A pragmatic randomised controlled trial of the Welsh National Exercise Referral Scheme: Protocol for trial and integrated economic and process evaluation

BMC Public Health

Volumn 10, Issue , 2010, Pages

  Murphy, Simon ^a   Raisanen, Larry ^a   Moore, Graham ^a   Edwards, Rhiannon Tudor ^b   Linck, Pat ^b   Williams, Nefyn ^a   Ud Din, Nafees ^a   Hale, Janine ^c   Roberts, Chris ^c   McNaish, Elaine ^c   Moore, Laurence ^a  

^a CARDIFF UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c WELSH GOVERNMENT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DEPRESSION; ECONOMICS; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMAN; INTERVIEW; KINESIOTHERAPY; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; PATIENT REFERRAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK FACTOR; UNITED KINGDOM;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ANXIETY; CORONARY DISEASE; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; EXERCISE THERAPY; FEMALE; HEALTH PROMOTION; HUMANS; INTERVIEWS AS TOPIC; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PROGRAM EVALUATION; REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION; RISK FACTORS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; WALES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77954389080     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712458     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-10-352     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Department of Health, At least five a week: Evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health London, Department of Health 2004
2. A history of physical activity, cardiovascular health and longevity: the scientific contributions of Jeremy N Morris, DSc, DPH, FRCP. RS Paffenbarger Jr SN Blair IM Lee, International Journal of Epidemiology 2001 30 5 1184 1192 10.1093/ije/30.5.1184 11689543
3. Exercise: a neglected intervention in mental health care? P Callaghan, Journal of Psychiatric & Mental Health Nursing 2004 11 4 476 83
4. Exercise interventions for mental health: A quantitative and qualitative review. G Stathopoulou MB Powers AC Berry JA Smits MW Otto, Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice 2006 13 2 179 193 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006. 00021.x (Pubitemid 43811608)
5. Welsh Assembly Government, Welsh Health Survey Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government 2008
6. "The wise, for cure, on exercise depend": physical activity interventions in primary care in Wales. NH Williams, Br J Sports Med 2009 43 2 106 108 10.1136/bjsm.2008.051458 18669546
7. Health professionals' perspectives in exercise referral: Implications for the referral process. RC Graham L Dugdill NT Cable, Ergonomics 2005 48 11-14 1411 1422 10.1080/00140130500101064 16338709
8. Prescribing Exercise in General-Practice. S Iliffe SS Tai M Gould M Thorogood M Hillsdon, British Medical Journal 1994 309 6953 494 495 8086899
9. Effectiveness of exercise-referral schemes to promote physical activity in adults: systematic review. NH Williams M Hendry B France R Lewis C Wilkinson, British Journal of General Practice 2007 57 979 986 10.3399/096016407782604866 18252074
10. Cost-effectiveness of a primary care based physical activity intervention in 45-74 year old men and women: A randomised controlled trial. W Stevens M Hillsdon M Thorogood D McArdle, British Journal of Sports Medicine 1998 32 3 236 241 10.1136/bjsm.32.3.236 9773174
11. Randomised controlled trial to examine the effects of a GP exercise referral programme in Hailsham, East Sussex, on modifiable coronary heart disease risk factors. AH Taylor J Doust N Webborn, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 1998 52 9 595 601
12. Does primary care referral to an exercise programme increase physical activity one year later? A randomized controlled trial. RA Harrison C Roberts P Elton, Journal of Public Health 2005 27 1 25 32 10.1093/pubmed/fdh197 15564275
13. Cost effectiveness of a community based exercise programme in over 65 year olds: Cluster randomised trial. JF Munro JP Nicholl JE Brazier R Davey T Cochrane, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2004 58 12 1004 1010
14. Can lay-led walking programmes increase physical activity in middle aged adults? A randomised controlled trial. SE Lamb HP Bartlett A Ashely W Bird, Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 2002 56 4 246 252
15. Exercise evaluation randomised trial (EXERT): a randomised trial comparing GP referral for leisure centre-based exercise, community-based walking and advice only. AJ Isaacs JA Critchley SS Tai K Buckingham D Westley SD Harridge C Smith JM Gottlieb, Health Technol Assess 2007 11 10 1 185 17313906
16. Attendance of exercise referral schemes in the UK: A systematic review. C Gidlow LH Johnston D Crone D James, Health Education Journal 2005 64 2 168 186 10.1177/001789690506400208 (Pubitemid 40904984)
17. Approaches to increase physical activity: Reviewing the evidence for exercise-referral schemes. O Morgan, Public Health 2005 119 5 361 370 10.1016/j.puhe.2004.06.008 15780323
18. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, Four commonly used methods to increase physical activity: brief interventions in primary care, exercise referral schemes, pedometers and community-based exercise programmes for walking and cycling London, NICE 2006
19. Healthy and Active Lifestyles in Wales: a Framework for Action. Welsh Assembly Government, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government 2003
20. Climbing Higher: the Welsh Assembly Strategy for Sport and Active Recreation in Wales. Welsh Assembly Government, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government 2005
21. Exercise referral - a guide to developing high quality schemes. Welsh Assembly Government, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government 2006
22. WR Miller S Rollnick, Motivational interviewing: Preparing people for change New York: Guilford Press 2002
23. REFERQUAL: a pilot study of a new service quality assessment instrument in the GP exercise referral scheme setting. D Cock IC Adams AB Ibbetson P Baugh, BMC Health Services Research 2006 6 10.1186/1472-6963-6-61 16725021
24. The Chester step test-a simple yet effective tool for the prediction of aerobic capacity. K Sykes A Roberts, Physiotherapy 2004 90 4 183 188 10.1016/j.physio.2004.03.008 (Pubitemid 44296105)
25. Running along parallel lines: how political reality impedes the evaluation of public health interventions. A case study of exercise referral schemes in England. SL Sowden R Raine, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2008 62 835 841 10.1136/jech.2007.069781 18701737
26. Applied public health research - falling through the cracks? R Simmons D Ogilvie S Griffin L Sargeant, BMC Public Health 2009 9 362 10.1186/1471-2458-9- 362 19781062
27. Free breakfasts in schools: design and conduct of a cluster randomised controlled trial of the Primary School Free Breakfast Initiative in Wales [ISRCTN 1833 6527]. L Moore G Moore K Tapper R Lynch C Desousa J Hale C Roberts S Murphy, BMC Public Health 2007 7 258 17888158
28. R Pawson N Tilley, Realistic Evaluation London: Sage Publications 1997
29. Department of Health, The General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire London, Department of Health 2006
30. Welsh Index of Multiple Deprivation. Welsh Assembly Government, Cardiff, Welsh Assembly Government 2008 http://wales.gov.uk/docs/statistics/2009/ 090930wimd08laintroe.pdf (URL accessed 01/02/10)
31. Assessment of habitual physical activity by a seven-day recall in a community survey and controlled experiments. SN Blair WL Haskell P Ho RS Paffenbarger Jr KM Vranizan JW Farquhar PD Wood, American Journal of Epidemiology 1985 122 5 794 804 3876763
32. Very low calorie diet with concurrent versus delayed and sequential exercise. JE Donnelly DJ Jacobsen JM Jakicic JE Whatley, International Journal of Obesity 1994 18 7 469 475 7920872
33. Comparison of lifestyle and structured interventions to increase physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness: a randomized trial. AL Dunn BH Marcus JB Kampert ME Garcia HW Kohl SN Blair, JAMA 1999 281 4 327 34 10.1001/jama.281.4.327 9929085
34. A short questionnaire for the measurement of habitual physical activity in epidemiological studies. JA Baecke HJ Burema JE Frijters, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1982 36 5 936 942 7137077
35. Doubly labelled water validation of three physical activity questionnaires. RM Philippaerts KR Westerterp J Lefevre, International Journal of Sports Medicine 1999 20 5 284 289 10.1055/s-2007-971132 10452224
36. HADS: Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RP Snaith AS Zigmond, Windsor, NFER Nelson 1994
37. The validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: An updated literature review. I Bjelland AA Dahl TT Haug D Necklemann, Journal of Psychosomatic Research 2002 52 2 69 77 10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3 11832252
38. Guide to Methods of Technology Appraisals. National Institute for Clinical Excellence, 2008 http://www.nice.org.uk/media/B52/A7/ TAMethodsGuideUpdatedJune2008.pdf URL accessed 25th March 2010
39. Cost-effectiveness of nurse-delivered endoscopy: findings from a randomised Multi-Institution Nurse Endoscopy Trial (MINuET). G Richardson K Bloor J Williams I Russell D Durai WY Cheung A Farrin S Coulton, British Medical Journal 2009 338 519-530 URL accessed 13th May 2010 BMJ 2009;338:b270 doi:10.1136/bmj.b270
40. EQ-5D: A measure of health status from the EuroQol Group. R Rabin F De Charro, Annals of Medicine 2001 33 5 337 343 10.3109/07853890109002087 11491192
41. A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. J Ware Jr M Kosinski SD Keller, Medical Care 1996 34 3 220 33 10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 8628042
42. Exercise referral: the public health panacea for physical activity promotion? A critical perspective of exercise referral schemes; their development and evaluation. LR Dugdill C Graham F McNair, Ergonomics 2005 48 11-14 1390 410 10.1080/00140130500101544 16338708
43. A modification of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to include an assessment of motivation. D Markland V Tobin, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 2004 26 191 196
44. Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior. EL Deci RM Ryan, New York: Plenum 1985
45. Adherence and well-being in overweight and obese patients referred to an exercise on prescription scheme: A self-determination theory perspective. J Edmunds N Ntoumanis J Duda, Psychology of Sport and
46. The development of self-efficacy scales for health-related diet and exercise behaviors. JF Sallis RB Pinski RM Grossman TL Patterson PR Nader, Health Education Research 1988 3 3 283 292 10.1093/her/3.3.283
47. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. A Bandura, Psychological Review 1977 84 2 191 215 10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191 847061
48. Psychosocial mediators of physical activity behavior among adults and children. BA Lewis BH Marcus RR Pate AL Dunn, American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2002 23 2, Supplement 1 26 35 10.1016/S0749-3797(02)00471-3 12133735
49. The development of scales to measure social support for diet and exercise behaviors. JF Sallis RM Grossman RB Pinski TL Patterson PR Nader, Preventive Medicine 1987 16 6 825 836 10.1016/0091-7435(87)90022-3 3432232
50. Project GRAD seven day physical activity recall interviewer's manual. J Sarkin J Campbell L Gross J Roby S Brazzo J Sallis K Calfas, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 1997 29 91 S102
51. Appropriate approaches to the evaluation of health promotion. J Springett, Critical Public Health 2001 11 2 139 151 10.1080/09581590110039856 (Pubitemid 33756365)
52. Process evaluation for public health interventions and research. A Steckler L Linnan, San Fransico, California: Jossey-Bass 2004
53. Health and Wellbeing: A Reader. The changing boundaries of health. A Beattie (ed), Oxford: Oxford University Press 1993
54. Measuring adaptations of motivational interviewing: the development and validation of the behavior change counseling index (BECCI). C Lane M Huws-Thomas K Hood S Rollnick K Edwards M Robling, Patient Education and Counseling 2005 56 2 166 173 10.1016/j.pec.2004.01.003 15653245
55. M Drummond MJ Sculpher GW Torrance BJ O'Brien GL Stoddart, Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005 3
56. HA Glick JA Doshi SS Sonnad D Polsky, Economic Evaluation in Clinical Trials (Handbooks for Health Economic Evaluation) Oxford: Oxford University Press 2007
57. Economic evaluation alongside pragmatic randomised trials: developing a standard operating procedure for clinical trials units. R Edwards B Hounsome P Linck I Russell, Trials 2008 9 1 64 10.1186/1745-6215-9-64 19014634
58. NHS reference costs 2008. Department of Health, London; Department of Health 2008 http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/ PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH-098945
59. Unit costs of health and social care. L Curtis, Canterbury, Kent: Personal Social Services Research Unit 2008 http://www.pssru.ac.uk/uc/ uc2008contents.htm]Accessed 8th July 2009
60. Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance. P Craig P Dieppe S Macintyre S Macintyre S Mitchie I Nazareth M Petticrew, BMJ 2008 337 1655 10.1136/bmj.a1655 18824488
61. Parenting programme for children at risk of developing conduct disorder: cost-effectiveness analysis. RT Edwards AJO Ceilleachair T Bywater DA Hughes J Hutchings, BMJ 2007 334 682 687 10.1136/bmj.39126.699421.55 17350965
62. The exceptional potential in each primary care consultation. NCH Stott RH Davis, J R Coll Gen Pract 1979 29 201 205 448665
63. Reasons for consultation. S Wyke, Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care: Volume 1: Principles and concepts Oxford, Oxford University Press, Jones R, 2004 95 98
64. Prevention in general practice: the views of doctors in the Oxford region. A Coulter T Schofield, British Journal of General Practice 1991 41 345 140 3 1854533
65. Increasing population levels of physical activity through primary care: GPs' knowledge, attitudes and self-reported practice. DA Lawlor S Keen RD Neal, Family Practice 1999 16 250 254 10.1093/fampra/16.3.250 10439978
66. Socio-demographic patterning of referral, uptake and attendance in Physical Activity Referral Schemes. CL Gidlow H Johnston D Crone C Morris A Smith C Foster DV James, J Public Health 2007 29 107 113 10.1093/pubmed/fdm002
67. Promoting physical activity in primary care: measuring the knowledge gap. MM Gould M Thorogood S LLiffe JN Morris, Health Education Journal 1995 54 3 304 311 10.1177/001789699505400305
68. Barriers to physical activity promotion by general practitioners and practice nurses. J McKenna PJ Naylor N McDowell, Br J Sports Med 1998 32 3 242 247 10.1136/bjsm.32.3.242 9773175
69. Primary care staff's views and experiences related to routinely advising patients about physical activity. A questionnaire survey. F Douglas N Torrance E van Teijlingen S Meloni A Kerr, BMC Public Health 2006 6 1 138 10.1186/1471-2458-6-138 16719900
70. Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions. L Rychetnik M Frommer P Hawe A Shiell, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2002 56 2 119 127 10.1136/jech.56.2.119 11812811
71. Exercise referral systems: A national quality assurance framework. Department of Health, London 2001
72. The experiences of older people participating in exercise referral schemes. A Stathi J McKenna K Fox, Journal of The Royal Society for the Promotion of Health 2004 124 18 23 10.1177/146642400312400108 14971188
73. GP exercise referral schemes: Improving the patient's experience. H Wormald L Ingle, Health Education Journal 2004 63 4 362 373 10.1177/ 001789690406300407
74. Finding an exercise identity in an older body: "It's redefining yourself and working out who you are". S Hardcastle AH Taylor, Psychology of Sport and Exercise 2005 6 2 173 188 10.1016/j.psychsport.2003.12.002
75. Assessing competence in the use of motivational interviewing. TB Moyers T Martin JK Manuel SML Hendrickson WR Miller, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment 2005 28 1 19 26 10.1016/j.jsat.2004.11.001 15723728
76. When is it motivational interviewing? Commentary. WR Miller, Addiction 2001 96 12 1770 1772 11791528
77. A critical realist approach to understanding and evaluating heart health programmes. AM Clark PD MacIntyre J Cruickshank, Health 2007 11 4 513 539 10.1177/1363459307080876 17855471