Modeling the snow cover in climate studies. I. Long-term integrations under different climatic conditions using a multilayered snow-cover model

Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres

Volumn 103, Issue D10, 1998, Pages 11313-11327

  Loth, Bettina ^a   Graf, Hans F ^a  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR METEOROLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MODEL VALIDATION; SNOW COVER; SNOW MODEL;

EID: 0032571976     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/97JD01411     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Anderson, E. A., A point energy and mass balance model of a snow cover, NOAA Tech. Rep. NWS 19, 150 pp., U.S. Dep. of Commer., Washington, D.C., 1976.
2. Andreas, E. L., A theory for the scalar roughness and the scalar transfer coefficients over snow and sea ice, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 38, 159-184, 1987.
3. Beljaars, A. C. M., and A. A. M. Holtslag, On flux parameterization over land surfaces for atmospheric models, J. Appl. Meteorol., 30, 327-341, 1991.
4. Brown, R. D., and B. E. Goodison, Recent observed trends and modelled interannual variability in Canadian snow cover, in Proceedings, 50th Eastern Snow Conference, Quebec, Canada, 8-10 June 1993, edited by M. Ferrick and T. Pangburn, pp. 389-397, 1994.
5. Brown, R. D., and B. E. Goodison, Interannual variability in reconstructed Canadian snow cover 1915-1992, J. Clim., 9(6), 1299-1318, 1996.
6. Brun, E., P. David, M. Sudul, and G. Brunot, A numerical model to simulate snow- cover stratigraphy for operational avalanche forecasting, J. Glaciol., 38(128), 13-22, 1992.
7. Dewey, K.F., Daily minimum and maximum temperature forecast and the influence of snow cover, Mon. Weather Rev., 105, 1594-1598, 1977.
8. Douville, H., J. F. Royer and J. F. Mahfouf, A new snow parameterization for the METEO-FRANCE Climate Model, I, Validation in stand-alone experiments, Clim. Dyn., 12, 21-35, 1995.
9. Goodison, B., and D. Yang, In-situ measurement of solid precipitation in high latittudes: The need for corrections, Proceedings of the Workshop on the ACSYS Solid Precipitation Climatology Project, WCRP-93, WMO TD, 739, 3-17, World Meteorol. Organ., 1996.
10. Gray, D. M., and P. G. Landine, Albedo model for shallow prairie snow covers, Can. J. Earth. Sci., 24, 1760-1768, 1987.
11. Gray, D. M., and D. H. Male, Handbook of Snow, 776 pp., Pergamon, Tarrytown, N.Y., 1981.
12. Groisman, P. Y., T. R. Karl, R. W. Knight, and G. L. Stenchikov, Changes of snow cover, temperature and radiative heat balance over the northern hemisphere, J. Clim., 7(11), 1633-1656, 1994a.
13. Groisman, P. Y., T. R. Karl, and R. W. Knight, Observed impact of snow cover on the heat balance and the rise of continental spring temperatures, Science, 263, 198-200, 1994b.
14. Idso, S. B., A set of equations for full spectrum and 8-14 μm and 10.5-12.5 μm thermal radiation from cloudiness skies, Water Resour. Res., 17(2), 295-304, 1981.
15. Jordan, R., A one-dimensional temperature model for a snow cover, Spec. Rep. 91-16, U.S. Army Corps of Eng., Cold Reg. Res. and Eng. Lab., Hanover, N.H., 1991.
16. Kimball, B. A., S. B. Idso, and J. K. Aase, A model of thermal radiation from partly cloudy and overcast skies, Water Resour. Res., 18(4), 931-936, 1982.
17. Linke, F., and F. Bauer, Meteorologisches Taschenbuch, 2nd edition, 712 pp., Akad. Verlagsgesellschaft, Leipzig, 1970.
18. Loth, B., H. F. Graf, and J. M. Oberhuber, A snow-cover model for global climate simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 10,451-10,464, 1993.
19. Loth, B., Snow cover as component of the climate system and its modeling (in German), Exam.arb. 32, 125 pp., Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany, 1995.
20. Loth, B., and H. F. Graf, Modeling the snow cover in climate studies, 2, The sensitivity to internal snow parameters and interface processes, J. Geophys. Res., this issue.
21. Louis, J.F., A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the Atmosphere, Boundary Layer Meteorl., 17, 187-202, 1979.
22. 11, J. Clim. Appl. Meteorolog., 22, 474-487, 1983.
23. Morris, E. M., Turbulent fluxes over snow and ice, J. Hydrol., 105, 205-223, 1989.
24. Namias, J., Some empirical evidence for the influence of snow cover on temperature and precipitation, Mon. Weather Rev., 113, 1542-1553, 1985.
25. Pomeroy, J.W., and D.M. Gray, Snowcover: Accumulation, relocation and management, National Hydrology Research Institute (NHRI) Sci., Rep. 7, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, 144 pp., 1995.
26. Randall, D. A., et al., Analysis of snow feedbacks in fourteen general circulation models, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 20, 760-20,771, 1994.
27. Robinson, D. A., F. T. Keimig, and K. F. Dewey, Recent variations in northern hemisphere snow cover, in Proceedings 15th Annual Climate Diagnositics Workshop, Asheville, NC, edited by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Washington, pp. 219-224, 1991.
28. Roeckner, E., et al., Simulations of the present-day climate with the ECHAM model: Impact of model physics and resolution, Rep. 93, Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany, 1992.
29. Rohrer, M. B., L. N. Braun, and H. Lang, Long-term records of snow cover water equivalent in the Swiss Alps, 1: Analysis, Nord. Hydrol., 25, 53-64, 1993.
30. Schult, I., Formation and transport of aerosol particles in the stratosphere and their influence on the radiation budget (in German), Exam.arb. 11, 142 pp., Max-Planck-Institute für Meteorol., Hamburg, Germany, 1991.
31. Siemer, A., One-dimensionales EBM of a snow cover considering liquid-water transmission (in German), Ber. Inst. Meteorol. und Klimatol. Univ. Hannover, 34, 126 pp., 1988.
32. Verseghy, D. L., CLASS - A Canadian land surface scheme for GCMs, I: soil model, J. Climatol, 11, 111-133, 1991.
33. Wamser, C., and V. N. Lykossov, On the friction velocity during blowing snow, Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 68, Feb., 85-94, 1995.
34. Wieringa, J., Representative roughness parameters for homogeneous terrains, Boundary Layer Meteorol., 63, 323-363, 1993.
35. Wilhelm, F., Schnee- und Gletscherkunde, 434 pp., de Gruyer, Berlin, 1975.
36. Wiscombe, J. W., and S. G. Warren, A Model for the Spectral Albedo of Snow, 1, Pure Snow, J. Atmos. Sci., 37, 2712-2733, 1980.
37. Yang, Z.-L., R. E. Dickinson, A. Robock, and K. Y. Vinnikov, On validation of the snow-sub model of the biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme with Russian snow cover and meteorological observational data, J. Clim., in press, 1997.