A unified protocol for the transdiagnostic psychodynamic treatment of anxiety disorders: An evidence-based approach

Psychotherapy

Volumn 51, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 224-245

  Leichsenring, Falk ^a   Salzer, Simone ^b  

^a JUSTUS LIEBIG UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Anxiety disorder; Empirically supported treatments; Transdiagnostic; Unified protocol; Unified psychodynamic protocol for anxiety disorders

Indexed keywords

ADJUSTMENT DISORDER; AGORAPHOBIA; AMBIVALENCE; ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR; AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER; CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR; DSM-5; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; HUMAN; INDIVIDUALIZATION; INTERVIEW; MALADJUSTMENT; MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); OBJECT RELATION; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PANIC; PATIENT ATTITUDE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PSYCHODYNAMIC PSYCHOTHERAPY; PSYCHOSOCIAL CARE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SELF ESTEEM; SEPARATION ANXIETY; SOCIAL PHOBIA; SOCIALIZATION; SOCIALIZATION INTERVIEW; TRANSFERENCE; UNIFIED PSYCHODYNAMIC PROTOCOL; ANXIETY DISORDERS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; PROCEDURES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ANXIETY DISORDERS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; HUMANS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PSYCHOTHERAPY, PSYCHODYNAMIC; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84899144989     PISSN: 00333204     EISSN: 19391536     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0033815     Document Type: Article

References (168)

1. Abbass, A. A., Sheldon, A., Gyra, J., & Kalpin, A. (2008). Intensive short-term dynamic psychotherapy for DSM-IV personality disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 196, 211-216.
2. Ablon, J. S., Levy, R. A., & Katzenstein, T. (2006). Beyond brand names of psychotherapy: Identifying empirically supported change processes. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 43, 216-231.
3. Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H.,. Vollebergh, W. A. (2004). Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: Results from the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia, 109, 21-27.
4. Barber, J., & Crits-Christoph, P. (1995). Dynamic therapies for psychiatric disorders (Axis I) New York, NY: Basic Books.
5. Barber, J., Crits-Chrustoph, P., & Luborsky, L. (1996). The effects of adherence and competence on patient outcome in brief dynamic therapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 619-622.
6. Barber, J. P., Gallop, R., Crits-Christoph, P., Barrett, M. S., Klostermann, S., McCarthy, K. S., & Sharpless, B. A. (2008). The role of the alliance and the techniques in predicting outcome of supportive-expressive dynamic therapy for cocaine dependence. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25, 461-82.
7. Barlow, D. H., Allen, L. B., & Choate, M. L. (2004). Toward a unified treatment for emotional disorders. Behavior Therapy, 35, 205-230.
8. Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2009). Randomized controlled trial of outpatient mentalization-based treatment versus structured clinical management for borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 1355-1364.
9. Bellak, L., Hurvich, M., & Gediman, H. K. (1973). Ego functions in schizophrenics, neurotics, and normals: A systematic study of conceptual, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects. New York, NY: Wiley.
10. Blagys, M., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2000). Distinctive features of short-term psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy: A review of the comparative psychotherapy process literature. Clinical Psycholigie: Science & Practice, 7, 167-188.
11. Blanck, G., & Blanck, R. (1974). Ego psychology: Theory and practice. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
12. Bögels, S. W. P., & Sallerts, S. (2003, September). Analytic psychotherapy versus cognitive-behavioral therapy for social phobia. Paper presented at the European Congress for Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies, Prague, Czech Republic.
13. Bond, M., & Perry, J. C. (2004). Long-term changes in defense styles with psychodynamic psychotherapy for depressive, anxiety and personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1665-1671.
14. Borkovec, T. D. (1994). The nature, function and origin of worry. In G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment. New York, NY: Wiley.
15. Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss. Vol 2: Separation: Anxiety and anger. New York, NY: Basic Books.
16. Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. London, UK: Routledge.
17. Bressi, C., Porcellana, M., Marinaccio, P. M., Nocito, E. P., & Magri, L. (2010). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy versus treatment as usual for depressive and anxiety disorders: A randomized clinical trial of efficacy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 198, 647-652.
18. Busch, F., Cooper, A. M., Klerman, G. L., Penzer, R. J., Shapiro, T., & Shear, M. K. (1991). Neurophysiological, cognitive-behavioral, and psychoanalytic approaches to panic disorder: Toward an integration. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 11, 316-332.
19. Busch, F. N., Milrod, B. L., & Singer, M. B. (1999). Theory and technique in psychodynamic tetment of panic disorder. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 8, 234-242.
20. Canadian Task Force on the Periodic Health Examination. (1979). The periodic health examination. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 121, 1193-1254.
21. Chambless, D. L., & Hollon, S. D. (1998). Defining empirically supported therapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychoogyl, 66, 7-18.
22. Clarkin, J. F., Levy, K. N., Lenzenweger, M. F., & Kernberg, O. F. (2007). Evaluating three treatments for borderline personality disorder: A multiwave study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 16, 922-928.
23. Connolly, M. B., Crits-Christoph, P., Shappell, S., Barber, J. P., Luborsky, L., & Shaffer, C. (1998). Relation of transference interpretation to outcome in the early sessions of brief supportive-expressive psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 9, 485-495.
24. Connolly Gibbons, M. B., Crits-Christoph, P., Barber, J. P., Wiltsey Stirman, S., Gallop, R., Goldstein, L. A.,. Ring-Kurtz, S. (2009). Unique and common mechanisms of change across cognitive and dynamic psychotherapies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 801-813.
25. Cook, D., Guyatt, G. H., Laupacis, A., Sacket, D. L., & Goldberg, R. J. (1995). Clinical recommendations using levels of evidence for antithrombotic agents. Chest, 108 (4 Suppl), 227S-230S.
26. Cox, B. J., Fleet, C., & Stein, M. B. (2004). Self-criticism and social phobia in the US national comorbidity survey. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 227-234.
27. Crits-Christoph, P., Connolly, M. B., Azarian, K., Crits-Christoph, K., & Shappell, S. (1996). An open trial of brief supportive-expressive psychotherapy in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Psychotherapy, 33, 418-430.
28. Crits-Christoph, P., Connolly Gibbons, M. B., Crits-Christoph, K., Narducci, J., Schamberger, M., & Gallop, R. (2006). Can therapists be trained to improve their alliances? A preliminary study of alliancefostering psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 268-281.
29. Crits-Christoph, P., Connolly Gibbons, M. B., Narducci, J., Schamberger, M., & Gallop, R. (2005). Interpersonal problems and the outcome of interpersonally oriented psychodynamic treatment of GAD. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 42, 211-224.
30. Crits-Christoph, P., Cooper, A., & Luborsky, L. (1988). The accuracy of therapists' interpretations and outcome of dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 490-495.
31. Crits-Christoph, P., Crits-Christoph, K., Wolfpalacio, D., Fichter, M., & Rudick, D. (1995). Supportive-expressive dynamic psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. In J. P. Barber & P. Crits-Christoph (Eds.), Dynamic therapies for psychiatric disorders: Axis (pp. 43-83). New York, NY: Basic Books.
32. Crits-Christoph, P., & Luborsky, L. (1990). Changes in the CCRT perva-sivenss during psychotherapy. In: L. Luborsky and P. Cris-Christoph (Eds.) Understanding transference, 133-146. New York, NY: Basic Books.
33. Davanloo, H. (1980). Short-term dynamic psychotherapy. New York, NY: Jason Aronson.
34. Diener, M. J., Hilsenroth, M. J., & Weinberger, J. (2007). Therapist affect focus and patient outcomes in psychodynamic psychotherapy: A metaanalysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 936-941.
35. Durham, R. C., Murphy, T., Allan, T., Richard, K., Treliving, L. R., & Fenton, G. W. (1994). Cognitive therapy, analytic psychotherapy and anxiety management training for generalized anxiety disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 315-323.
36. Emmelkamp, P., Benner, A., Kuipers, A., Feiertag, G. A., Koster, H. C., & van Appelddorn, F. J. (2006). Comparison of brief dynamic and cognitive-behavioral therapies in avoidant personality disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189, 60-64.
37. Eng, W., Heimberg, R. G., Hart, T., Schneider, F. R., & Liebowitz, M. R. (2001). Attachment in individuals with social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 1, 365-380.
38. Erickson, D. H., Janeck, A., & Tallman, K. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral group for patients with various anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Services, 58, 1205-1211.
39. Falkenström, F., Granström, F., & Holmqvist, R. (2013). Therapeutic Alliance Predicts Symptomatic Improvement Session by Session. Journal of Counseling Psycholology, 60, 317-328.
40. Farchione, T. J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Boisseau, C. L., Thompson-Hollands, J., Carl, J. R.,. Barlow, D. H. (2012). Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: A randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 43, 666-678.
41. Fenichel, O. (1941). Problems of psychoanalytic technique. Albany, NY: The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, Inc.
42. Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Wampold, B. E., Symonds, D., & Horvath, A. O. (2012). How central is the alliance in psychotherapy? A multilevel longitudinal meta-analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 59, 10-17.
43. Freud, A. (1936). The ego and the mechansism of defense. New York: International Universities.
44. Freud, S. (1894). On the grounds for detaching a particular syndrome from neurasthenia under the description anxiety neurosis. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 3, pp. 85-117). London, UK: Hogarth.
45. Freud, S. (1895). Project for a scientific psychology. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, Vol 1, 281-397. London, UK: Hogarth.
46. Freud, S. (1900). The interpretation of dreams. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 4, pp. 1-338). London, UK: Hogarth.
47. Freud, S. (1912). The dynamics of transference. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 97-108). London, UK: Hogarth.
48. Freud, S. (1913). On beginning the treatment. (further recommendations on the technique of psychoanalysis). In J. Strachey (Ed.) The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 123-144). London, UK: Hogarth.
49. Freud, S. (1914). Remembering, repeating and working through. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 12, pp. 147-156). London, UK: Hogarth.
50. Freud, S. (1915). Instincts and their vicissitudes. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 14, pp. 117-140). London, UK: Hogarth.
51. Freud, S. (1919). Lines of advance in psych-analytic therapy. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 17, pp. 159-168). London, UK: Hogarth.
52. Freud, S. (1923). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 12-66). London, UK: Hogarth.
53. Freud, S. (1926). Inhibitions, symptoms and anxiety. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard ed. of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 20, pp. 12-66). London, UK: Hogarth Press.
54. Friborg, O., Martinussen, M., Kaiser, S., Overgård, K. T., & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2012). Comorbidity of personality disorders in anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of 30 years of reearch. Journal of Affective Disorders. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.07.004.
55. Gabbard, G. O. (1992). Psychodynamics of panic disorder and social phobia. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 56, A3-A13.
56. Gabbard, G. O. (2000). Psychodynamic psychiatry in clinical practice. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
57. Gabbard, G. O. (2004). Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
58. Gabbard, G. O. (2006). Editorial. When is transference work useful in dynamic psychotherapy? American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1667-1669.
59. Garcia, M. S. (2004). Effectiveness of cognitive-behaviopral grup therapy in patients with anxiety disorders. Psychology in Spain, 8, 89-97.
60. Gearing, R. E., Schwalbe, C. S. J., Lee, R., & Hoagwood, K. E. (2013). The effectiveness of bosster sessions in CBT treatment for child and adolescent mood and anxiety disorders. Depression and Anxiety. doi:10.1002/da.22118.
61. Gibbons, M. B., Thompson, S. M., Scott, K., Schauble, L. A., Mooney, T., Thompson, D., Green, P., MacArthur, M. J., & Crits-Christoph, P. (2012). Supportive-expressive dynamic psychotherapy in the community mental health system: A pilot effectiveness trial for the treatment of depression. Psychotherapy, 49, 303-316.
62. Gilbert, P. (2001). Evolution and social anxiety. The role of attraction, social competition, and social hierarchies. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 723-751.
63. Goldman, R. N., Greenberg, L. S., & Angus, L. (2006). The effects of adding emotion-focused interventions to the client-centered relationship conditions in the treatment of depression. Psychotherapy Research, 16, 537-549.
64. Goldman, R. N., Greenberg, L. S., & Pos, A. E. (2005). Depth of emotional experience and outcome. Psychotherapy Research, 15, 248-260.
65. Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., Blanco, C., Stinson, F. S., Chou, S. P., Goldstein, R. B.,. Huang, B. (2005). The epidemiology of social anxiety disorder in the United States: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Journal of Clinincal Psychiatry, 66, 1351-1361.
66. Greenson, R. R. (1967). The techniques and practice of psychoanalysis. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
67. Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jacobi, F., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Beghi, E.,. Olesen, J. (2011). Costs of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 718-779.
68. Guthrie, E., Kapur, N., Mackway-Jones, K., Chew-Graham, C., Moorey, J., Mendel, E.,. Tomenson, B. (2001). Randomised controlled trial of brief psychological intervention after deliberate self poisoning. British Medical Journal, 323, 135-138.
69. Guthrie, E., Moorey, J., Margison, F., Barker, H., Palmer, S., McGrath, G. Creed, F. (1999). Cost-effectiveness of brief psychodynamicinterpersonal therapy in high utilizers of psychiatric services. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 519-526.
70. Guyatt, G., Sacket, D. L., Sinclair, J. C., Hayward, R., Cook, D. J., & Cook, R. (1995). User's guides to the medical literature. IX. A method for grading health care recommendations. Journal of the American Medical Association, 274, 1800-1804.
71. Hellerstein, D. J., Rosenthal, R. N., Pinsker, H., Wallner Samstag, L., Muran, J. C., & Winston, A. (1998). A randomized prospective study comparing supportive and dynamic therapies. Outcome and alliance. Journal of Psychotherapy Research and Practice, 7, 261-271.
72. Henning, E. R., Turk, C. L., Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2000). Impairment and quality of life in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24, 342-349.
73. Higgins, J. P., & Green, S. (2009). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. New York, NY: Wiley.
74. Hirsch, C. R., Clark, D. M., Mathews, A., & Williams, R. (2003). Selfimages play a causal role in social phobia. Behavior Research and Therapy, 41, 909-921.
75. Hoffmann, S. O. (2003). Soziale Ängste: Die psychodynamische Perspektive in Konzeptbildung und Behandlungsansätzen [Social anxieties: The psychodynamic perspective in conceptualization and treatment approaches.]. Psychotherapie im Dialog, 4, 32-41.
76. Hoffmann, S. O. (2012, in press). Menschliche "Angstbeisser". Zur Abwehr von Ängsten durch aggressives Verhalten. [Human "Angstbeisser". The defense against anxiety by aggressive behavior]. Persönlichkeitsstörungen-Therapie und Therapie.
77. Høglend, P., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Bøgwald, K. P., Sørbye, O., Sjaastad, M. C., & Heyerdahl, O. (2006). Analysis of the patient-therapist relationship in dynamic psychotherapy: An experimental study of transference interpretations. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1739-1746.
78. Høglend, P., Bøgwald, K. P., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Ulberg, R., Sjaastad, M. C.,. Johansson, P. (2008). Transference interpretations in dynamic psychotherapy: Do they really yield sustained effects? American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 763-771.
79. Høglend, P., Hersoug, A. G., Bøgwald, K. P., Amlo, S., Marble, A., Sørbye, Ø.,. Crits-Christoph, P. (2011). Effects of transference work in the context of therapeutic alliance and quality of object relations. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 697-706.
80. Horvath, A. O., Del Re, A. C., & Fluckiger, C. (2011). Alliance in individual therapy. Psychotherapy, 48, 9-10.
81. Insel, T. R. (2009). Translating scientific opportunity into public health impact: A strategic plan for research on mental illness. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 128-133.
82. Jacobson, E. (1953). The affects and their pleasure-unpleasure qualities in relation to the psychic discharge process. In R. Loewenstein (Ed.), Drives, affects, behavior. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
83. Johansen, P. Ø., Krebs, T. S., Svartberg, M., Stiles, T. C., & Holen, A. (2011). Change in defense mechanisms during short-term dynamic and cognitive therapy in patients with cluster C personality disorders. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 712-715.
84. Kernberg, O. F. (1970). Psychoanalytic classification of character pathology. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 18, 800-822.
85. Kernberg, O. F. (1975). Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. New York, NY: Aronson.
86. Kernberg, O. F. (1976). Object relations theory and clinical psychoanalysis. New York, NY: Aronson.
87. Kernberg, P. (1994). Mechanisms of Defense. Development and research perspectives. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 58, 55-87.
88. Kessler, R. C., Chiu, W. T., Demler, O., Merikangas, K. R., & Walters, E. E. (2005). Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627.
89. Killingmo, B. (1989). Conflict and defecit: Implications for technique. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 70, 65-79.
90. Klein, M. (1946). Notes on some schizoid mechanisms. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 27, 99-110.
91. Knijnik, D. Z., Blanco, C., Salum, G. A., Moraes, C. U., Mombach, C., Almeida, E.,. Eizirik, C. L. (2008). A pilot study of clonazepam versus psychodynamic group therapy plus clonazepam in the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder. European Psychiatry, 23, 567-574.
92. Knijnik, D. Z., Kapczinski, F., Chachamovich, E., Margis, R., & Eizirik, C. L. (2004). Psychodynamic group treatment for generalized social phobia. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 26, 77-81.
93. Knijnik, D. Z., Salum, G. A., Blanco, C., Moraes, C., Hauck, S., Mombach, C.,. Eizirik, C. L. (2009). Defense style changes with addition of psychodynamic group therapy to clonazepam insocial anxiety disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 547-551.
94. Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
95. Kohut, H. (1977). The restoration of the self. New York, NY: International Universities Press.
96. König, K. (1997). Self-analysis for analysts. London and Bristol, PA: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
97. Leichsenring, F. (2004). Randomized controlled vs. naturalistic studies. A new research agenda. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 68, 137-151.
98. Leichsenring, F., Beutel, M., & Leibing, E. (2007). Psychodynamic psychotherapy for social phobia: A treatment manual based on supportiveexpressive therapy. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 71, 56-83.
99. Leichsenring, F., Hoyer, J., Beutel, M., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W., Irle, E.,. Leibing, E. (2009). The Social Phobia Psychotherapy Research Network (SOPHO-NET)-The first multi-center randomized controlled trial of psychotherapy for social phobia: Rationale, methods and patient characteristics. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 78, 35-41.
100. Leichsenring, F., Klein, S., & Salzer, S. (in press, a). The efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy in specific mental disorders-a 2013 update of empirical evidence. Contemporary Psychoanalysis.
101. Leichsenring, F., Klein, S., & Salzer, S. (in press, b). Evidence for psychodynamic therapy in anxiety disorders. In P. Emmelkamp & T. Ehring (Eds.), International handbook of anxiety disorders: Theory, research, practice Vol II. New York, NY: Wiley-Blackwell.
102. Leichsenring, F., & Leibing, E. (2007). Fair play please! Letter to the Ed. British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 80.
103. Leichsenring, F., & Leibing, E. (2007). Supportive-expressive psychodynamic psychotherapy: An update. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 3, 57-66.
104. Leichsenring, F., Masuhr, O., Jaeger, U., Dally, A., & Streeck, U. (2010). The effectiveness of psychoanalytic-interactional psychotherapy (PIP) in borderline personality disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 74, 206-218.
105. Leichsenring, F., Salzer, S., Hilsenroth, M., Leibing, E., Leweke, F., & Rabung, S. (2011). Treatment integrity: An unresolved issue in psychotherapy research. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 7, 313-321.
106. Leichsenring, F., Salzer, S., Jager, U., Kächele, U., Kreische, R., Leweke, F.,. Leibing, E. (2009). Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166, 875-881.
107. Leichsenring, F., Winkelbach, C., & Leibing, E. (2005). Psychoanalytically oriented focal therapy of generalized anxiety disorder-a manual [Psychoanalytisch orientierte Fokaltherapie der Generalisierten Angststörung-ein Manual]. Psychotherapeut, 50, 258-364.
108. Leichsenring, F., Salzer, S., Beutel, M., von Consbruch, K., Herpertz, S., Hiller, W.,. Leibing, E. (2013). Psychodynamic therapy and cognitive therapy in social anxiety disorder-a multi-center randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 759-767.
109. Levy, K. N., & Scala, J. W. (2012). Transference, transference interpretations, and transference-focused psychotherapies. Psychotherapy, 49, 391-403.
110. Luborsky, L. (1984). Principles of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Manual for supportive-expressive treatment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
111. Luborsky, L. (1990). The relationship anecdotes paradigm (RAP) interview as a versatile source of narratives. In L. Luborsky & P. Crits-Christoph (Eds.), Understanding transference: The CCRT method (pp. 102-113). New York, NY: Basic Books.
112. Luborsky, L., Barber, J. P., & Crits-Christoph, P. (1990). Theory based research for understanding the process of dynamic psychotherapy, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 281-287.
113. Lutwak, N., & Ferrari, J. R. (1997). Understanding shame in adults: Retrospective perceptions of parental-bonding during childhood. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 595-598.
114. Mahler, M. S., Pine, F., & Bergmann, A. (1975). The psychological birth of the human infant: Symbiosis and individuation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
115. Malan, D. (1976). The frontier of brief psychotherapy: An example of the convergence of research and clinical practice. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
116. Malan, D. (1979). Individual psychotherapy and the science of psychodynamics. London, UK: Butterworth.
117. Mansell, W., Harvey, A., Watkins, E., & Shafran, R. (2009). Conceptual foundations of transdiagnostic approaches to CBT. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 23, 6-19.
118. McCullough, L., Kuhn, N., Andrews, S., Kaplan, A., Wolf, J., & Hurley, C. L. (2003). Treating affect phobia. A manual for short-term dynamic psychotherapy. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
119. McCullough, L., & Osborn, K. A. (2004). Sort term dynamic psychotherapy goes to Hollywood: The treatment of performance anxiety in the cinema. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60, 841-852.
120. McCullough-Vaillant, L. (1997). Changing character. New York, NY: Basic Books.
121. McEvoy, P. M., & Nathan, P. (2007). Effectiveness of cognitive behaviour therapy for diagnostically heterogeneous groups: A benchmarking study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 344-350.
122. McHugh, R. K., Murray, H. W., & Barlow, D. H. (2009). Balancing fidelity and adaptation in the dissemination of empirically-supported treatments: The promise of transdiagnostic interventions. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 946-953.
123. Menninger, K., & Holzman, P. S. (1973). The theory of psychoanalytic techniques (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
124. Miller, L. A., Taber, K. H., Gabbard, G. O., & Hurley, R. A. (2005). Neural underpinning of fear and its modulation: implications for anxiety disorders. Journal Neuropsychatry Clinical Neuroscience, 17, 1-6.
125. Milrod, B., Leon, A. C., Busch, F., Rudden, M., Schwalberg, M., Clarkin, J.,. Shear, M. K. (2007). A randomized controlled clinical trial of psychoanalytic psychotherapy for panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 265-272.
126. Milrod, B., Leon, A. C., Busch, F., Cooper, A., & Shapiro, T. (1997). Manual of panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publication.
127. Nathan, P. E., & Gorman, J. M. (Eds.). (2002). A guide to treatments that work (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
128. Norton, P. J. (2012). A randomized clinical trial of transdiagnostic cognitive-behavioral treatments for anxiety disorder by comparison to relaxation training. Behavior Therapy, 43, 506-517.
129. Norton, P. J., & Phillip, L. M. (2008). Transdiagnostic approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders: A quantitative review. Psychotherapy Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 45, 214-226.
130. Ogrodniczuk, J. S., Piper, W. E., Joyce, A. S., & McCallum, M. (1999). Transference interpretations in short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187, 571-578.
131. Orne, M., & Wender, P. (1968). Anticipatory socialization for psychotherapy: Method and rationale. American Journal of Psychiatry, 124, 1202-1212.
132. Öst, L.-G. (2008). Cognitive behavior therapy for anxiety disorders: 40 years of progress. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 5-10.
133. Palmer, R., Nascimento, L. N., & Fonagy, P. (2013). The state of evidence for psychodynamic psychotherapy for children and adolescents. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 22, 149-241.
134. Persons, J. B., & Silberschatz, G. (1998). Are results of randomized trials useful to psychotherapists? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 126-135.
135. Piper, W. E., Azim, H. F., Joyce, A. S., & McCallum, M. (1991). Transference interpretations, therapeutic alliance, and outcome in short-term individual psychotherapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 946-953.
136. Piper, W. E., Azim, H. F., McCallum, M., & Joyce, A. S. (1990). Patient suitability and outcome in short-term individual psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58, 475-481.
137. Pos, A. E., Greenberg, L. S., Goldman, R. N., & Korman, M. (2003). Emotional processing during experiential treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 1007-1016.
138. Reich, W. (1929). The genital character and the neurotic character. In R. Fliess (Ed.), The psycho-analytic reader. London, UK: Hogarth, 1950.
139. Reich, W. (1933). Character analysis. New York, NY: Orgone Institute, 1945.
140. Roth, A. D., & Parry, G. (1997). The implications of psychotherapy research for clinical practice and service development: Lessons and limitations. Journal of Mental Health, 6, 367-380.
141. Salzer, S., Winkelbach, C., Leweke, F., Leibing, E., & Leichsenring, F. (2011). Long-term effects of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy in generalized anxiety disorder: 12-month follow-up. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 503-508.
142. Sandler, J., Dare, C., & Holder, A. (2002). The patient and the analyst. London, UK: Karnac.
143. Schanche, E., Stiles, T. C., McCullough, L., Svartberg, M., & Nielsen, G. H. (2011). The relationship between activating affects, inhibitory affects, and self-compassion in patients with Cluster C personality disorders. Psychotherapy, 48, 293-303.
144. Schlesinger, H. (1969). Diagnosis and prescription for psychotherapy. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 33, 269-278.
145. Schlesinger, H. (1977). The responsibility of the psychoanalyst for analytic and therapeutic change. In A. Appelbaum (recorder), The transactions of the Topeka psychoanalytic society. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 41, 269-306.
146. Schlesinger, H. (1983). Personal communication to Lester Luborsky. Cited form Luborsky, L. (1984). Principles of psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Manual for supportive-expressive treatmen (p. 72). New York, NY: Basic Books.
147. Schmidt, N. B., Buckner, J. D., Pusser, A., Woolaway-Bickel, K., Preston, J. L., & Norr, A. (2012). Randomized Controlles Trial of False Safty Behavior Elimination Therapy: A Unified Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Anxiety Psychopathologie. Behavior Therapy, 43, 518-532.
148. Shear, M. K., Cooper, A. M., Klerman, G. L., Busch, F., & Shapiro, T. (1993). A psychodynamic model of panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 859-866.
149. Shefler, G., Dasberg, H., & Ben-Shakar, G. (1995). A randomized controlled outcome and follow-up study of Mann's time limited psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 585-593.
150. Slavin-Mulford, J., & Hilsenroth, M. J. (2012). Evidence-based psychodynamic treatments for anxiety disorders; a review. In R. A. Levy, J. S. Ablon, & H. Kaechele, (Eds.), Psychodynamic psychotherapy research: Evidence-based practice and practice-based evidence (pp. 117-137). New York, NY: Springer Press.
151. Slavin-Mulford, M. A., Hilsenroth, M., Weinberger, J., & Gold, J. (2011). Therapeutic interventions relatd to outcome in psychodynamic psychotherapy for anxiety disorder patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 199, 214-221.
152. Stricker, G. (2006). Using homework in psychodynamic psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 16, 219-237.
153. Svartberg, M., Stiles, T., & Seltzer, M. (2004). Randomized, controlled trial of the effectiveness of short-term dynamic psychotherapy and cognitive therapy for Cluster C personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 810-817.
154. Town, J. M., Hardy, G. E., McCullough, L., & Stride, C. (2012). Patient affect experiencing following therapist interventions in short-term dynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 22, 208-219.
155. Ulberg, R., Høglend, P., Marble, A., & Johansson, P. (2012). Women respond more favorably to transference intervention than men: A randomized study of long-term effects. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 200, 223-229.
156. Ulvenes, P. G., Berggraf, L., Hoffart, A., Stiles, T. C., Svartberg, M., McCullough, L., & Wampold, B. E. (2012). Different processes for different therapies: Therapist actions, therapeutic bond, and outcome. Psychotherapy, 49, 291-302.
157. Vertue, F. M. (2003). From adaptive emotion to dysfunction: An attachment perspective on social anxiety disorder. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7, 170-191.
158. Wallerstein, R. (1989). The psychotherapy research project of the Menninger Foundation: An overview. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 195-205.
159. Westen, D., Novotny, C. M., & Thompson-Brenner, H. (2004). The empirical status of empirically supported psychotherapies: Assumptions, findings, and reporting in controlled clinical trials. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 631-663.
160. Westra, H. A. (2012). Motivational interviewing in the treatment of anxiety. New York: Guilford Press.
161. Westra, H. A., Arkowitz, H., & Dozois, D. J. (2009). Adding a motivational interviewing pretreatment to cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23, 1106-1117.
162. Westra, H. A., & Dozois, D. J. A. (2008). Integrating motivational interviewing into the treatment of anxiety. In H. Arkowitz, H. A. Westra, W. R. Miller, & S. Rollnick (Eds.), Motivational interviewing in the treatment of psychological problems (pp. 26-56). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
163. Whisman, M. A. (1990). The efficacy of booster maintenance sessions in behaviour therapy: Review and methodological critique. Clinical Psychology Review, 10, 155-170.
164. Wiborg, I. M., & Dahl, A. A. (1996). Does brief dynamic psychotherapy reduce the relapse rate of panic disorder? Archives of General Psychiatry, 53, 689-694.
165. Wilamowska, Z. A., Thompson-Hollands, J., Fairholme, C. P., Ellard, K. K., Farchione, T. J., & Barlow, D. H. (2010). Conceptual background, development, and preliminary data from the unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 882-890.
166. Winston, A., Laikin, M., Pollack, J., Samstag, L. W., McCullough, L., & Muran, J. C. (1994). Short-term psychotherapy of personality disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 190-194.
167. Wöller, W., Leichsenring, F., Leweke, F., & Kruse, J. (2012). Psychodynamic psychotherapy for posttraumatic stress disorder related to childhood abuse-principles for a treatment manual. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 76, 69-93.
168. Zerbe, K. J. (1990). Through the storm: Psychoanalytic theory in the psychotherapy of the anxiety disorders. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 54, 171A3-183.