Face-to-face versus remote and web 2.0 interventions for promoting physical activity

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn 2013, Issue 9, 2013, Pages

  Richards, Justin ^a   Thorogood, Margaret ^b   Hillsdon, Melvyn ^c   Foster, Charles ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EXETER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS; COMMUNITY CARE; COMMUNITY PROGRAM; COMMUNITY SAMPLE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FACE TO FACE INTERVENTION; HEALTH CARE DELIVERY; HEALTH PROMOTION; HIGH INCOME COUNTRY; HUMAN; INTERMETHOD COMPARISON; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS; QUALITY CONTROL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; TELETHERAPY; THERAPY EFFECT; WEB 2.0 INTERVENTION; EXERCISE; FEMALE; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR ACTIVITY; TELEPHONE;

EXERCISE; FEMALE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MOTOR ACTIVITY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; TELEPHONE;

EID: 84899131834     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1469493X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010393.pub2     Document Type: Review

References (239)

1. King AC, Haskell WL, Taylor CB, Kraemer HC, DeBusk RF. Group- vs home-based exercise training in healthy older men and women. A community-based clinical trial. JAMA 1991;266(11):1535-42.
2. Aggarwal B, Liao M, Mosca L. Predictors of physical activity at 1 year in a randomized controlled trial of family members of patients with cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 2010;25(6):444-9.
3. Aittasalo M, Miilunpalo S, Suni J. The effectiveness of physical activity counseling in a work-site setting. A randomized, controlled trial. Patient Education & Counseling 2004;55(2):193-202.
4. Aittasalo M, Miilunpalo S, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Pasanen M. A randomized intervention of physical activity promotion and patient self-monitoring in primary health care. Preventive Medicine 2006;42(1):40-6.
5. Akiyama Y, Furuichi M, Miyachi M, Takeda N, Sakai K, Oka K, et al. Effect of individual feedback information in a correspondece course type walking program based on behavioral science. Japanese Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine 2007;56(1):157-65.
6. Albright CL, Pruitt L, Castro C, Gonzalez A, Woo S, King AC. Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2005;30(3):191-200.
7. Albright CL, Steffen AD, Novotny R, Nigg CR, Wilkens LR, Saiki K, et al. Baseline results from Hawaii's Na Mikimiki Project: a physical activity intervention tailored to multiethnic postpartum women. Women & Health 2012;52:265-91.
8. Andersen E, Burton NW, Anderssen SA. Physical activity levels six months after a randomised controlled physical activity intervention for Pakistani immigrant men living in Norway. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2012;9:47.
9. Anderson RT, King A, Stewart AL, Camacho F, Rejeski WJ. Physical activity counseling in primary care and patient well-being: Do patients benefit?. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2005;30(2):146-54.
10. Armit CM, Brown WJ, Ritchie CB, Trost SG. Promoting physical activity to older adults: a preliminary evaluation of three general practice-based strategies. Journal of Science & Medicine in Sport 2005;8(4):446-50.
11. Armit CM, Brown WJ, Marshall AL, Ritchie CB, Trost SG, Green A, et al. Randomized trial of three strategies to promote physical activity in general practice. Preventive Medicine 2009;48(2):156-63.
12. Baker G, Gray SR, Wright A, Fitzsimons C, Nimmo M, Lowry R, et al. The effect of a pedometer-based community walking intervention "Walking for Wellbeing in the West" on physical activity levels and health outcomes: a 12-week randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2008; Vol. 5, issue 1:44.
13. Baker G, Mutrie N, Lowry R. Using pedometers as motivational tools: Are goals set in steps more effective than goals set in minutes for increasing walking?. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 2008;46(1):21-6.
14. Baker G, Mutrie N, Lowry R. A comparison of goals set in steps using a pedometer and goals set in minutes: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Health Promotion and Education 2011;49(2):60-8.
15. Baruth M, Wilcox S, Blair S, Hooker S, Hussey J, Saunders R. Psychosocial mediators of a faith-based physical activity intervention: implications and lessons learned from null findings. Health Education Research 2010;25(4):645-55.
16. Baruth M, Wilcox S, Dunn AL, King AC, Marcus BH, Rejeski WJ, et al. Psychosocial mediators of physical activity and fitness changes in the activity counseling trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2010;39(3):274-89.
17. Bennett JA, Young HM, Nail LM, Winters-Stone K, Hanson G. A telephone-only motivational intervention to increase physical activity in rural adults: a randomized controlled trial. Nursing Research 2008;57(1):24-32.
18. Berlant NE. Increasing adherence to an exercise intervention. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2004;65(5-B):2612.
19. Bowen DJ, Fesinmeyer MD, Yasui Y, Tworoger S, Ulrich CM, Irwin ML, et al. Randomized trial of exercise in sedentary middle aged women: Effects on quality of life. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2006; Vol. 3:34.
20. Buman MP, Giacobbi PR Jr, Dzierzewski JM, Aiken Morgan A, McCrae CS, Roberts BL, et al. Peer volunteers improve long-term maintenance of physical activity with older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2011;8 Suppl 2:S257-66.
21. Calfas KJ, Sallis JF, Nichols JF, Sarkin JA, Johnson MF, Caparosa S, et al. Project GRAD: two-year outcomes of a randomized controlled physical activity intervention among young adults. Graduate Ready for Activity Daily. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2000;18(1):28-37.
22. Caperchione C, Mummery K. The utilisation of group process strategies as an intervention tool for the promotion of health-related physical activity in older adults. Activities, Adaptation & Aging 2006;30(4):29-45.
23. Carr LJ, Dunsiger SI, Lewis B, Ciccolo JT, Hartman S, Bock B, et al. Randomized Controlled Trial Testing an Internet Physical Activity Intervention for Sedentary Adults. Health Psychology Jul 2012;32:328-36.
24. Carroll JK, Lewis BA, Marcus BH, Lehman EB, Shaffer ML, Sciamanna CN. Computerized tailored physical activity reports. A randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2010;39(2):148-56.
25. Castro CM, Pruitt LA, Buman MP, King AC. Physical activity program delivery by professionals versus volunteers: the TEAM randomized trial. Health Psychology 2011;30(3):285-94.
26. Cheung PPY, Chow BC, Parfitt G. Using environmental stimuli in physical activity intervention for school teachers: a pilot study. International Electronic Journal of Health Education 2008;11:1-10.
27. Connell CM, Janevic MR. Effects of a telephone-based exercise intervention for dementia caregiving wives: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Applied Gerontology 2009; Vol. 28, issue 2:171-94.
28. Cox KL, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Grove JR, Blanksby BA, Puddey IB. Blood pressure rise with swimming versus walking in older women: the Sedentary Women Exercise Adherence Trial 2 (SWEAT 2). Journal of Hypertension 2006;24:307-14.
29. Cox KL, Burke V, Beilin LJ, Derbyshire AJ, Grove JR, Blanksby BA, et al. Short and long-term adherence to swimming and walking programs in older women - The Sedentary Women Exercise Adherence Trial (SWEAT 2). Preventive Medicine 2008;46(6):511-7.
30. Cox K, Kane E, Burke V, Beilin L. Effects of education and motivational interviewing on short and long-term participation in a home-based physical activity program. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2011;14:e13.
31. Cox K, Kane E, Burke V, Phillips M, Beilin L. Long-term effects of 6-months of home-based physical activity and counselling on the mental health of older adults: The MOVES study. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 2011;14:e14-5.
32. Crain AL, Martinson BC, Sherwood NE, O'Connor PJ. The long and winding road to physical activity maintenance. American Journal of Health Behavior 2010;34:764-75.
33. Cunningham DA, Rechnitzer PA, Howard JH, Donner AP. Exercise training of men at retirement: a clinical trial. Journal of Gerontology 1987;42(1):17-23.
34. de Vreede PL, van Meeteren NL, Samson MM, Wittink HM, Duursma SA, Verhaar HJ. The effect of functional tasks exercise and resistance exercise on health-related quality of life and physical activity. A randomised controlled trial. Gerontology 2007;53(1):12-20.
35. Dorgo S, King GA, Brickey GD. The application of peer mentoring to improve fitness in older adults. Journal of Aging & Physical Activity 2009;17:344-61.
36. Dorgo S, King GA, Bader JO, Limon JS. Comparing the effectiveness of peer mentoring and student mentoring in a 35-week fitness program for older adults. Archives of Gerontology & Geriatrics 2011;52(3):344-9.
37. Dubbert PM, Cooper KM, Kirchner KA, Meydrech EF, Bilbrew D. Effects of nurse counseling on walking for exercise in elderly primary care patients. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2002;57(11):M733-40.
38. Duncan GE, Anton SD, Sydeman SJ, Newton RL Jr, Corsica JA, Durning PE, et al. Prescribing exercise at varied levels of intensity and frequency: a randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2005;165(20):2362-9.
39. Duru OK, Sarkisian CA, Leng M, Mangione CM. Sisters in motion: a randomized controlled trial of a faith-based physical activity intervention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(10):1863-9.
40. Elley CR, Kerse N, Arroll B, Robinson E. Effectiveness of counselling patients on physical activity in general practice: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2003;326(7393):793.
41. Elley CR, Kerse N, Arroll B, Swinburn B, Ashton T, Robinson E. Cost-effectiveness of physical activity counselling in general practice. New Zealand Medical Journal 2004;117:1207.
42. Elley CR, Garrett S, Rose SB, O'Dea D, Lawton BA, Moyes SA, et al. Cost-effectiveness of exercise on prescription with telephone support among women in general practice over 2 years. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2011;45(15):1223-9.
43. Estabrooks PA, Smith-Ray RL, Almeida FA, Hill J, Gonzales M, Schreiner P, et al. Move More: Translating an efficacious group dynamics physical activity intervention into effective clinical practice. International Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2011;9:4-18.
44. Evers A, Klusmann V, Ziegelmann JP, Schwarzer R, Heuser I. Long-term adherence to a physical activity intervention: the role of telephone-assisted vs. self-administered coping plans and strategy use. Psychology & Health 2012;27:784-97.
45. Farmandbar RA, Niknami SH, Heydarnia AR. Effect of an integrated transtheoretical model and self-determination theory on the promotion and maintenance of exercise behavior. Journal of Guilan University of Medical Sciences 2012;20(82):1.
46. Ferney SL, Marshall AL, Eakin EG, Owen N. Randomized trial of a neighborhood environment-focused physical activity website intervention. Preventive Medicine 2009;48(2):144-50.
47. FindorffMJ, Stock HH, Gross CR, Wyman JF. Does the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) explain exercise behavior in a community-based sample of older women?. Journal of Aging & Health 2007;19(6):985-1003.
48. Finni T, Saakslahti A, Laukkanen A, Pesola A, Sipila S. A family based tailored counselling to increase non-exercise physical activity in adults with a sedentary job and physical activity in their young children: design and methods of a year-long randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2011;11:944.
49. Fitzsimons CF, Baker G, Wright A, Nimmo MA, Ward Thompson C, Lowry R, et al. The 'Walking for Wellbeing in the West' randomised controlled trial of a pedometer-based walking programme in combination with physical activity consultation with 12 month follow-up: rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2008;8:259.
50. Fitzsimons CF, Baker G, Gray SR, Nimmo MA, Mutrie N, Scottish Physical Activity Research. Does physical activity counselling enhance the effects of a pedometer-based intervention over the long-term: 12-month findings from the Walking for Wellbeing in the West study. BMC Public Health 2012;12:206.
51. Fortier MS, Hogg W, O'Sullivan TL, Blanchard C, Reid RD, Sigal RJ, et al. The physical activity counselling (PAC) randomized controlled trial: rationale, methods, and interventions. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition et Metabolisme 2007;32:1170-85.
52. Fortier MS, Sweet SN, O'Sullivan TL, Williams GC. A self-determination process model of physical activity adoption in the context of a randomized controlled trial. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2007;8:741-57.
53. Fortier MS, Hogg W, O'Sullivan TL, Blanchard C, Sigal RJ, Reid RD, et al. Impact of integrating a physical activity counsellor into the primary health care team: physical activity and health outcomes of the Physical Activity Counselling randomized controlled trial. Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism = Physiologie Appliquee, Nutrition et Metabolisme 2011;36(4):503-14.
54. Fortier MS, Wiseman E, Sweet SN, O'Sullivan TL, Blanchard CM, Sigal RJ, et al. A moderated mediation of motivation on physical activity in the context of the Physical Activity Counseling randomized control trial. Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2011;12:71-8.
55. Freene N, Waddington G, Chesworth W, Davey R, Goss J. 'Physical activity at home (PAAH)', evaluation of a group versus home based physical activity program in community dwelling middle aged adults: rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2011;11:883.
56. French DP, Williams SL, Michie S, Taylor C, Szczepura A, Stallard N, et al. A cluster randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of a brief walking intervention delivered in primary care: study protocol. BMC Family Practice 2011;12:56.
57. Froehlich-Grobe K, Aaronson LS, Washburn RA, Little TD, Lee J, Nary DE, et al. An exercise trial for wheelchair users: project workout on wheels. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33:351-63.
58. Fujita K, Nagatomi R, Hozawa A, Ohkubo T, Sato K, Anzai Y, et al. Effects of exercise training on physical activity in older people: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology 2003;13(2):120-6.
59. Fukuoka Y, Komatsu J, Suarez L, VittinghoffE, Haskell W, Noorishad T, et al. The mPED randomized controlled clinical trial: applying mobile persuasive technologies to increase physical activity in sedentary women protocol. BMC Public Health 2011;11:933.
60. Gine-Garriga M, Martin C, Puig-Ribera A, Anton JJ, Guiu A, Cascos A, et al. Referral from primary care to a physical activity programme: establishing long-term adherence? A randomized controlled trial. Rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2009;9:31.
61. Godin G, Belanger-Gravel A, Amireault S, Gallani MC, Vohl MC, Perusse L. Effect of implementation intentions to change behaviour: moderation by intention stability. Psychological Reports 2010;106(1):147-59.
62. Goldstein MG, Pinto BM, Marcus BH, Lynn H, Jette AM, Rakowski W, et al. Physician-based physical activity counseling for middle-aged and older adults: a randomized trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 1999;21(1):40-7.
63. Grandes G, Sanchez A, Torcal J, Sanchez-Pinilla RO, Lizarraga K, Serra J, et al. Targeting physical activity promotion in general practice: Characteristics of inactive patients and willingness to change. BMC Public Health 2008;22:172.
64. Grandes G, Sanchez A, Sanchez-Pinilla RO, Torcal J, Montoya I, Lizarraga K, et al. Effectiveness of physical activity advice and prescription by physicians in routine primary care: a cluster randomized trial. Archives of Internal Medicine 2009;169(7):694-701.
65. Grandes G, Sanchez A, Montoya I, Ortega Sanchez-Pinilla R, Torcal J. Two-year longitudinal analysis of a cluster randomized trial of physical activity promotion by general practitioners. PLoS ONE 2011; Vol. 6, issue 3:e18363.
66. Greaney ML, Riebe D, Ewing Garber C, Rossi JS, Lees FD, Burbank PA, et al. Long-term effects of a stage-based intervention for changing exercise intentions and behavior in older adults. Gerontologist 2008;48(3):358-67.
67. Green BB, McAfee T, Hindmarsh M, Madsen L, Caplow M, Buist D. Effectiveness of telephone support in increasing physical activity levels in primary care patients. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002;22(3):177-83.
68. Hardcastle S, Blake N, Hagger MS. The effectiveness of a motivational interviewing primary-care based intervention on physical activity and predictors of change in a disadvantaged community. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 2012;35:318-33.
69. Hardeman W, Kinmonth AL, Michie S, Sutton S. Theory of planned behaviour cognitions do not predict self-reported or objective physical activity levels or change in the ProActive trial. British Journal of Health Psychology 2011;16(Pt 1):135-50.
70. Harland J, White M, Drinkwater C, Chinn D, Farr L, Howel D. The Newcastle exercise project: a randomised controlled trial of methods to promote physical activity in primary care. BMJ 1999;319(7213):828-32.
71. Harrison RA, Roberts C, Elton PJ. Does primary care referral to an exercise programme increase physical activity one year later? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Public Health 2005;27(1):25-32.
72. Havenar J. Adapted motivational interviewing for increasing physical activity: A 12 month clinical trial. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2007;68(4-B):2291.
73. Herrera-Sanchez B, Mansilla-Dominguez JM, Perdigon-Florencio P, Bermejo-Caja C. Efectiveness of clinical counseling after increasing physical activity. A prospective randomized study. Medicina Clinica 2006;126(10):361-3.
74. Hillsdon M, Thorogood M, White I, Foster C. Advising people to take more exercise is ineffective: a randomized controlled trial of physical activity promotion in primary care. International Journal of Epidemiology 2002;31(4):808-15.
75. Hind D, Scott EJ, Copeland R, Breckon JD, Crank H, Walters SJ, et al. A randomised controlled trial and cost-effectiveness evaluation of "booster" interventions to sustain increases in physical activity in middle-aged adults in deprived urban neighbourhoods. BMC Public Health 2010;10:3.
76. Hosper K, Deutekom M, Stronks PK. The effectiveness of "Exercise on Prescription" in stimulating physical activity among women in ethnic minority groups in the Netherlands: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health 2008;8:406.
77. Hovell MF, Mulvihill MM, Buono MJ, Liles S, Schade DH, Washington TA, et al. Culturally tailored aerobic exercise intervention for low-income Latinas. American Journal of Health Promotion 2008;22(3):155-63.
78. Hughes SL, Seymour RB, Campbell RT, Whitelaw N, Bazzarre T. Best-practice physical activity programs for older adults: findings from the national impact study. American Journal of Public Health 2009;99(2):362-8.
79. Iliffe S, Kendrick D, Morris R, Skelton D, Gage H, Dinan S, et al. Multi-centre cluster randomised trial comparing a community group exercise programme with home based exercise with usual care for people aged 65 and over in primary care: protocol of the ProAct 65+ trial. Trials [Electronic Resource] 2010;11(1):6.
80. Inoue S, Odagiri Y, Wakui S, Katoh R, Moriguchi T, Ohya Y. Randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effect of a physical activity intervention program based on behavioural medicine. Journal of Tokyo Medical University 2003; Vol. 61:154-65.
81. Isaacs AJ, Critchley JA, Tai SS, Buckingham K, Westley D, Harridge SDR, et al. Exercise evaluation randomised trial (EXERT): A randomised trial comparing GP referral for leisure centre-based exercise, community-based walking and advice only. Health Technology Assessment 2007;11(10):iii-104.
82. Jimmy G, Martin BW. Implementation and effectiveness of a primary care based physical activity counselling scheme. Patient Education & Counseling 2005;56(3):323-31.
83. Jolly K, Duda JL, Daley A, Eves FF, Mutrie N, Ntoumanis N, et al. Evaluation of a standard provision versus an autonomy promotive exercise referral programme: rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2009;9:176.
84. Juneau M, Rogers F, De Santos V, Yee M, Evans A, Bohn A, et al. Effectiveness of self-monitored, home-based, moderate-intensity exercise training in middle-aged men and women. American Journal of Cardiology 1987;60(1):66-70.
85. Katz DL, Shuval K, Comerford BP, Faridi Z, Njike VY. Impact of an educational intervention on internal medicine residents' physical activity counselling: the Pressure System Model. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2008;14(2):294-9.
86. Kerse N, Elley CR, Robinson E, Arroll B. Is physical activity counseling effective for older people? A cluster randomized, controlled trial in primary care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2005;53(11):1951-6.
87. King AC, Taylor CB, Haskell WL, Debusk RF. Strategies for increasing early adherence to and long-term maintenance of home-based exercise training in healthy middle-aged men and women. American Journal of Cardiology 1988;61(8):628-32.
88. King AC, Marcus B, Ahn D, Dunn AL, Rejeski WJ, Sallis JF, et al. Identifying subgroups that succeed or fail with three levels of physical activity intervention: the Activity Counseling Trial. Health Psychology 2006; Vol. 25, issue 3:336-47.
89. King AC, Friedman R, Marcus B, Castro C, Napolitano M, Ahn D, et al. Ongoing physical activity advice by humans versus computers: the Community Health Advice by Telephone (CHAT) trial. Health Psychology 2007;26(6):718-27.
90. Kinmonth AL, Wareham NJ, Hardeman W, Sutton S, Prevost AT, Fanshawe T, et al. Efficacy of a theory-based behavioural intervention to increase physical activity in an at-risk group in primary care (ProActive UK): a randomised trial. Lancet 2008;371(9606):41-8.
91. Kolt GS, Schofield GM, Kerse N, Garrett N, Oliver M. Effect of telephone counseling on physical activity for low-active older people in primary care: a randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2007;55(7):986-92.
92. Kolt GS, Schofield GM, Kerse N, Garrett N, Schluter PJ, Ashton T, et al. The healthy steps study: a randomized controlled trial of a pedometer-based green prescription for older adults. Trial protocol. BMC Public Health 2009;9:404.
93. Kolt GS, Schofield GM, Kerse N, Garrett N, Ashton T, Patel A. Healthy Steps trial: pedometer-based advice and physical activity for low-active older adults. Annals of Family Medicine 2012;10(3):206-12.
94. Kriska AM, Bayles C, Cauley JA, LaPorte RE, Sandler RB, Pambianco G. A randomized exercise trial in older women: increased activity over two years and the factors associated with compliance. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1986;18(5):557-62.
95. Kriska A, Rockette-Wagner B, Bray GA, Florez H, Edelstein S, Reddy D, et al. Impact of lifestyle intervention on sedentary time in subjects at high-risk for diabetes. Diabetes 2012;61:A48-9.
96. Lamb SE, Bartlett HP, Ashley A, Bird W. Can lay-led walking programmes increase physical activity in middle aged adults? A randomised controlled trial. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2002;56(4):246-52.
97. Lawton BA, Rose SB, Elley CR, Dowell AC, Fenton A, Moyes SA. Exercise on prescription for women aged 40-74 recruited through primary care: two year randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;337:a2509.
98. Lawton BA, Rose SB, Elley CR, Dowell AC, Fenton A, Moyes SA. Exercise on prescription for women aged 40 to 74 recruited through primary care: two year randomised controlled trial [with consumer summary]. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2009; Vol. 43, issue 2:120-3.
99. LeCheminant JD, Smith JD, Covington NK, Hardin-Renschen T, Heden T. Pedometer use in university freshmen: a randomized controlled pilot study. American Journal of Health Behavior 2011;35(6):777-84.
100. Leung W, Ashton T, Kolt GS, Schofield GM, Garrett N, Kerse N, et al. Cost-effectiveness of pedometer-based versus time-based Green Prescriptions: The Healthy Steps Study. Australian Journal of Primary Health 2012;18(3):204-11.
101. Lombard DN, Lombard TN, Winett RA. Walking to meet health guidelines: the effect of prompting frequency and prompt structure. Health Psychology 1995;14(2):164-70.
102. Macmillan F, Fitzsimons C, Black K, Granat MH, Grant MP, Grealy M, et al. West End Walkers 65+: a randomised controlled trial of a primary care-based walking intervention for older adults: study rationale and design. BMC Public Health 2011;11:120.
103. Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Williams DM, Dunsiger S, Jakicic JM, Whiteley JA, et al. A comparison of Internet and print-based physical activity interventions. Archives of Internal Medicine 2007;167(9):944-9.
104. Marcus BH, Lewis BA, Williams DM, Whiteley JA, Albrecht AE, Jakicic JM, et al. Step into Motion: a randomized trial examining the relative efficacy of Internet vs. print-based physical activity interventions. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2007;28(6):737-47.
105. Marcus BH, Napolitano MA, King AC, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, Albrecht A, et al. Telephone versus print delivery of an individualized motivationally tailored physical activity intervention: Project STRIDE. Health Psychology 2007;26(4):401-9.
106. Marcus BH, Napolitano MA, King AC, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, Albrecht AE, et al. Examination of print and telephone channels for physical activity promotion: Rationale, design, and baseline data from Project STRIDE. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2007;28(1):90-104.
107. Marshall AL, Bauman AE, Owen N, Booth ML, Crawford D, Marcus BH. Population-based randomized controlled trial of a stage-targeted physical activity intervention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2003;25(3):194-202.
108. Marshall AL, Bauman AE, Owen N, Booth ML, Crawford D, Marcus BH. Reaching out to promote physical activity in Australia: a statewide randomized controlled trial of a stage-targeted intervention. American Journal of Health Promotion 2004;18(4):283-7.
109. Martinson BC, Crain AL, Sherwood NE, Hayes M, Pronk NP, O'Connor PJ. Maintaining physical activity among older adults: six-month outcomes of the Keep Active Minnesota randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2008;46(2):111-9.
110. Martinson BC, Sherwood NE, Crain AL, Hayes MG, King AC, Pronk NP, et al. Maintaining physical activity among older adults: 24-month outcomes of the Keep Active Minnesota randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine 2010;51(1):37-44.
111. McAuley E, Morris KS, Motl RW, Hu L, Konopack JF, Elavsky S. Long-term follow-up of physical activity behavior in older adults. Health Psychology 2007;26(3):375-80.
112. McAuley E, Wojcicki TR, White SM, Mailey EL, Szabo AN, Gothe N, et al. Physical activity, function, and quality of life: design and methods of the FlexToBa trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2012;33:228-36.
113. McEachan RR, Lawton RJ, Jackson C, Conner M, Meads DM, West RM. Testing a workplace physical activity intervention: a cluster randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011;8:29.
114. McGowan E, Prapavessis H, Podolinsky N, Gray C, Elkayam J. The effect of a self-efficacy intervention on objective measures of physical activity in first and second-degree relatives of colon cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology 2009;18:S255-6.
115. McGowan E, Prapavessis H, Podolinsky N, Gray C, Elkayam J. Examining the relationships between self-efficacy and objective measures of physical activity behavior in first- and second-degree relatives of colon cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology 2009;18:S73-4.
116. McMurdo MET, Sugden J, Argo I, Boyle P, Johnston DW, Sniehotta FF, et al. Do pedometers increase physical activity in sedentary older women? A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2010;58(11):2099-106.
117. Merom D, Rissel C, Phongsavan P, Smith BJ, Van Kemenade C, Brown WJ, et al. Promoting walking with pedometers in the community - The step-by-step trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;32:290-7.
118. Muda SH, Kadir AAbd. The effectiveness of physical activity counseling in Primary Care Clinic. University Science Malaysia Hospital 2006; Vol. 13, issue 4:249-53.
119. Murphy S, Raisanen L, Moore G, Edwards RT, Linck P, Williams N, et al. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of the Welsh National Exercise Referral Scheme: protocol for trial and integrated economic and process evaluation. BMC Public Health 2010; Vol. 10:352.
120. Napolitano MA, Whiteley JA, Papandonatos G, Dutton G, Farrell NC, Albrecht A, et al. Outcomes from the women's wellness project: a community-focused physical activity trial for women. Preventive Medicine 2006;43(6):447-53.
121. Napolitano MA, Borradaile KE, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, Longval JL, Parisi AF, et al. Accelerometer use in a physical activity intervention trial. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2010; Vol. 31, issue 6:514-23.
122. Newton RL Jr, Perri MG. A randomized pilot trial of exercise promotion in sedentary African-American adults. Ethnicity & Disease 2004;14(4):548-57.
123. Nichols JF, Wellman E, Caparosa S, Sallis JF, Calfas KJ, Rowe R. Impact of a worksite behavioral skills intervention. American Journal of Health Promotion 2000;14(4):218-21, ii.
124. Nies MA, Partridge T. Comparison of 3 interventions to increase walking in sedentary women. American Journal of Health Behavior 2006;30:339-52.
125. Norris SL, Grothaus LC, Buchner DM, Pratt M. Effectiveness of physician-based assessment and counseling for exercise in a staffmodel HMO. Preventive Medicine 2000;30(6):513-23.
126. Norton LH, Norton KI, Lewis N, Dollman J. A comparison of two short-term intensive physical activity interventions: methodological considerations. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2011;8:133.
127. Opdenacker J, Boen F, Coorevits N, Delecluse C. Effectiveness of a lifestyle intervention and a structured exercise intervention in older adults. Preventive Medicine 2008;46(6):518-24.
128. Opdenacker J, Delecluse C, Boen F. A 2-year follow-up of a lifestyle physical activity versus a structured exercise intervention in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2011;59(9):1602-11.
129. Oppert JM, Tafflet M, Fourchaud L, Lommez A, Bailleul C, Borys JM, et al. Physical activity promotion in insufficiently active adults: a randomised trial based on telephone counseling. International Journal of Obesity 2007;31:S214.
130. Paasche-Orlow M, Silliman R, Winter M, Cheng D, Henault L, Bickmore T. Efficacy of a computer-based intervention to promote walking in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012;60:S4.
131. Papandonatos GD, Williams DM, Jennings EG, Napolitano MA, Bock BC, Dunsiger S, et al. Mediators of physical activity behavior change: Findings from a 12-month randomized controlled trial. Health Psychology 2012;31(4):512-20.
132. Peels DA, van Stralen MM, Bolman C, Golsteijn RH, de Vries H, Mudde AN, et al. Development of web-based computer-tailored advice to promote physical activity among people older than 50 years. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2012;14:e39.
133. Pekmezi DW, Neighbors CJ, Lee CS, Gans KM, Bock BC, Morrow KM, et al. A culturally adapted physical activity intervention for Latinas: a randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009;37(6):495-500.
134. Pekmezi DW, Williams DM, Dunsiger S, Jennings EG, Lewis BA, Jakicic JM, et al. Feasibility of using computer-tailored and internet-based interventions to promote physical activity in underserved populations. Telemedicine Journal & E-Health 2010;16(4):498-503.
135. Petrella RJ, Koval JJ, Cunningham DA, Paterson DH. Can primary care doctors prescribe exercise to improve fitness? The Step Test Exercise Prescription (STEP) project. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2003;24(4):316-22.
136. Petrella R. Cost effectiveness of a community-based exercise program for older adults. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 2006;16:191-3.
137. Petrella RJ, Lattanzio CN, Shapiro S, Overend T. Improving aerobic fitness in older adults: effects of a physician-based exercise counseling and prescription program. Canadian Family Physician 2010;56(5):e191-200.
138. Pinto BM, Friedman R, Marcus BH, Kelley H, Tennstedt S, Gillman MW. Effects of a computer-based, telephone-counseling system on physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002;23(2):113-20.
139. Pinto BM, Goldstein MG, Ashba J, Sciamanna CN, Jette A. Randomized controlled trial of physical activity counseling for older primary care patients. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2005;29(4):247-55.
140. PlotnikoffRC, Brunet S, Courneya KS, Spence JC, Birkett NJ, Marcus B, et al. The efficacy of stage-matched and standard public health materials for promoting physical activity in the workplace: the Physical Activity Workplace Study (PAWS). American Journal of Health Promotion 2007;21(6):501-9.
141. PlotnikoffRC, Pickering MA, Rhodes RE, Courneya KS, Spence JC. A test of cognitive mediation in a 12-month physical activity workplace intervention: Does it explain behaviour change in women?. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2010;7:32.
142. Poulsen T, Elkjaer E, Vass M, Hendriksen C, Avlund K. Promoting physical activity in older adults by education of home visitors. European Journal of Ageing 2007;4(3):115-24.
143. Prestwich A, Conner MT, Lawton RJ, Ward JK, Ayres K, McEachan RR. Randomized controlled trial of collaborative implementation intentions targeting working adults' physical activity. Health Psychology 2012;31(4):486-95.
144. Ransdell LB, Robertson LA, Ornes L, Moyer-Mileur L. Generations exercising together to improve fitness (GET FIT): A pilot study designed to increase physical activity and improve health-related fitness in three generations of women. Women and Health 2004;40(3):77-94.
145. Reed J, Malvern L, Muthukrishnan S, Hardy R, King L. An ecological approach with primary-care counseling to promote physical activity. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2008;5(1):169-83.
146. Reid EL, Morgan RW. Exercise prescription: a clinical trial. American Journal of Public Health 1979;69(6):591-5.
147. Resnick B. Testing the effect of the WALC intervention on exercise adherence in older adults. Journal of Gerontological Nursing 2002;28(6):40-9.
148. Rose SB, Lawton BA, Elley CR, Dowell AC, Fenton AJ. The 'Women's Lifestyle Study', 2-year randomized controlled trial of physical activity counselling in primary health care: rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2007;7:166.
149. Sarkisian C, Trejo L, Mangione C, Wang PC, Frank J, Prohaska T. A randomized controlled trial of a behavioral intervention to increase walking among older Latinos. Journal of General Internal Medicine 2010;25:S212-3.
150. Schneider JK, Cook JH, Luke DA. Unexpected effects of cognitive-behavioural therapy on self-reported exercise behaviour and functional outcomes in older adults. Age & Ageing 2011;40(2):163-8.
151. Sevick MA, Napolitano MA, Papandonatos GD, Gordon AJ, Reiser LM, Marcus BH. Cost-effectiveness of alternative approaches for motivating activity in sedentary adults: results of Project STRIDE. Preventive Medicine 2007;45(1):54-61.
152. Sheeran P, Harris P, Vaughan J, Oettingen G, Gollwitzer PM. Gone exercising: Mental contrasting promotes physical activity among overweight, middle-aged, low-SES fishermen. Health Psychology Aug 2012;32:802-9.
153. Sherwood NE, Martinson BC, Crain AL, Hayes MG, Pronk NP, O'Connor PJ. A new approach to physical activity maintenance: rationale, design, and baseline data from the Keep Active Minnesota Trial. BMC Geriatrics 2008;8:17.
154. Simons-Morton DG, Blair SN, King AC, TM Morgan, WB Applegate, O'Toole M, et al. Effects of physical activity counseling in primary care: the Activity Counseling Trial: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;286(6):677-87.
155. Skar S, Sniehotta FF, Molloy GJ, Prestwich A, Araujo-Soares V. Do brief online planning interventions increase physical activity amongst university students? A randomised controlled trial. Psychology & Health 2011;26:399-417.
156. Slootmaker SM, Chin A Paw MJ, Schuit AJ, Seidell JC, van Mechelen W. Promoting physical activity using an activity monitor and a tailored web-based advice: design of a randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN93896459]. BMC Public Health 2005;5:134.
157. Smith BJ, Bauman AE, Bull FC, Booth ML, Harris MF. Promoting physical activity in general practice: a controlled trial of written advice and information materials. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2000;34(4):262-7.
158. Sorensen JB, Kragstrup J, Kjaer K, Puggaard L. Exercise on prescription: trial protocol and evaluation of outcomes. BMC Health Services Research 2007;7:36.
159. Sorensen JB, Kragstrup J, Skovgaard T, Puggaard L. Exercise on prescription: a randomized study on the effect of counseling vs counseling and supervised exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports 2008;18(3):288-97.
160. Spittaels H, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Brug J, Vandelanotte C. Effectiveness of an online computer-tailored physical activity intervention in a real-life setting. Health Education Research 2007;22(3):385-96.
161. Spittaels H, De Bourdeaudhuij I, Vandelanotte C. Evaluation of a website-delivered computer-tailored intervention for increasing physical activity in the general population. Preventive Medicine 2007;44(3):209-17.
162. Steele R, Mummery WK, Dwyer T. Using the Internet to promote physical activity: a randomized trial of intervention delivery modes. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2007;4(3):245-60.
163. Steele RM, Mummery WK, Dwyer T. A comparison of face-to-face or internet-delivered physical activity intervention on targeted determinants. Health Education & Behavior 2009;36:1051-64.
164. Stevens W, Hillsdon M, Thorogood M, McArdle D. Cost-effectiveness of a primary care based physical activity intervention in 45-74 year old men and women: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine 1998;32(3):236-41.
165. Stewart AL, Verboncoeur CJ, McLellan BY, Gillis DE, Rush S, Mills KM, et al. Physical activity outcomes of CHAMPS II: a physical activity promotion program for older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 2001;56(8):M465-70.
166. Talbot L. Lifestyle activity to improve fitness among National Guard personnel. TriService Nursing Research Program (TSNRP). TriService Nursing Research Program (TSNRP), 2010.
167. Talbot LA, Metter EJ, Morrell CH, Frick KD, Weinstein AA, Fleg JL. A pedometer-based intervention to improve physical activity, fitness, and coronary heart disease risk in National Guard personnel. Military Medicine 2011;176(5):592-600.
168. Tan EJ, Xue QL, Li T, Carlson MC, Fried LP. Volunteering: A physical activity intervention for older adults - The Experience Corps (R) Program in Baltimore. Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 2006;83(5):954-69.
169. Taylor AH, Fox KR. Effectiveness of a primary care exercise referral intervention for changing physical self-perceptions over 9 months. Health Psychology 2005;24(1):11-21.
170. Thogersen-Ntoumani C, Loughren EA, Duda JL, Fox KR, Kinnafick FE. "Step by Step". A feasibility study of a lunchtime walking intervention designed to increase walking, improve mental well-being and work performance in sedentary employees: Rationale and study design. BMC Public Health 2010;10:578.
171. Thomas GN, Macfarlane DJ, Guo B, Cheung BM, McGhee SM, Chou KL, et al. Health promotion in older Chinese: a 12-month cluster randomized controlled trial of pedometry and "peer support". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2012;44(6):1157-66.
172. Vainionpää A, Korpelainen R, Kaikkonen H, Knip M, Leppäluoto J, Jämsä T. Effect of impact exercise on physical performance and cardiovascular risk factors. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2007; Vol. 39, issue 5:756-63.
173. van Sluijs EM, van Poppel MN, Twisk JW, van Mechelen W. Physical activity measurements affected participants' behavior in a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2006;59(4):404-11.
174. van Stralen MM, Kok G, de Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L. The Active plus protocol: systematic development of two theory- and evidence-based tailored physical activity interventions for the over-fifties. BMC Public Health 2008;8:399.
175. Van Stralen MM, De Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L. The working mechanisms of an environmentally tailored physical activity intervention for older adults: A randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2009;6:83.
176. van Stralen MM, de Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L. Efficacy of two tailored interventions promoting physical activity in older adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2009;37(5):405-17.
177. van Stralen MM, de Vries H, Bolman C, Mudde AN, Lechner L. Exploring the efficacy and moderators of two computer-tailored physical activity interventions for older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of Behavioral Medicine 2010;39(2):139-50.
178. Stralen MM, Vries H, Mudde AN, Bolman C, Lechner L. The long-term efficacy of two computer-tailored physical activity interventions for older adults: main effects and mediators. Health Psychology 2011; Vol. 30, issue 4:442-52.
179. Visek AJ, Olson EA, DiPietro L. Factors predicting adherence to 9 months of supervised exercise in healthy older women. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2011;8(1):104-10.
180. von Thiele Schwarz U, Lindfors P, Lundberg U. Health-related effects of worksite interventions involving physical exercise and reduced workhours. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health 2008;34(3):179-88.
181. Wadsworth DD, Hallam JS. Effect of a web site intervention on physical activity of college females. American Journal of Health Behavior 2010;34:60-9.
182. Wanner M, Martin-Diener E, Braun-Fahrlander C, Bauer G, Martin BW. Effectiveness of active-online, an individually tailored physical activity intervention, in a real-life setting: randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2009;11(3):e23.
183. Wanner M, Martin-Diener E, Bauer G, Braun-Fahrlander C, Martin BW. Comparison of trial participants and open access users of a web-based physical activity intervention regarding adherence, attrition, and repeated participation. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2010;12:e3.
184. Watkinson C, van Sluijs EM, Sutton S, Marteau T, Griffin SJ. Randomised controlled trial of the effects of physical activity feedback on awareness and behaviour in UK adults: the FAB study protocol [ISRCTN92551397]. BMC Public Health 2010;10:144.
185. Whitehead D, Bodenlos JS, Cowles ML, Jones GN, Brantley PJ. A stage-targeted physical activity intervention among a predominantly African-American low-income primary care population. American Journal of Health Promotion 2007;21(3):160-3.
186. Wilcox S, Laken M, Bopp M, Gethers O, Huang P, McClorin L, et al. Increasing physical activity among church members: community-based participatory research. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;32(2):131-8.
187. Williams K, Prevost AT, Griffin S, Hardeman W, Hollingworth W, Spiegelhalter D, et al. The ProActive trial protocol - a randomised controlled trial of the efficacy of a family-based, domiciliary intervention programme to increase physical activity among individuals at high risk of diabetes [ISRCTN61323766]. BMC Public Health 2004;4:48.
188. Williams DM, Papandonatos GD, Napolitano MA, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, Marcus BH. Perceived enjoyment moderates the efficacy of an individually tailored physical activity intervention. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2006;28:300-9.
189. Williams DM, Papandonatos GD, Jennings EG, Napolitano MA, Lewis BA, Whiteley JA, et al. Does tailoring on additional theoretical constructs enhance the efficacy of a print-based physical activity promotion intervention?. Health Psychology 2011;30(4):432-41.
190. Wilson K, Brookfield D. Effect of goal setting on motivation and adherence in a six-week exercise program. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2009;7(1):89-100.
191. Wilson DK, Trumpeter NN, St George SM, Coulon SM, Griffin S, Lee Van Horn M, et al. An overview of the "Positive Action for Today's Health" (PATH) trial for increasing walking in low income, ethnic minority communities. Contemporary Clinical Trials 2010;31(6):624-33.
192. Heesch K, Masse LC, Frankowski RF, Dunn AI. Adherence within and between lifestyle physical activity groups in Project PRIME. Journal of Physical Activity & Health 2004;1:29-44.
193. Bandura A. Social foundations of thought and action: social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1986.
194. Bartholomew LK, Parcel GS, Kok G, Gottlieb NH. Intervention mapping: designing theory- and evidence-based health promotion programs. Mountain View: Mayfield, 2001.
195. Bauman AE, Reis RS, Sallis JF, Wells JC, Loos RJ, Martin BW. Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not?. Lancet 2012;380(9838):258-71.
196. Becker M. The health belief model and sick role behaviour. Health Education Monographs 1974;2:409-19.
197. Biddle S, Mutrie N. Psychology of physical activity: determinants, well-being and interventions. London: Routledge, 2001.
198. Biddle S, Foster C. Health behaviour change through physical activity & sport. In: Houlihan B editor(s). Handbook of Sport Development. Abingdon: Routledge, 2011.
199. Blair SN, Cheng Y, Holder JS. Is physical activity or physical fitness more important in defining health benefits?. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2001;33(6 Suppl):S379-99; discussion S419-20.
200. Christinsen R, Nair S. Statistical method guidelines for Cochrane Public Health reviews. Melbourne: Cochrane Public Health Group Report, 2009.
201. Davies CA, Spence JC, Vandelanotte C, Caperchione CM, Mummery WK. Meta-analysis of internet-delivered interventions to increase physical activity levels. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2012;9:52.
202. Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Chapter 9: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
203. Dickersin K, Scherer, Lefebvre C. Identifying relevant studies from systematic reviews. In: Chalmers I, Altman DG editor(s). Systematic Reviews. London: BMJ Publishing Group, 1995:64-74.
204. Dishman RK. Determinants of participation in physical activity. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T, Sutton JR, McPherson BD editor(s). Exercise, fitness and health: a consensus of current knowledge. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1990.
205. Dishman RK, Sallis JF. Determinants and interventions for physical activity and exercise. In: Bouchard C, Shephard RJ, Stephens T editor(s). Physical activity, fitness and health: international proceedings and consensus statement 1992. Champaign: Human Kinetics, 1994.
206. Dishman RK, Buckworth J. Increasing physical activity: a quantitative synthesis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 1996;28(6):706-19.
207. Fishbein M, Azjen I. Belief, attitude, intention and behaviour. New York: Whiley, 1975.
208. Fogg BJ. Persuasive technology: using computers to change what we think and do. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 2002.
209. Fogg BJ, Eckles D. Mobile Persuasion: 20 Perspectives of the Future of Behavior Change. Stanford: Stanford Captology Media, 2007.
210. Foster C, Hillsdon M, Thorogood M, Kaur A, Wedatilake T. Interventions for promoting physical activity. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003180.pub2]
211. Foster C, Hillsdon M, Cavill N, Allender S, Cowburn G. Understanding participation in sport and physical activity amongst children and adults. London: Sport England, 2005.
212. Hallal PC, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund U. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet 2012;380(9838):247-57.
213. Haskell WL, Lee IM, Pate RR, Powell KE, Blair SN, Franklin BA, et al. Physical activity and public health: updated recommendation for adults from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007;116(9):1081-93.
214. Heath GW, Parra DC, Sarmiento OL, Andersen LB, Owen N, Goenka S, et al. Evidence-based intervention in physical activity: lessons from around the world. Lancet 2012;380(9838):272-81.
215. Higgins JP, White IR, Wood AM. Imputation methods for missing outcome data in meta-analysis of clinical trials. Clinical Trials 2008;5(3):225-39.
216. Higgins JPT, Altman DG, Sterne JAC. Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). The Cochrane Collaboration 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org. The Cochrane Collaboration.
217. Janssen I, Leblanc AG. Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2010;7:40.
218. Kesaniemi YK, Danforth E Jr, Jensen MD, Kopelman PG, Lefebvre P, Reeder BA. Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: an evidence-based symposium. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2001;33(6 Suppl):S351-8.
219. Lee IM, Shiroma EJ, Lobelo F, Puska P, Blair SN, Katzmarzyk PT. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet 2012;380(9838):219-29.
220. Lefebvre C, Manheimer E, Glanville J. Chapter 6: Searching for studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S editor(s). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (updated March 2011). Cochrane Collaboration, 2011. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org.
221. McAuley E, Courneya KS, Rudolph DL, Lox CL. Enhancing exercise adherence in middle-aged males and females. Preventive Medicine 1994;23(4):498-506.
222. Miller WM, Rollnick S. Motivational Interviewing: Helping People Change. New York: The Guildford Press, 2012.
223. Nelson ME, Rejeski WJ, Blair SN, Duncan PW, Judge JO, King AC, et al. Physical activity and public health in older adults: recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation 2007;116(9):1094-105.
224. Norman GJ, Zabinski MF, Adams MA, Rosenberg DE, Yaroch AL, Atienza AA. A review of eHealth interventions for physical activity and dietary behavior change. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;33(4):336-45.
225. O'Reilly T. What is web 2.0? Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software. O'Reilly Media Inc., 2005. http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html. Sebastapol, (accessed 20 Sept 2012).
226. Oldridge NB. Economic burden of physical inactivity: healthcare costs associated with cardiovascular disease. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation 2008;15(2):130-9.
227. Portnoy DB, Scott-Sheldon LA, Johnson BT, Carey MP. Computer-delivered interventions for health promotion and behavioral risk reduction: a meta-analysis of 75 randomized controlled trials, 1988-2007. Preventive Medicine 2008;47(1):3-16.
228. Prochaska JM, DiClemente CC. Transtheoretical therapy: toward a more integrative model of change. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice 1982;19(3):276-88.
229. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan). 5.2. Copenhagen: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, 2012.
230. Rodgers W, Brawley LR. The role of outcome expectancies in participation motivation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 1991;13(4):411-27.
231. Rogers CR. Freedom to learn: a view of what education might become. 2nd Edition. Columbus: Charles Merill Publishing Company, 1969.
232. Strong WB, Malina RM, Blimkie CJ, Daniels SR, Dishman RK, Gutin B, et al. Evidence based physical activity for school-age youth. Journal of Pediatrics 2005;146(6):732-7.
233. van den Berg MH, Schoones JW, Vliet Vlieland TP. Internet-based physical activity interventions: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Medical Internet Research 2007;9(3):e26.
234. Vandelanotte C, Spathonis KM, Eakin EG, Owen N. Website-delivered physical activity interventions a review of the literature. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2007;33(1):54-64.
235. Waller A, Franklin V, Pagliari C, Greene S. Participatory design of a text message scheduling system to support young people with diabetes. Health Informatics Journal 2006;12(4):304-18.
236. Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Canadian Medical Association Journal 2006;174(6):801-9.
237. World Health Organization (WHO). Global recommendations on physical activity for health. Geneva: WHO, 2010.
238. World Health Organization (WHO). Global status report on noncommunicable diseases. Geneva: WHO, 2010.
239. Williams PT. Physical fitness and activity as separate heart disease risk factors: a meta-analysis. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2001;33(5):754-61.