메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 631-647

Simulating high-latitude permafrost regions by the JSBACH terrestrial ecosystem model

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATA SET; ECOSYSTEM MODELING; FREEZE-THAW CYCLE; LATITUDE; NUMERICAL MODEL; PERMAFROST; TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEM;

EID: 84899110517     PISSN: 1991959X     EISSN: 19919603     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/gmd-7-631-2014     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (95)

References (105)
  • 1
    • 77953022140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cambridge University Press, New York, USA
    • ACIA: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment, Cambridge University Press, New York, USA, 1042 pp., 2005.
    • (2005) ACIA: Arctic Climate Impact Assessment , pp. 1042
  • 2
    • 34347254952 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of deep soil configurations in the CLM3 for improved representation of permafrost
    • DOI 10.1029/2007GL029536
    • Alexeev, V. A., Nicolsky, D. J., Romanovsky, V. E., and Lawrence, D. M.: An evaluation of deep soil configurations in the CLM3 for improved representation of permafrost, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09502, doi:10.1029/2007GL029536, 2007. (Pubitemid 47008154)
    • (2007) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.34 , Issue.9
    • Alexeev, V.A.1    Nicolsky, D.J.2    Romanovsky, V.E.3    Lawrence, D.M.4
  • 3
    • 65349157694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The arctic carbon count
    • doi:10.1038/ngeo292
    • Beer, C.: The Arctic carbon count, Nat. Geosci., 1, 569-570, doi:10.1038/ngeo292, 2008.
    • (2008) Nat. Geosci. , vol.1 , pp. 569-570
    • Beer, C.1
  • 4
    • 34249743759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of soil freezing and thawing on vegetation carbon density in Siberia: A modeling analysis with the Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ-DGVM)
    • DOI 10.1029/2006GB002760
    • Beer, C., Lucht, W., Gerten, D., Thonicke, K., and Schmullius, C.: Effects of soil freezing and thawing on vegetation carbon density in Siberia: A modeling analysis with the Lund-Potsdam-Jena Dynamic Global Vegetation Model (LPJ-DGVM), Global Biogeochem. Cy., 21, GB1012, doi:10.1029/2006GB002760, 2007. (Pubitemid 46831865)
    • (2007) Global Biogeochemical Cycles , vol.21 , Issue.1
    • Beer, C.1    Lucht, W.2    Gerten, D.3    Thonicke, K.4    Schmullius, C.5
  • 5
    • 84893006846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost temperature and active-layer thickness of Yakutia with 0.5-degree spatial resolution for model evaluation
    • doi:10.5194/essd-5-305-2013
    • Beer, C., Fedorov, A. N., and Torgovkin, Y.: Permafrost temperature and active-layer thickness of Yakutia with 0.5-degree spatial resolution for model evaluation, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 5, 305-310, doi:10.5194/essd-5-305-2013, 2013.
    • (2013) Earth Syst. Sci. Data , vol.5 , pp. 305-310
    • Beer, C.1    Fedorov, A.N.2    Torgovkin, Y.3
  • 7
    • 0035428640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The representation of arctic soils in the land surface model: The importance of mosses
    • Beringer, J., Lynch, A. H., Chapin III, F. S., Mack, M., and Bonan, G. B.: The representation of Arctic Soils in the Land Surface Model: The Importance of Mosses, J. Climate, 14, 3324-3335, 2001. (Pubitemid 33050494)
    • (2001) Journal of Climate , vol.14 , Issue.15 , pp. 3324-3335
    • Beringer, J.1    Lynch, A.H.2    Chapin, F.S.3    Mack, M.4    Bonan, G.B.5
  • 8
    • 69549111276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climatology and summer energy and water balance of polygonal tundra in the Lena River Delta, Siberia
    • doi:10.1029/2007JG000540
    • Boike, J., Wille, C., and Abnizova, A.: Climatology and summer energy and water balance of polygonal tundra in the Lena River Delta, Siberia, J. Geophys. Res., 113, G03025, doi:10.1029/2007JG000540, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113
    • Boike, J.1    Wille, C.2    Abnizova, A.3
  • 10
    • 0035539585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An intercomparison of three snow schemes of varying complexity coupled to the same land surface model: Local-scale evaluation at an alpine site
    • Boone, A. and Etchevers, P.: An Intercomparison of Three Snow Schemes of Varying Complexity Coupled to the Same Land Surface Model: Local-Scale Evaluation at an Alpine Site, J. Hydrometeorol., 2, 374-394, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Hydrometeorol. , vol.2 , pp. 374-394
    • Boone, A.1    Etchevers, P.2
  • 11
    • 67449135603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global biogeophysical interactions between forest and climate
    • doi:10.1029/2009GL037543
    • Brovkin, V., Raddatz, T., Reick, C. H., Claussen, M., and Gayler, V.: Global biogeophysical interactions between forest and climate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 36, L07405, doi:10.1029/2009GL037543, 2009.
    • (2009) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.36
    • Brovkin, V.1    Raddatz, T.2    Reick, C.H.3    Claussen, M.4    Gayler, V.5
  • 12
    • 0034581568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The circumpolar active layer monitoring (CALM) program: Research designs and initial results
    • Brown, J., Hinkel, K. M., and Nelson, F. E.: The circumpolar active layer monitoring (CALM) program: research designs and initial results, Polar Geography, 3, 165-258, 2000. (Pubitemid 34186414)
    • (2000) Polar Geography , vol.24 , Issue.3 , pp. 165-258
    • Brown, J.1    Hinkel, K.M.2    Nelson, F.E.3
  • 14
    • 84870176858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Uncertainties in the global temperature change caused by carbon release from permafrost thawing
    • doi:10.5194/tc- 6-1063-2012
    • Burke, E. J., Hartley, I. P., and Jones, C. D.: Uncertainties in the global temperature change caused by carbon release from permafrost thawing, The Cryosphere, 6, 1063-1076, doi:10.5194/tc- 6-1063-2012, 2012.
    • (2012) The Cryosphere , vol.6 , pp. 1063-1076
    • Burke, E.J.1    Hartley, I.P.2    Jones, C.D.3
  • 15
    • 34248520619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comment on a projection of severe near-surface permafrost degradation during the 21st century by David M. Lawrence and Andrew G. Slater
    • DOI 10.1029/2006GL027077
    • Burn, C. R. and Nelson, F. E.: Comment on "A projection of severe near-surface permafrost degradation during the 21st century" by Lawrence, D. M. and Slater, A. G., Geophys. Res. Lett., 33, L21503, doi:10.1029/ 2006GL027077, 2006. (Pubitemid 46747137)
    • (2006) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.33 , Issue.21
    • Burn, C.R.1    Nelson, F.E.2
  • 17
    • 0018004518 scopus 로고
    • Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties
    • Clapp, R. B. and Hornberger, G. M.: Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties, Water Resour. Res., 14, 601-604, 1978.
    • (1978) Water Resour. Res. , vol.14 , pp. 601-604
    • Clapp, R.B.1    Hornberger, G.M.2
  • 18
    • 0000951907 scopus 로고
    • Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leave of C4 plants
    • Collatz, G., Ribas-Carbo, M., and Berry, J.: Coupled photosynthesis- stomatal conductance model for leave of C4 plants, Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 19, 519-538, 1992.
    • (1992) Aust. J. Plant Physiol. , vol.19 , pp. 519-538
    • Collatz, G.1    Ribas-Carbo, M.2    Berry, J.3
  • 19
    • 80053336337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of permafrost and seasonal thaw depth in the JULES land surface scheme
    • doi:10.5194/tc-5-773-2011
    • Dankers, R., Burke, E. J., and Price, J.: Simulation of permafrost and seasonal thaw depth in the JULES land surface scheme, The Cryosphere, 5, 773-790, doi:10.5194/tc-5-773-2011, 2011.
    • (2011) The Cryosphere , vol.5 , pp. 773-790
    • Dankers, R.1    Burke, E.J.2    Price, J.3
  • 22
    • 34347206320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Near-surface permafrost degradation: How severe during the 21st century?
    • DOI 10.1029/2007GL029323
    • Delisle, G.: Near-surface permafrost degradation: How severe during the 21st century?, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L09503, doi:10.1029/2007GL029323, 2007. (Pubitemid 47008155)
    • (2007) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.34 , Issue.9
    • Delisle, G.1
  • 23
    • 0001909732 scopus 로고
    • Thermal properties of soils
    • edited by: van Wijk, W. R., North Holland, Amsterdam
    • De Vries, D. A.: Thermal properties of soils, Physics of Plant Environment, edited by: van Wijk, W. R., North Holland, Amsterdam, 1963.
    • (1963) Physics of Plant Environment
    • De Vries, D.A.1
  • 24
    • 0027079624 scopus 로고
    • A rainfall-runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg climate model
    • Dümenil, L. and Todini, E.: A rainfall-runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg climate model, in: Advances in theoretical hydrology - a tribute to James Dooge, edited by: Kane, J. P., 129-157, 1992. (Pubitemid 23380516)
    • (1992) Advances in theoretical hydrology , pp. 129-157
    • Dumenil, L.1    Todini, E.2
  • 26
    • 70949094235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FAO, IIASA, ISRIC, ISS-CAS, and JRC: (version 1.1) FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria
    • FAO, IIASA, ISRIC, ISS-CAS, and JRC: Harmonized World Soil Database (version 1.1) FAO, Rome, Italy and IIASA, Laxenburg, Austria, 2009.
    • (2009) Harmonized World Soil Database
  • 27
    • 34250250163 scopus 로고
    • A biochemical-model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 Species
    • Farquhar, G., Caemmerer, S., and Berry, J.: A biochemical-model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 Species, Planta, 149, 78-90, 1980.
    • (1980) Planta , vol.149 , pp. 78-90
    • Farquhar, G.1    Caemmerer, S.2    Berry, J.3
  • 29
    • 85010255781 scopus 로고
    • Permafrost landscape map of Yakutia ASSR
    • 2500000, Moscow: GUGK
    • Fedorov, A. N., Botulu, T. A., Varlamov, S. P., and Melnikov, P. I.: Permafrost Landscape Map of Yakutia ASSR, Scale 1:2500000, Moscow: GUGK, 1991.
    • (1991) Scale , vol.1
    • Fedorov, A.N.1    Botulu, T.A.2    Varlamov, S.P.3    Melnikov, P.I.4
  • 30
    • 32844454498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records
    • DOI 10.1038/nature04504, PII NATURE04504
    • Gedney, N., Cox, P. M., Betts, R. A., Boucher, O., Huntingford, C., and Stott, P. A.: Detection of a direct carbon dioxide effect in continental river runoff records, Nature, 439, 835-838, 2006. (Pubitemid 43255700)
    • (2006) Nature , vol.439 , Issue.7078 , pp. 835-838
    • Gedney, N.1    Cox, P.M.2    Betts, R.A.3    Boucher, O.4    Huntingford, C.5    Stott, P.A.6
  • 31
    • 8844225221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GLC2000 database: European Commission, Joint Research Centre, (last access: 5 May 2012)
    • GLC2000 database: Global Land Cover 2000 database, European Commission, Joint Research Centre, available at: http://bioval.jrc.ec.europa.eu/products/ glc2000/glc2000.php (last access: 5 May 2012), 2003.
    • (2003) Global Land Cover 2000 Database
  • 32
    • 0020331022 scopus 로고
    • Influence of snow cover on the ground thermal regime.
    • Goodrich, L.: The influence of snow cover on the ground thermal regime, Can. Geotech. J., 19, 421-432, 1982. (Pubitemid 13490800)
    • (1982) Canadian geotechnical journal , vol.19 , Issue.4 , pp. 421-432
    • Goodrich, L.E.1
  • 33
    • 84859392814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-scale validation of a new soil freezing scheme for a landsurface model with physically-based hydrology
    • doi:10.5194/tc-6-407-2012
    • Gouttevin, I., Krinner, G., Ciais, P., Polcher, J., and Legout, C.: Multi-scale validation of a new soil freezing scheme for a landsurface model with physically-based hydrology, The Cryosphere, 6, 407-430, doi:10.5194/tc-6-407-2012, 2012a.
    • (2012) The Cryosphere , vol.6 , pp. 407-430
    • Gouttevin, I.1    Krinner, G.2    Ciais, P.3    Polcher, J.4    Legout, C.5
  • 34
    • 84861854611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How the insulating properties of snow affect soil carbon distribution in the continental pan-Arctic area
    • doi:10.1029/2011JG001916
    • Gouttevin, I., Menegoz, M., Dominé, F., Krinner, G., Koven, C., Ciais, P., Tarnocai, C., and Boike, J.: How the insulating properties of snow affect soil carbon distribution in the continental pan-Arctic area, J. Geophys. Res., 117, G02020, doi:10.1029/2011JG001916, 2012b.
    • (2012) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.117
    • Gouttevin, I.1    Menegoz, M.2    Dominé, F.3    Krinner, G.4    Koven, C.5    Ciais, P.6    Tarnocai, C.7    Boike, J.8
  • 36
    • 33747670221 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Snow depth, soil freezing, and fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in a northern hardwood forest
    • DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01194.x
    • Groffman, P. M., Hardy, J. P., Driscoll, C. T., and Fahey, T. J.: Snow depth, soil freezing, and fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in a northern hardwood forest, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 1748-1760, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01194.x, 2006. (Pubitemid 44270151)
    • (2006) Global Change Biology , vol.12 , Issue.9 , pp. 1748-1760
    • Groffman, P.M.1    Hardy, J.P.2    Discoll, C.T.3    Fahey, T.J.4
  • 37
    • 84861821293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation and analysis of a high-resolution estimate of global permafrost zonation
    • doi:10.5194/tc-6-221-2012
    • Gruber, S.: Derivation and analysis of a high-resolution estimate of global permafrost zonation, The Cryosphere, 6, 221-233, doi:10.5194/tc-6-221- 2012, 2012.
    • (2012) The Cryosphere , vol.6 , pp. 221-233
    • Gruber, S.1
  • 38
    • 84939881732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of soil hydrology scheme on simulated soil moisture memory
    • submitted
    • Hagemann, S. and Stacke, T.: Impact of soil hydrology scheme on simulated soil moisture memory, Clim. Dynam., submitted, 2014.
    • (2014) Clim. Dynam.
    • Hagemann, S.1    Stacke, T.2
  • 39
    • 84897472706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspectives in modelling climate-hydrology interactions
    • ISSI special issue on Hydrological Cycle, doi:10.1007/s10712-013-9245-z, online first
    • Hagemann, S., Blome, T., Saeed, F., and Stacke, T.: Perspectives in modelling climate-hydrology interactions, Surveys in Geophysics, ISSI special issue on Hydrological Cycle, doi:10.1007/s10712-013-9245-z, online first, 2013.
    • (2013) Surveys in Geophysics
    • Hagemann, S.1    Blome, T.2    Saeed, F.3    Stacke, T.4
  • 42
    • 38349147310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks
    • Heimann, M. and Reichstein, M.: Terrestrial ecosystem carbon dynamics and climate feedbacks, Nature, 451, 289-292, 2008.
    • (2008) Nature , vol.451 , pp. 289-292
    • Heimann, M.1    Reichstein, M.2
  • 43
    • 0033610889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A distributed thermal model for calculating soil temperature profiles and depth of thaw in permafrost regions
    • 98JD01731
    • Hinzman, L. D., Goering, D. J., and Kane, D. L.: A distributed thermal model for calculating soil temperature profiles and depth of thaw in permafrost regions, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 28975-28991, 1998. (Pubitemid 128700246)
    • (1998) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.103 , pp. 28975-28991
    • Hinzman, L.D.1    Goering, D.J.2    Kane, D.L.3
  • 44
    • 77149163490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil organic carbon pools in a periglacial landscape: A case study from the central Canadian Arctic
    • Hugelius, G., Kuhry, P., Tarnocai, C., and Virtanen, T.: Soil organic carbon pools in a periglacial landscape: a case study from the central Canadian Arctic, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 21, 16-29, 2010.
    • (2010) Permafr. Periglac. Process. , vol.21 , pp. 16-29
    • Hugelius, G.1    Kuhry, P.2    Tarnocai, C.3    Virtanen, T.4
  • 45
    • 84899058654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2nd Annual Report, 2008, Roskilde, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark
    • Jensen, L. M. and Rasch, M.: Nuuk Ecological Research Operations, 2nd Annual Report, 2008, Roskilde, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark, 80 pp., 2009.
    • (2009) Nuuk Ecological Research Operations , pp. 80
    • Jensen, L.M.1    Rasch, M.2
  • 46
    • 84899058654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 3rd Annual Report, 2009, Roskilde, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark
    • Jensen, L. M. and Rasch, M.: Nuuk Ecological Research Operations, 3rd Annual Report, 2009, Roskilde, National Environmental Research Institute, Aarhus University, Denmark, 80 pp., 2010.
    • (2010) Nuuk Ecological Research Operations , pp. 80
    • Jensen, L.M.1    Rasch, M.2
  • 47
    • 0003748673 scopus 로고
    • Ph.D. thesis, Trondheim, Norway, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Draft Translation 637, 1977, ADA 044002
    • Johansen, O.: Thermal conductivity of soils, Ph.D. thesis, Trondheim, Norway, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory Draft Translation 637, 1977, ADA 044002, 1975.
    • (1975) Thermal Conductivity of Soils
    • Johansen, O.1
  • 49
    • 0001388932 scopus 로고
    • The variation of carbon dioxide under the snow in the Arctic
    • Kelley, J. J. J., Weaver, D. F., and Smith, B. P.: The variation of carbon dioxide under the snow in the Arctic, Ecology, 49, 358-361, 1968.
    • (1968) Ecology , vol.49 , pp. 358-361
    • Kelley, J.J.J.1    Weaver, D.F.2    Smith, B.P.3
  • 50
    • 0033929655 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 2 exchanges of the terrestrial biosphere: Process-based simulations and uncertainties
    • DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00159.x
    • 2 exchanges of the terrestrial biosphere: process-based simulations and uncertainties, Global Ecol. Biogeogr., 9, 225-252, 2000. (Pubitemid 30491742)
    • (2000) Global Ecology and Biogeography , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 225-252
    • Knorr, W.1
  • 51
    • 0033609629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parameterization of snowpack and frozen ground intended for NCEP weather and climate models
    • Koren, V., Schaake, J., Mitchell, K., Duan, Q., Chen, F., and Baker, J.: A parameterization of snowpack and frozen ground intended for NCEP weather and climate models, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 19569-19585, 1999.
    • (1999) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.104 , pp. 19569-19585
    • Koren, V.1    Schaake, J.2    Mitchell, K.3    Duan, Q.4    Chen, F.5    Baker, J.6
  • 53
    • 3042763996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of microrelief and vegetation on methane emission from wet polygonal tundra, Lena Delta, Northern Siberia
    • DOI 10.1023/B:BIOG.0000031053.81520.db
    • Kutzbach, L., Wagner, D., and Pfeiffer, E.: Effect of microrelief and vegetation on methane emission from wet polygonal tundra, Lena Delta, Northern Siberia, Biogeochemistry, 69, 341-362, 2004. (Pubitemid 38871835)
    • (2004) Biogeochemistry , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 341-362
    • Kutzbach, L.1    Wagner, D.2    Pfeiffer, E.-M.3
  • 54
    • 0035094381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of contemporary Arctic river runoff based on observational discharge records
    • Lammers, R., Shiklomanov, A., Vorosmarty, C., Fekete, B., and Peterson, B.: Assessment of contemporary Arctic river runoff based on observational discharge records, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 3321-3334, 2001.
    • (2001) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.106 , pp. 3321-3334
    • Lammers, R.1    Shiklomanov, A.2    Vorosmarty, C.3    Fekete, B.4    Peterson, B.5
  • 55
    • 0038566620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (last access: 17 January 2013), Land resources of Russia CD-ROM
    • Land Resources of Russia: available at: http://webarchive.iiasa.ac. at/Research/FOR/russia-cd/download.htm (last access: 17 January 2013), Land resources of Russia CD-ROM, 2002.
    • (2002) Land Resources of Russia
  • 56
    • 79952462993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The surface energy balance of a polygonal tundra site in northern Siberia - Part 1: Spring to fall
    • doi:10.5194/tc-5-151-2011
    • Langer, M., Westermann, S., Muster, S., Piel, K., and Boike, J.: The surface energy balance of a polygonal tundra site in northern Siberia - Part 1: Spring to fall, The Cryosphere, 5, 151-171, doi:10.5194/tc-5-151-2011, 2011.
    • (2011) The Cryosphere , vol.5 , pp. 151-171
    • Langer, M.1    Westermann, S.2    Muster, S.3    Piel, K.4    Boike, J.5
  • 57
    • 84876303825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite-based modeling of permafrost temperatures in a tundra lowland landscape
    • doi:10.1016/j.rse.2013.03.011
    • Langer, M., Westermann, S., Heikenfeld, M., Dorn, W., and Boike, J.: Satellite-based modeling of permafrost temperatures in a tundra lowland landscape, Remote Sensing of Environment, 135, 12-24, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2013.03. 011, 2013.
    • (2013) Remote Sensing of Environment , vol.135 , pp. 12-24
    • Langer, M.1    Westermann, S.2    Heikenfeld, M.3    Dorn, W.4    Boike, J.5
  • 58
    • 32644437394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A projection of severe near-surface permafrost degradation during the 21st century
    • DOI 10.1029/2005GL025080, L24401
    • Lawrence, D. M. and Slater, A. G.: A projection of severe nearsurface permafrost degradation during the 21st century, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L24401, doi:10.1029/2005GL025080, 2005. (Pubitemid 43239948)
    • (2005) Geophysical Research Letters , vol.32 , Issue.24 , pp. 1-5
    • Lawrence, D.M.1    Slater, A.G.2
  • 59
    • 49849086735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sensitivity of amodel projection of near-surface permafrost degradation to soil column depth and representation of soil organic matter
    • Lawrence, D. M., Slater, A. G., Romanovsky, V. E., and Nicolsky, D. J.: Sensitivity of amodel projection of near-surface permafrost degradation to soil column depth and representation of soil organic matter, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 1-14, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113 , pp. 1-14
    • Lawrence, D.M.1    Slater, A.G.2    Romanovsky, V.E.3    Nicolsky, D.J.4
  • 60
    • 84859343365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation of present-day and future permafrost and seasonally frozen ground conditions in CCSM4
    • Lawrence, D. M., Slater, A. G., and Swenson, S. C.: Simulation of Present-Day and Future Permafrost and Seasonally Frozen Ground Conditions in CCSM4, J. C Climate, 25, 2207-2225, 2012.
    • (2012) J. C Climate , vol.25 , pp. 2207-2225
    • Lawrence, D.M.1    Slater, A.G.2    Swenson, S.C.3
  • 61
    • 76849083381 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analyses and development of a hierarchy of frozen soil models for cold region study
    • doi:10.1029/2009JD012530
    • Li, Q., Sun, S., and Xue, Y.: Analyses and development of a hierarchy of frozen soil models for cold region study, J. Geophys. Res., 115, D03107, doi:10.1029/2009JD012530, 2010.
    • (2010) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.115
    • Li, Q.1    Sun, S.2    Xue, Y.3
  • 62
    • 0027796765 scopus 로고
    • Snow cover model for global climate simulations
    • Loth, B. and Graf, H.: Snow cover model for global climate simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 451-464, 1993.
    • (1993) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.98 , pp. 451-464
    • Loth, B.1    Graf, H.2
  • 63
    • 0032571976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modeling the snow cover in climate studies. I. Long-term integrations under different climatic conditions using a multilayered snow-cover model
    • Loth, B. and Graf, H.: Modeling the snow cover in climate studies 1. Long-term integrations under different climatic conditions using a multilayered snow-cover model, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 11313-11327, 1998. (Pubitemid 28444070)
    • (1998) Journal of Geophysical Research D: Atmospheres , vol.103 , pp. 11313-11327
    • Loth, B.1    Graf, H.-F.2
  • 67
    • 0344201914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term investigations on the water budget quantities predicted by the hydro-thermodynamic soil vegetation scheme (HTSVS) - Part I: Description of the model and impact of long-wave radiation, roots, snow, and soil frost
    • DOI 10.1007/s00703-002-0578-2
    • Mölders, N., Haferkorn, U., Doering, J., and Kramm, G.: Long-term investigations on the water budget quantities predicted by the hydro-thermodynamic soil vegetation scheme (HTSVS) - Part I: Description of the model and impact of long-wave radiation, roots, snow, and soil frost, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys., 84, 115-135, 2003. (Pubitemid 37436457)
    • (2003) Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics , vol.84 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 115-135
    • Molders, N.1    Haferkorn, U.2    Doring, J.3    Kramm, G.4
  • 69
    • 33646824817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of frozen soil on snowmelt runoff and soil water storage at a continental scale
    • DOI 10.1175/JHM538.1
    • Niu, G.-Y. and Yang, Z.-L.: Effects of Frozen Soil on Snowmelt Runoff and Soil Water Storage at a Continental Scale, J. Hydrometeorol., 7, 937-952, 2006. (Pubitemid 44734306)
    • (2006) Journal of Hydrometeorology , vol.7 , Issue.5 , pp. 937-952
    • Niu, G.-Y.1    Yang, Z.-L.2
  • 70
    • 1642463475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regional-scale modeling of soil freeze/thaw over the Arctic drainage basin
    • Oelke, C.: Regional-scale modeling of soil freeze/thaw over the Arctic drainage basin, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 1-19, 2003.
    • (2003) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.108 , pp. 1-19
    • Oelke, C.1
  • 72
    • 77957982558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statistical bias correction of global simulated daily precipitation and temperature for the application of hydrological models
    • Piani, C., Weedon, G., Best, M., Gomes, S., Viterbo, P., Hagemann, S., and Haerter, J.: Statistical bias correction of global simulated daily precipitation and temperature for the application of hydrological models, J. Hydrol., 395, 199-215, 2010.
    • (2010) J. Hydrol. , vol.395 , pp. 199-215
    • Piani, C.1    Weedon, G.2    Best, M.3    Gomes, S.4    Viterbo, P.5    Hagemann, S.6    Haerter, J.7
  • 74
    • 10444250287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of soil freezing in future boreal climate change
    • DOI 10.1007/s00382-004-0459-0
    • Poutou, E., Krinner, G., Genthon, C. and de Noblet-Ducoudre, N.: Role of soil freezing in future boreal climate change, Clim. Dynam., 23, 621-639, 2004. (Pubitemid 39644932)
    • (2004) Climate Dynamics , vol.23 , Issue.6 , pp. 621-639
    • Poutou, E.1    Krinner, G.2    Genthon, C.3    De Noblet-Ducoudre, N.4
  • 75
    • 34547436900 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Will the tropical land biosphere dominate the climate-carbon cycle feedback during the twenty-first century?
    • DOI 10.1007/s00382-007-0247-8
    • Raddatz, T., Reick, C., Knorr, W., Kattge, J., Roeckner, E., Schnur, R., Schnitzler, K.-G., Wetzel, P., and Jungclaus, J.: Will the tropical land biosphere dominate the climate-carbon cycle feedback during the twenty-first century?, Clim. Dynam., 29, 565-574, 2007. (Pubitemid 47400022)
    • (2007) Climate Dynamics , vol.29 , Issue.6 , pp. 565-574
    • Raddatz, T.J.1    Reick, C.H.2    Knorr, W.3    Kattge, J.4    Roeckner, E.5    Schnur, R.6    Schnitzler, K.-G.7    Wetzel, P.8    Jungclaus, J.9
  • 76
    • 34247647193 scopus 로고
    • Capillary conduction of liquids through porous mediums
    • Richards, L. A.: Capillary Conduction of Liquids through Porous Mediums, Physics, 1, 318-333, 1931.
    • (1931) Physics , vol.1 , pp. 318-333
    • Richards, L.A.1
  • 78
    • 53749084224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Importance of a soil organic layer for Arctic climate: A sensitivity study with an Arctic RCM
    • doi:10.1029/2008GL034052
    • Rinke, A., Kuhry, P., and Dethloff, K.: Importance of a soil organic layer for Arctic climate: A sensitivity study with an Arctic RCM, Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L13709, doi:10.1029/2008GL034052, 2008.
    • (2008) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.35
    • Rinke, A.1    Kuhry, P.2    Dethloff, K.3
  • 82
    • 77956107713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Permafrost thermal state in the polar Northern Hemisphere during the international polar year 2007-2009: A synthesis
    • Romanovsky, V. E., Smith, S. L., and Christiansen, H. H.: Permafrost thermal state in the polar Northern Hemisphere during the international polar year 2007-2009: a synthesis, Permafr. Periglac. Process., 21, 106-116, 2010b.
    • (2010) Permafr. Periglac. Process. , vol.21 , pp. 106-116
    • Romanovsky, V.E.1    Smith, S.L.2    Christiansen, H.H.3
  • 83
    • 77954345943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving simulated soil temperatures and soil freeze/thaw at high-latitude regions in the Simple Biosphere/Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach model
    • doi:10.1029/2008JF001125
    • Schaefer, K., Zhang, T., Slater, A. G., Lu, L., Etringer, A., and Baker, I.: Improving simulated soil temperatures and soil freeze/thaw at high-latitude regions in the Simple Biosphere/Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach model, J. Geophys. Res., 114, F02021, doi:10.1029/2008JF001125, 2009.
    • (2009) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.114
    • Schaefer, K.1    Zhang, T.2    Slater, A.G.3    Lu, L.4    Etringer, A.5    Baker, I.6
  • 84
    • 79952722433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming
    • Schaefer, K., Zhang, T., Bruhwiler, L., and Bareett, A. P.: Amount and timing of permafrost carbon release in response to climate warming, Tellus B, 63, 165-180, 2011.
    • (2011) Tellus B , vol.63 , pp. 165-180
    • Schaefer, K.1    Zhang, T.2    Bruhwiler, L.3    Bareett, A.P.4
  • 85
    • 84912098340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yedoma: Late pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of beringia
    • eidted by: Elias, S. A., Amsterdam, Elsevier
    • Schirrmeister, L., Froese, D., Tumskoy, V., Grosse, G., and Wetterich, S.: Yedoma: Late Pleistocene Ice-Rich Syngenetic Permafrost of Beringia, in: The Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, eidted by: Elias, S. A., vol. 3, 542-552, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 2013.
    • (2013) The Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science , vol.3 , pp. 542-552
    • Schirrmeister, L.1    Froese, D.2    Tumskoy, V.3    Grosse, G.4    Wetterich, S.5
  • 92
    • 0141737754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of snow cover in the warming of Arctic permafrost
    • doi:10.1029/2003GL017337
    • Stieglitz, M., Dery, S. J., Romanovsky, V. E., and Osterkamp, T. E.: The role of snow cover in the warming of Arctic permafrost, Geophys. Res. Lett., 30, 1721, doi:10.1029/2003GL017337, 2003.
    • (2003) Geophys. Res. Lett. , vol.30 , pp. 1721
    • Stieglitz, M.1    Dery, S.J.2    Romanovsky, V.E.3    Osterkamp, T.E.4
  • 93
    • 84864596813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved simulation of the terrestrial hydrological cycle in permafrost regions by the Community Land Model
    • doi:10.1029/2012MS000165
    • Swenson, S. C., Lawrence, D.M., and Lee, H.: Improved simulation of the terrestrial hydrological cycle in permafrost regions by the Community Land Model, J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst., 4, M08002, doi:10.1029/2012MS000165, 2012.
    • (2012) J. Adv. Model. Earth Syst. , vol.4
    • Swenson, S.C.1    Lawrence, D.M.2    Lee, H.3
  • 94
    • 0000845217 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A numerical study on the impact of soil freezing on the continental-scale seasonal cycle
    • Takata, K. and Kimoto, M.: A numerical study on the impact of soil freezing on the continental-scale seasonal cycle, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 78, 199-221, 2000.
    • (2000) J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. , vol.78 , pp. 199-221
    • Takata, K.1    Kimoto, M.2
  • 96
    • 0019057216 scopus 로고
    • A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils
    • Van Genuchten, M. T.: A closed-form equation for predicting the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 44, 892-898, 1980.
    • (1980) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , vol.44 , pp. 892-898
    • Van Genuchten, M.T.1
  • 97
    • 0026286365 scopus 로고
    • Class - a canadian land surface scheme for gcms, i. Soil model
    • Verseghy, D.: CLASS - A Canadian land surface scheme for GCMs, I. Soil model, Roy. Meteorol. Soc., 11, 111-133, 1991.
    • (1991) Roy. Meteorol. Soc. , vol.11 , pp. 111-133
    • Verseghy, D.1
  • 98
    • 78649358009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The WATCH forcing data 1958-2001: A meteorological forcing dataset for land surface and hydrological models WATCH
    • Weedon, G., Gomes, S., Viterbo, P., Österle, H., Adam, J., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., and Best, M.: The WATCH forcing data 1958-2001: A meteorological forcing dataset for land surface and hydrological models WATCH Tech. Rep. 22, 41 pp., available at: http://www.eu-watch.org/publications/ technical-reports, 2010.
    • (2010) Tech. Rep. , vol.22 , pp. 41
    • Weedon, G.1    Gomes, S.2    Viterbo, P.3    Österle, H.4    Adam, J.5    Bellouin, N.6    Boucher, O.7    Best, M.8
  • 99
    • 80052354448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creation of the WATCH forcing data and its use to assess global and regional reference crop evaporation over land during the twentieth century
    • doi:10.1175/2011JHM1369.1
    • Weedon, G. P., Gomes, S., Viterbo, P., Shuttleworth, W. J., Blyth, E., Österle, H., Adam, J. C., Bellouin, N., Boucher, O., and Best, M.: Creation of the WATCH Forcing Data and Its Use to Assess Global and Regional Reference Crop Evaporation over Land during the Twentieth Century, J. Hydrometeorol., 12, 823-848, doi:10.1175/2011JHM1369.1, 2011.
    • (2011) J. Hydrometeorol. , vol.12 , pp. 823-848
    • Weedon, G.P.1    Gomes, S.2    Viterbo, P.3    Shuttleworth, W.J.4    Blyth, E.5    Österle, H.6    Adam, J.C.7    Bellouin, N.8    Boucher, O.9    Best, M.10
  • 100
    • 84895440976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transient thermal modeling of permafrost conditions in Southern Norway
    • doi:10.5194/tc-7-719-2013
    • Westermann, S., Schuler, T. V., Gisnås, K., and Etzelmüller, B.: Transient thermal modeling of permafrost conditions in Southern Norway, The Cryosphere, 7, 719-739, doi:10.5194/tc-7-719-2013, 2013.
    • (2013) The Cryosphere , vol.7 , pp. 719-739
    • Westermann, S.1    Schuler, T.V.2    Gisnås, K.3    Etzelmüller, B.4
  • 101
    • 84899081163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ZackenbergGIS: last access: 10 September
    • ZackenbergGIS: available at: http://dmugisweb.dmu.dk/zackenberggis/ datapage.aspx, last access: 10 September 2012.
    • (2012)
  • 102
    • 33244469276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview
    • DOI 10.1029/2004RG000157
    • Zhang, T., Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview, Rev. Geophys., 43, RG4002, doi:10.1029/2004RG000157, 2005. (Pubitemid 43273803)
    • (2005) Reviews of Geophysics , vol.43 , Issue.4
    • Zhang, T.1
  • 103
    • 56349150055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of the algorithms and parameterizations for ground thawing and freezing simulation in permafrost regions
    • Zhang, Y., Carey, S. K., and Quinton, W. L.: Evaluation of the algorithms and parameterizations for ground thawing and freezing simulation in permafrost regions, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 1-17, 2008.
    • (2008) J. Geophys. Res. , vol.113 , pp. 1-17
    • Zhang, Y.1    Carey, S.K.2    Quinton, W.L.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.