Race, Gender, and Intercultural Relations: The Case of Interracial Marriage," Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 12(1991), pp. 5-18.
237. Jacqueline Bobo, Black Women as Cultural Readers (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995).
238. Jackie Stacey, Star Gazing: Hollywood Cinema and Female Spectatorship (London: Routledge, 1994).
239. Jeanine Basinger, A Woman's View: How Hollywood Spoke to Women, 1930-1960 (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1993).
240. Judy Yung, Unbound Feet (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995).
241. Arthur Knight, Disintegrating the Musical: Black Performance and American Musical Film (Durham: Duke University Press, 2002).
242. Pearl Bowser and Louise Spence, "Identity and Betrayal: The Symbol of the Unconquered and Oscar Micheaux's 'Biographical Legend,'" in Bernardi, ed., Birth of Whiteness, pp. 56-80.
243. Ed Guerrero, Framing Blackness: The African American Image in Film (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993).
244. Anna Everett, Returning the Gaze: A Genealogy of Black Film Criticism, 1909-1949 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001).
245. Valerie Smith, Representing Blackness: Issues in Film and Video (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1997).
246. Ana Lopez, "Are All Latins from Manhattan? Hollywood, Ethnography, and Cultural Colonialism," in Friedman, ed., Unspeakable Images, pp. 406-424.
247. Gabler, Empire of Their Own; Patricia Erens, The Jew in American Cinema (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984).
248. Lester Friedman, The Image of the Jew in Hollywood (New York: Frederick Ungar, 1982).
249. Louise Leung, "Night Call - In Chinatown," Los Angeles Times, July 26, 1936, p. 3.
250. Louise Leung Larson, Sweet Bamboo: A Memoir of a Chinese American Family (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989), p. 189.
251. Lisa See, On Gold Mountain: The One-Hundred-Year Odyssey of My Chinese American Family (New York: Vintage, 1995), p. 215.
252. Nayan Shah, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco's Chinatown (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001).
253. Yong Chen, Chinese San Francisco, 1850-1943: A Trans-Pacific Community (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 2000).
254. Michael Omi and Howard Winant, Racial Formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s (New York: Routledge, 1986).
255. Ronald Takaki, Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii, 1835-1920 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983).
256. Gary Okihiro, Cane Fires: The Anti- Japanese Movement in Hawaii, 1865-1945 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).
257. Patricia Hill Collins, Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (New York: Routledge, 1991).
258. Alicia Rodriquez, "Dolores del Rio and Lupe Velez," in Sue Armitage and Elizabeth Jameson, eds., Writing the Range: Race, Class and Culture in the Women's West (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997).
259. Ien Ang, Watching Dallas: Soap Opera and the Melodramatic Imagination (London: Methuen, 1985).
260. Renee Tajima, "Lotus Blossoms Don't Bleed: Images of Asian Women," in Diane Wong and Emilya Cachapero, eds., Making Waves: An Anthology of Writings by and about Asian American Women (Boston: Beacon Press, 1989), p. 309.
261. Yung, Unbound Voices, p. 424.
262. Rogers M. Smith, Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1997).
263. James Kloppenberg, The Virtues of Liberalism (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
264. Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, 1955).
265. Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights (Princeton: Princeton University Press: 2000).
266. Lary May, Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of Cold War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989).
267. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
268. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).
269. Robert S. McElvaine, The Great Depression: America, 1929-1941 (New York: Times Books, 1984, 1993
270. William E. Leuchtenberg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (New York: Harper and Row, 1963).
271. Robin D. G. Kelley, Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists during the Great Depression (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990).
272. Lizabeth Cohen, A Consumer's Republic: The Politics of Mass Consumption in Postwar America (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2003).
273. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper and Row, 1944.
274. Henry Yu, Thinking Orientals: Migration, Contact, and Exoticism in Modern America (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 2001).
275. Taylor Branch, Parting the Waters: Martin Luther King and the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1963 (New York: Pan Macmillan, 1990).
276. Clayborne Carson, In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981).
277. Howard Sitcoff, The Struggle for Black Equality, 1954-1992 (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993).
278. Waldo Martin, Brown v. Board of Education: A Brief History with Documents (New York: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1998), pp. 28-29.
279. George L.Mosse, Nationalism and Sexuality: Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1985).
280. Lok Siu, "Diasporic Cultural Citizenship: Chineseness and Belonging in Panama and Central America," Social Text 69 (Winter 2001), pp. 7-28.
281. Aiwa Ong and Donald Nonini, eds., Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Transnationalism (New York: Routledge, 1997).
282. Judy Yung, Unbound Feet (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), p. 227.
283. Judy Tzu-Chun Wu, Doctor Mom Chung of the Fair-Haired Bastards: The Life of a Wartime Celebrity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2005).
284. Meg Jacobs, "Pocketbook Politics: Democracy and the Market in Twentieth- Century America," in The Democratic Experiment (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).
285. Yung, Unbound Feet, pp. 293, 304.
286. Ronald Takaki, Strangers from a Different Shore (New York: Penguin, 1989), p. 343.
287. Chinese Historical Society of Southern California, Linking Our Lives (Los Angeles:Westland, 1984), p. 97.
288. Soo-Young Chin, Doing What Had to Be Done: The Life Narrative of Dora Yum Kim (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999).
289. Karen Anderson, Wartime Women: Sex Roles, Family Relationships, and the Status of Women during World War II (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981).
290. William Chafe, The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic, and Political Roles (London: Oxford University Press, 1972).
291. Susan Hartmann, The Home Front and Beyond: American Women in the 1940s (Boston: Twayne, 1982).
292. Xiaojian Zhao, Remaking Chinese America: Immigration, Family, and Community, 1940-1965 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2002).
293. Sucheng Chan, Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Community in America, 1882-1943 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992).
294. Jeanne Houston, Farewell to Manzanar: A True Story of Japanese American Experiences during and after the World War II Internment (Toronto and New York: Bantam Books, 1973).
295. Michi Weglyn, Years of Infamy: The Untold Story of America's Concentration Camps (New York: Morrow, 1976).
296. Roger Daniels, Concentration Camp USA: Japanese Americans and World War II (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1972).
297. Gordon Chang, "'Superman Is about to Visit the Relocation Camps' and the Limits of Wartime Liberalism," Amerasia 19.1 (Winter 1993), pp. 37-59.
298. Gary Okihiro and Leslie Ito, Storied Lives: Japanese American Students and World War II (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1999).
299. Jere Takahashi, Nisei/Sansei: Shifting Japanese American Identities and Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1997).
300. Valerie Matsumoto, "Japanese American Women during World War II," in Ellen C. DuBois and Vicki Ruiz, eds., Unequal Sisters: A Multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History, 2d ed. (New York: Routledge, 1994), pp. 436-449.
301. Deborah Gray White, Ar'n't I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South (New York: Norton, 1981).
302. Mary Paik, Quiet Odyssey: A Pioneer Korean Woman in America (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), p. 95.
303. Yung, Unbound Feet, p. 250.
304. Margaret Beetham, A Magazine of Her Own? Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800-1914 (New York: Routledge, 1996).
305. Jennifer Scanlon, Inarticulate Longings: The Ladies' Home Journal, Gender, and the Promises of Consumer Culture (New York: Routledge, 1995).
306. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983).
307. Leonard Broom and Ruth Reimer, Removal and Return: The Socio-Economic Effects of the War on Japanese Americans (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1949), p. 41.
308. David Yoo, Growing Up Nisei: Race, Generation and Culture among Japanese Americans of California, 1924-1949 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000).
309. John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986).
310. Jade Snow Wong, Fifth Chinese Daughter (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1945).
311. Wini Breines, Young, White, and Miserable: Growing Up Female in the Fifties (Boston: Beacon Press, 1992).
312. Jennifer Lee and Min Zhou, Asian American Youth: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity (New York: Routledge 2004).
313. Sunaina Marr Maira, Desis in the House: Indian American Youth Culture in New York City (Philadelphia: Temple University Press 2002).
314. Beth Bailey, "From Panty Raids to Revolution: Youth and Authority, 1950-1970," both in Joe Austin and Michael Nevin Willard, eds., Generations of Youth: Youth Cultures and History in Twentieth-Century America (New York: New York University Press, 1998).
315. Valerie Matsumoto, "Desperately Seeking 'Deirdre': Gender Roles, Multicultural Relations, and Nisei Women Writers of the 1930s," Frontiers: A Journal of Women's Studies 12 (1991), pp. 19-32.
316. Grace Palladino, Teenagers: An American History (New York: Basic Books, 1996), p. 107.
317. Donna Gabaccia, We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Food and the Making of Americans (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2000).
318. Linda Keller Brown and Kay Mussell, Ethnic and Regional Foodways in the United States: The Performance of Group Identity (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1984).
319. Angela McRobbie, Feminism and Youth Culture: From 'Jackie' to 'Just Seventeen' (London: Macmillan, 1991).
320. Dick Hebdige, Subculture: The Meaning of Style (London: Methuen, 1979).
321. Stuart Hall, "Notes on Deconstructing the 'Popular,'" in Samuel Raphael and Paul Kegan, eds., People's History and Socialist Theory (London: Routledge, 1981).
322. Erica Rand, Barbie's Queer Accessories (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995).
323. Vicki L. Ruiz, From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998).
324. Noliwe Rooks, Ladies' Pages: African American Women's Magazines and the Cultures That Made Them (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2004).
325. Kenneth Jackson, Crabgrass Frontiers: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985);
326. Robert O. Self, American Babylon (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003).
327. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
328. Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994).
329. Yen Le Espiritu, Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities (Philadelphia, Temple University Press, 1992);
330. William Wei, The Asian American Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993).
331. See Espiritu, Asian American Panethnicity.
332. Scene, January 1953, p. 13.
333. Scene, July 1953, p. 3.
334. Scene, November 1953, p. 5.
335. Scene, February 1954, p. 31.
336. Scene, July 1953, pp. 31-34.
337. Ruthanne Lum McCunn, Thousand Pieces of Gold (San Francisco: Design Enterprises of San Francisco, 1981).
338. Scene, September 1953, p. 21.
339. Sherrie Tucker, Swing Shift (Durham: Duke University Press), p. 164.
340. Scene, August 1953, p. 19.
341. Scene, April 1953, p. 31.
342. Espiritu, Asian American Panethnicity.
343. Philippines Star Press, April 9, 1948, p. 5.
344. Chin, Doing What Had to Be Done, pp. 48-51.
345. Colleen Ballerino Cohen, Richard Wilk, and Beverly Stoeltje, eds., Beauty Queens: On the Global Stage (New York: Routledge, 1996).
346. Ruth Rosen, The World Split Open: How the Modern Women's Movement Changed America (New York: Penguin Putnam, 2001);
347. Gloria Steinem, Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions (New York: Owl Books, 1983).
348. Judy Wu, "'Loveliest Daughter of Our Ancient Cathay!' Representations of Ethnic and Gender Identity in the Miss Chinatown U.S.A. Beauty Pageant," Journal of Social History 31.1 (Fall 1997), pp. 5-31;
349. Nhi T. Lieu, "Remembering 'the Na-tion' through Pageantry: Femininity and the Politics of Vietnamese Womanhood in the Hoa Hau Ao Dai Contest," Frontiers 21.1/2 (2000);
350. Rick A. Lopez, "The India Bonita Contest of 1921 and the Ethnicization of Mexican National Culture," Hispanic American Historical Review 82.2 (2002), pp. 291-328.
351. Richard Wilk, "Connections and Contradictions: From the Crooked Tree Cashew Queen to Miss World Belize," in Cohen, Wilk, and Stoeltje, eds., Beauty Queens, pp. 217-232;
352. Lopez, "India Bonita Contest of 1921," pp. 291-328;
353. Natasha Barnes, "Face of the Nation: Race, Nationalisms and Identity in Jamaican Beauty Pageants," in Jennifer Scanlon, ed., The Gender and Consumer Culture Reader (New York: New York University Press, 2000), pp. 355-371;
354. Lieu, "Remembering 'the Nation' through Pageantry," 127-151.
355. Carole McGranahan, "Miss Tibet, or Tibet Misrepresented? The Trope of Woman-as-Nation in the Struggle for Tibet," in Cohen, Wilk, and Stoeltje, eds., Beauty Queens, p. 171.
356. Lary May, ed., Recasting America: Culture and Politics in the Age of Cold War (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989);
357. Peter J. Kuznick and James Gilbert, eds., Rethinking Cold War Culture (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian InstitutionPress, 2001);
358. Gordon H. Chang, Friends and Enemies: The United States, China, and the Soviet Union, 1948-1972 (Palo Alto: Stanford University Press, 1989;
359. Mary Dudziak, Cold War Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000);
360. Thomas Borstelmann, The Cold War and the Color Line: Race Relations and American Foreign Policy since 1945 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001);
361. Martha Biondi, To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003).
362. Rajeswari Sunder Rajan ed., Signposts: Gender Issues in Post-Independence India (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2001), p. 7.
363. Lena Moskalenko, "Beauty, Women, and Competition: 'Moscow Beauty 1989,'" in Cohen,Wilk, and Stoeltje, eds., Beauty Queens, pp. 64-65.
364. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
365. Barbara Ehrenreich, The Hearts of Men: American Dreams and the Flight from Commitment (New York: Anchor Books, 1983);
366. Erica Rand, Barbie's Queer Accessories (Durham: Duke University Press, 1995).
367. May, Homeward Bound.
368. For more on the "red scare," see Richard Fried, Nightmare in Red: The Mc- Carthy Era in Perspective (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1990);
369. Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998).
370. For more on the McCarran Walter Act, also known as the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, see Robert A. Divine, American Immigration Policy, 1924- 1952 (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), pp. 167-179;
371. Mae Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004).
372. Sarah Banet-Weiser, The Most Beautiful Girl in the World: Beauty Pageants and National Identity (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999), p. 9.
373. Barnes, "Face of the Nation," pp. 355-371.
374. Los Angeles Times, Obituaries,March 2, 2002.
375. Shirley Jennifer Lim, "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun: The Politics of Asian American Women's Public Culture, 1930-1960" (Ph.D. diss., UCLA, 1998).
376. Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1983).
377. Barbara M. Posadas, The Filipino Americans (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999);
378. Rick Bonus, Locating Filipino Americans: Ethnicity and the Cultural Politics of Space (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000).
379. K. Sue Jewell, From Mammy to Miss America and Beyond: Cultural Images and the Shaping of U.S. Social Policy (New York: Routledge, 1993).
380. Cohen,Wilk, and Stoeltje, eds., Beauty Queens, p. 5.
381. Sue Fawn Chung, "Fighting for Their American Rights: A History of the Chinese American Citizens Alliance," in Claiming America: Constructing Chinese American Identities during the Exclusion Era (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998), p. 106.
382. Y. C. Hong, "55 Years of CACA's History," Chinese Press, June 30, 1950, pp. 7-8.
383. Chung, "Fighting for Their American Rights," p. 104.
384. Chinese Press, May 26, 1950, p. 1.
385. Philippines Star Press, May 7, 1948.
386. Bonus, Locating Filipino Americans;
387. Vicente Rafael, Discrepant Histories: Translocal Essays on Filipino Cultures (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995).
388. Arleen G. de Vera, "Rizal Day Queen Contests, Filipino Nationalism, and Femininity," in Jennifer Lee and Min Zhou, eds., Asian American Youth: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity (New York: Routledge, 2004).
389. "Constituting Community: A Study of Nationalism, Colonialism, Gender, and Identity among Filipinos in California, 1919-1946" (Ph.D. diss., Department of History, UCLA, 2002).
390. Posadas, Filipino Americans, p. 64.
391. Lon Kurashige, Japanese American Celebration and Conflict: A History of Ethnic Identity and Festival, 1934-1990 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University ofCalifornia Press, 2002).
392. For more on Japanese American communities, see Valerie Matsumoto, "Japanese American Girls' Clubs in Los Angeles during the 1920s and 1930s," in Shirley Hune and Gail M. Nomura, eds., Asian/Pacific Islander American Women: A Historical Anthology (New York: New York University Press, 2003), pp. 172-187;
393. David Yoo, Growing Up Nisei: Race, Generation, and Culture among Japanese Americans of California, 1924-1949 (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000).
394. Kurashige, Japanese American Celebration and Conflict, p. 30.
395. For more on African American women and respectability, see Victoria W. Wolcott, Remaking Respectability: African American Women in Interwar Detroit (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
396. Philippines Star Press, July 28, 1945, front page, p. 3.
397. Robert Lavenda, "'It's Not a Beauty Pageant': Hybrid Ideology in Minnesota Community Queen Pageants," in Cohen, Wilk, and Stoeltje, eds., Beauty Queens, p. 33.
398. Chinese Press, April 28, 1950, front page.
399. May, Homeward Bound, pp. 110-111.
400. Chinese Press, May 12, 1950, front page.
401. George Lipsitz, The Possessive Investment in Whiteness: How White People Benefit from Identity Politics (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998);
402. Karen Brodkin Sacks, How Jews Became White Folks, and What That Says about Race inAmerica (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1998);
403. Matthew Jacobson, Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998).
404. Rafu Shimpo, August 4, 1952, p. 1.
405. Lim, "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun," chaps. 1 and 3.
406. Rafu Shimpo, August 11, 1952, p. 1.
407. Scene, September 1951, p. 40.
408. Scene, May 1950, p. 60.
409. Kathy Peiss, Hope in a Jar: The Making of America's Beauty Culture (New York: Metropolitan, 1998) pp. 91-92.
410. "China Mystique" (Ph.D. diss., UC-Berkeley, 1999), p. 405.
411. Chinese Press, December 21, 1948, p. 3.
412. Vicente Rafael, "Nationalism, Imagery, and the Filipino Intelligentsia," in Discrepant Histories, pp. 133-158.
413. For an insightful discussion of the significance of fashion in an earlier era, see Nan Enstad, Ladies of Labor, Girls of Adventure: Working Women, Popular Culture, and Labor Politics at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).
414. Philippines Star Press, April 9, 1948, p. 5.
415. Chinese Press, September 29, 1950, front page.
416. Rafu Shimpo, August 4, 1952, p. 1.
417. see his "It's Not a Beauty Pageant," p. 33.
418. Since tickets were frequently a measure of community clout or family wealth, judging by people outside the community instead of according to ticket sales could lead to discrepancies with community values. Rafu Shimpo, July 28, 1952, p. 1.
419. Rafu Shimpo, August 11, 1952, p. 1.
420. Rafu Shimpo, August 20, 1952, p. 5.
421. Chinese Press, July 16, 1948, p. 1.
422. Lim, "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun," chap. 5.
423. Scene denied Schweer's request, stating that they did not send photographs to readers. Scene, June 1953, p. 3.
424. Joanne Meyerowitz, "Beyond the Feminine Mystique: A Reassessment of Postwar Mass Culture, 1946-1958," Journal of American History 79.4 (March 1993), pp. 1455-1482.
425. Margaret Beetham, A Magazine of Her Own? Domesticity and Desire in the Woman's Magazine, 1800-1914 (London: Routledge, 1996), p. 2.
426. Scene, June 1952, p. 8.
427. Scene, July 1950, pp. 18-20.
428. See Ronald Takaki, Pau Hana: Plantation Life and Labor in Hawaii, 1835-1920 (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1983);
429. Gary Okihiro, Cane Fires: The Anti-Japanese Movement in Hawaii, 1865-1945 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991).
430. Scene, July 1950, pp. 18-20.
431. Chinese Press, July 20, 1951, p. 3.
432. Chinese Press, August 3, 1951, p. 3.
433. Lim, "Girls Just Wanna Have Fun," chap. 5.
434. Chinese Press, July 7, 1950, p. 7.
435. Rafu Shimpo, August 4, 1952, p. 1.
436. Chinese Press, August 10, 1951, p. 4.
437. Chinese Press, September 28, 1951, p. 2.
438. Bonus, Locating Filipino Americans, p. 116.
439. Banet-Weiser, Most Beautiful Girl in the World, p. 9.
440. Chinese Press, June 9, 1950, p. 1.
441. See her From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth-Century America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 67.
442. Banet-Weiser, The Most Beautiful Girl in the World;
443. Lavenda, "'It's Not a Beauty Pageant,'" pp. 31-46;
444. Dorinne Kondo, About Face: Performing Race in Fashion and Theater (New York: Routledge, 1997), p. 13.
445. Rafu Shimpo, August 16, 1952, front page.
446. Homi Bhabha, "Of Mimicry and Man: The Ambivalence of Colonial Discourse," in The Location of Culture (New York and London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 85-92.
447. Rafu Shimpo, August 19, 1952, p. 1.
448. Lavenda, "'It's Not a Beauty Pageant,'" p. 37.
449. Rafu Shimpo, August 19, 1952, front page;
450. Judy Yung, Unbound Feet: A Social History of Chinese Women in San Francisco (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), p. 97.
451. See Bhabha, "Of Mimicry and Man," pp. 85-92.
452. "Three Queens'-Eye View of U.S.," Scene, August 1951, pp. 10-13.
453. "Girls in Kimono," Scene, May 1951, pp. 18-19.
454. Philippines Star Press, July 3, 1948, front page.
455. Steffi San Buenaventura, "Filipino Folk Spirituality and Immigration: From Mutual Aid to Religion," Amerasia 22.1 (Spring 1996), p. 27.
456. Michael Salman, The Embarrassment of Slavery: Controversies over Bondage and Nationalism in the American Colonial Philippines (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001), pp. 133-134.
457. Lopez, "India Bonita Contest of 1921," pp. 291-328.
458. Philippines Star Press, May 7, 1948, p. 1.
459. Philippines Star Press, January 22, 1951, p. 1.
460. Posadas, Filipino Americans, pp. 56-58.
461. Ngai, Impossible Subjects, pp. 202-224.
462. Chinese Press, July 7, 1950, p. 2.
463. Bonus, Locating Filipino Americans, p. 116.
464. Kashu Mainichi, July 25, 1959, front page.
465. "Beauty and Ideal Citizenship" in Melancholy of Race (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000);
466. Gina Marchetti, "Tragic and Transcendent Love," in Romance and the "Yellow Peril" (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1993);
467. Robert Lee, "The Cold War Origins of the Model Minority Myth," in Orientals: Asian Americans in Popular Culture (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1999);
468. Traise Yamamoto, "The Feminization of Japan," in Masking Selves, Making Subjects: Japanese American Women, Identity, and the Body (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1999);
469. Caroline Chung Simpson, "'Out of an Obscure Place': Japanese War Brides and Cultural Pluralism of the 1950s," Differences 10.3 (1998);
470. Eugene Wong, On Visual Media Racism: Asians in the American Motion Pictures (New York: Arno, 1978).
471. For more on Tokyo Rose, see Caroline Chung Simpson, An Absent Presence: Japanese Americans in Postwar American Culture, 1945-1960 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2001);
472. Masayo Duus, Tokyo Rose, Orphan of the Pacific (New York: Kodansha International, 1979).
473. Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Pantheon, 1978);
474. Jack Tchen, New York before Chinatown: Orientalism and the Shaping of American Culture, 1776-1882. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999);
475. Mari Yoshihara, Embracing the East: White Women and American Orientalism (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
476. Katherine Kinney, "Foreign Affairs: Women, War, and the Pacific," in John Carlos Rowe, ed., Post-Nationalist American Studies (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2000);
477. Melani McAlister, Epic Encounters: Culture, Media, and U.S. Interests in the Middle East, 1945-2000 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001.
478. Christina Klein, Cold War Orientalism: Asia in the Middlebrow Imagination, 1945-1961 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2003), p. 15;
479. Yamamoto, "Feminization of Japan."
480. Klein, Cold War Orientalism, p. 9-61.
481. Scene, September 1953, p. 12.
482. James Gatewood, in "Regenerations Oral History Project: Rebuilding Japanese America,"December 13, 1997, Japanese American National Museum, Los Angeles.
483. On diasporic cultural citizenship, see Lok Siu, "Diasporic Cultural Citizenship: Chineseness and Belonging in Panama and Central America," Social Text 69.19 (Winter 2001), pp. 7-28;
484. Aiwa Ong and Donald Nonini, eds., Ungrounded Empires: The Cultural Politics of Modern Transnationalism (New York: Routledge, 1997).
485. Scene, September 1952, p. 23 caption.
486. Scene, September 1953, p. 22.
487. Colleen Ballerino Cohen, Richard Wilk, and Beverly Stoeltje, eds., Beauty Queens: On the Global Stage (New York: Routledge, 1996), p. 8.
488. Scene, September 1953, p. 12.
489. Cynthia Enloe, Bananas, Beaches, and Bases: Making Feminist Sense of International Politics (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990).
490. Los Angeles Times, July 18, 1953, front page.
491. Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1953, section 1, p. 3;
492. Los Angeles Times, July 18, 1958, front page.
493. Los Angeles Times, July 19, 1953, section 1, p. 3.
494. Robert Rydell, All the World's a Fair: Visions of Empire at American International Expositions, 1876-1916 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984);
495. Adira L. Imada, "Hawaiians on Tour: Hula Circuits through the American Empire," American Quarterly 56.1 (2004), pp. 111-149.
496. Yamamoto, "Feminization of Japan," p. 35.
497. James Michener, Tales of the South Pacific (Binghamton, N.Y.: Vail-Ballou Press, 1946), p. 158.
498. Sucheng Chan, Asian Americans: An Interpretive History (Boston: Twayne, 1991), p. 140.
499. James Michener, Sayonara (New York: Random House, 1953).
500. Yamamoto, "Feminization of Japan," p. 52.
501. Caroline Chung Simpson, "American Orientalisms: The Cultural and Gender Politics of America's Postwar Relationship with Japan" (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas, Austin, 1994), p. 307.
502. Simpson, Absent Presence.
503. Simpson, "Out of an Obscure Place," p. 49.
504. James Bacon, Hollywood AP wire, printed in the Rafu Shimpo, March 27, 1958, front page.
505. Rafu Shimpo, March 27, 1958, front page.
506. Vernan Scott, interview with Miyoshi Umeki, Hollywood Citizen News, August 6, 1960.
507. See Miriam Silverberg, "The Modern Girl as Militant," in Gail Bernstein, ed., Recreating Japanese Women, 1600-1945 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1991), pp. 239-266.
508. Scott interview, Hollywood Citizen News, August 6, 1960.
509. Darrell Y. Hamamoto, Monitored Peril: Asian Americans and the Politics of TV Representation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994), p. 11.
510. James Bacon, Hollywood AP wire, printed in the Rafu Shimpo, March 27, 1958, front page.
511. Presumably the Rafu Shimpo couldn't afford to have their own correspondent cover the Academy Awards. However, they were able to use the AP story in ways which emphasized the victories of Umeki and Buttons.
512. See Peter X. Feng, "Recuperating Suzie Wong: A Fan's Nancy Kwan-dry," in Darrell Y. Hamamoto and Sandra Liu, eds., Countervisions: Asian American Film Criticism (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000).
513. It would be interesting to find out why Nuyen's name changed from Nguyen. Life, October 6, 1958, p. 98.
514. Life, October 6, 1958, cover.
515. Hazel Clark, "The Cheung Sam: Issues of Fashion and Cultural Identity," in Valerie Steele and John S. Major, eds., China Chic: East Meets West (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), pp. 155-166.
516. Life, October 6, 1958, p. 95, caption.
517. Frank Aston, "'World of Suzie Wong' Bows at the Broadhurst," New York World-Telegram and Sun, October 15, 1958.
518. Brooks Atkinson, "Theater: 'Suzie Wong,'" New York Times, October 15, 1958;
519. Robert Coleman, "'Suzie Wong' Do All Right," Daily Mirror, Theater column, October 15, 1958, France Nuyen biographical file, AMPAS.
520. John McClain, "A Tender Drama That Can Survive," New York Journal American, October 15, 1958.
521. Walter Kerr, "First Night Report; 'The World of Suzie Wong,'" New York Herald Tribune, October 15, 1958, France Nuyen biographical file, AMPAS.
522. See John Dower, War without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York: Pantheon, 1986);
523. Clayton R. Koppes and Gregory D. Black, Hollywood Goes to War (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1990).
524. New York Post, October 26, 1958, p. M2.
525. Sunday Express (London), July 23, France Nuyen biographical file, AMPAS.
526. "Brando's Girl Friend Swats Photographer," UPI, September 28, 1959, France Nuyen biographical file, AMPAS.
527. Charles L. Ponce de Leon, Self-Exposure: Human-Interest Journalism and the Emergence of Celebrity in America, 1890-1940 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
528. Peter Manso, Brando: The Biography (New York: Hyperion, 1994), p. 521.
529. Time, December 22, 1958.
530. Anne Cheng, Melancholy of Race (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 31-63.
531. Los Angeles Times, August 14, 1959, section 1, p. 2.
532. Kashu Mainichi, August 15, 1959, front page.
533. Life, October 6, 1958, p. 98.
534. New York Post, October 26, 1958, p. M2.
535. Sunday Express (London), July 23, France Nuyen biographical file, AMPAS.
536. Natasha Barnes, "Face of the Nation: Race, Nationalisms and Identity in Jamaican Beauty Pageants," in Jennifer Scanlon, ed., The Gender and Consumer Culture Reader (New York: New York University Press, 2000), p. 370 n. 12.
537. New York Post, October 26, 1958, p. M2.
538. Rafu Shimpo, advertisement, January 16, 1958, front page.
539. Scene, May 1950, p. 11.
540. Evelyn Nakano Glenn, Issei, Nisei, Warbride: Three Generations of Japanese American Women in Domestic Service (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986), pp. 60-61;
541. Ji-Yeon Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown: Korean Military Brides in America (New York: New York University Press, 2002).
542. Scene, April 1952, pp. 17-21.
543. Lon Kurashige, Japanese American Celebration and Conflict: A History ofEthnic Identity and Festival, 1934-1990 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), p. 146.
544. Kashu Mainichi, July 25, 1959, front page. 73.
545. Scene, 1950 (probably August/September), p. 11.
546. Scene, November 1953, p. 31.
547. Judy Wu, "'Loveliest Daughter of our Ancient Cathay!' Representations of Ethnic and Gender Identity in the Miss Chinatown U.S.A. Beauty Pageant," Journal of Social History 31.1 (Fall 1997), pp. 5-31.
548. See Vicki Ruiz, From Out of the Shadows: Mexican Women in Twentieth Century America (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1998), p. xvi.
549. Chi Alpha Delta, Active Minutes,March 19, 1950, Chi Alpha Delta Archives, Department of Special Collections-University Archives, UCLA.
550. Chi Alpha Delta, Active Minutes,March 28, 1953, Chi Alpha Delta Archives;
551. Scene, September 1953. See chapter 3 for a discussion of Chiemi Eri and her song "Gomen-nasai" as portrayed in Scene magazine.
552. Carey McWilliams, "Fraternity Comes to the Frat House," Negro Digest, January 1951, p. 92; originally printed in The Nation.
553. Chi Alpha Delta, Minutes of the Active Meetings, November 2, 1958, Chi Alpha Delta Archives.
554. Judy Yung's Unbound Feet (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995).
555. Chi Alpha Delta, Active Minutes, November 22, 1961.
556. Paula Giddings's In Search of Sisterhood (New York: William Morrow, 1988).
557. In the late 1980s, Nuyen acted in the television series St. Elsewhere. Most recently she played Ying Ying St. Clare in Amy Tan's novel-turned-movie Joy Luck Club, directed by Wayne Wang.
558. See L. S. Kim, "Maid in Color: The Figure of the Racialized Domestic inAmerican Television" (Ph.D. diss., Department of Film and Television, UCLA, 1997).
559. This interview is currently unavailable for viewing.While UCLA's Film and Television Archive owns a copy of Mike Wallace's interview of Miyoshi Umeki, it was recorded on a format for which there are no screening facilities.
560. Susan Jeffords, The Remasculinization of America: Gender and the Vietnam War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1989), p. xi.
561. For example, the description of the film The Virgin Soldier reads as follows: "Pvt. Brigg is one of the soldiers who succumbs to the local prostitute, Juicy Lucy" (Maryann Oshana, Women of Color: A Filmography of Minority and Third World Women [New York: Garland, 1984], p. 265).
562. See Penny Van Esterik, "The Politics of Beauty in Thailand," in Cohen,Wilk, and Stoeltje, eds., Beauty Queens, and her Materializing Thailand (New York: Berg, 2000), p. 175;
563. Katharine H.S., Moon, Sex Among Allies (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997);
564. Yuh, Beyond the Shadow of Camptown.
565. William Wei, The Asian American Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1993);
566. Helen Zia, Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000);
567. Timothy Fong, The Contemporary Asian American Experience: Beyond the Model Minority (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1998);
568. Eric K. Yamamoto, Interracial Justice: Conflict and Reconciliation in Post-Civil Rights America (New York: New York University Press, 1999).