Alterations in cardiac structure and function in hypertension

Current Hypertension Reports

Volumn 16, Issue 5, 2014, Pages

  Santos, Mário ^a,b   Shah, Amil M ^b  

^a University of Porto   (Portugal)

^b BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Echocardiography; Hypertension; Ventricular remodeling

Indexed keywords

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT;

ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; CARDIOVASCULAR MORTALITY; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; COHORT ANALYSIS; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; GEOMETRY; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HEART FAILURE; HEART FUNCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FUNCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE HYPERTROPHY; HEART RIGHT VENTRICLE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LEFT VENTRICULAR DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; LEFT VENTRICULAR SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; ANIMAL; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART VENTRICLE; HEART VENTRICLE REMODELING; PATHOLOGY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; HEART FAILURE; HEART VENTRICLES; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; VENTRICULAR REMODELING;

EID: 84899094639     PISSN: 15226417     EISSN: 15343111     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11906-014-0428-x     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. Lawes CM, Vander Hoorn S, Rodgers A. Global burden of blood-pressure-related disease, 2001. Lancet. 2008;371:1513-8. (Pubitemid 351626187)
2. Ho JE, Lyass A, Lee DS, Vasan RS, Kannel WB, Larson MG, et al. Predictors of new-onset heart failure: Differences in preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. Circ Heart Fail. 2013;6:279-86.
3. Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Borden WB, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2013 update: A report from the american heart association. Circulation. 2013;127:e6-245.
4. Beckett NS, Peters R, Fletcher AE, Staessen JA, Liu L, Dumitrascu D, et al. Treatment of hypertension in patients 80 years of age or older. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:1887-98. (Pubitemid 351620109)
5. Briasoulis A, Agarwal V, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C. Effects of antihypertensive treatment in patients over 65 years of age: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled studies. Heart. 2014;100:317-23.
6. Georgiopoulou VV, Kalogeropoulos AP, Raggi P, Butler J. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hypertensive heart disease. Cardiol Clin. 2010;28:675-91.
7. Mancia G, Fagard R, Narkiewicz K, Redon J, Zanchetti A, Bohm M, et al. 2013 esh/esc guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the european society of hypertension (esh) and of the european society of cardiology (esc). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:2159-219.
8. Cacciapuoti F. Molecular mechanisms of left ventricular hypertrophy (lvh) in systemic hypertension (sh)-possible therapeutic perspectives. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2011;5:449-55.
9. Frohlich ED, Apstein C, Chobanian AV, Devereux RB, Dustan HP, Dzau V, et al. The heart in hypertension. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:998-1008.
10. Gosse P, Cremer A, Vircoulon M, Coulon P, Jan E, Papaioannou G, et al. Prognostic value of the extent of left ventricular hypertrophy and its evolution in the hypertensive patient. J Hypertens. 2012;30:2403-9.
11. Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD, Kannel WB, Castelli WP. Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the framingham heart study. N Engl J Med. 1990;322:1561-6. (Pubitemid 20176696)
12. Schillaci G, Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Cuccurullo O, Cosco C, Perticone F. Continuous relation between left ventricular mass and cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2000;35:580-6. (Pubitemid 30108152)
13. Linzbach AJ. Heart failure from the point of view of quantitative anatomy. Am J Cardiol. 1960;5:370-82.
14. Devereux RB, Roman MJ. Left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: Stimuli, patterns, and consequences. Hypertens Res. 1999;22:1-9. (Pubitemid 29192362)
15. Koren MJ, Devereux RB, Casale PN, Savage DD, Laragh JH. Relation of left ventricular mass and geometry to morbidity and mortality in uncomplicated essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114:345-52.
16. Ganau A, Devereux RB, Roman MJ, de Simone G, Pickering TG, Saba PS, et al. Patterns of left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in essential hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;19:1550-8.
17. Grossman W, Jones D, McLaurin LP. Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle. J Clin Invest. 1975;56:56-64.
18. Frey N, Olson EN. Cardiac hypertrophy: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Annu Rev Physiol. 2003;65:45-79. (Pubitemid 38249147)
19. •• Drazner MH. The progression of hypertensive heart disease. Circulation. 2011;123:327-34. A review of the major pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying hypertensive heart disease and an informative discussion of the diverse pathways that it can take in the progression to heart failure.
20. Iwashima Y, Horio T, Kamide K, Tokudome T, Yoshihara F, Nakamura S, et al. Additive interaction of metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease on cardiac hypertrophy, and risk of cardiovascular disease in hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2010;23:290-8.
21. Mancia G, Carugo S, Grassi G, Lanzarotti A, Schiavina R, Cesana G, et al. Prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients without and with blood pressure control: Data from the pamela population. Pressioni arteriose monitorate e loro associazioni. Hypertension. 2002;39:744-9. (Pubitemid 34252868)
22. Cuspidi C, Sala C, Negri F, Mancia G, Morganti A. Prevalence of left-ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension: An updated review of echocardiographic studies. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26:343-9.
23. Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, Flachskampf FA, Foster E, Pellikka PA, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: A report from the american society of echocardiography's guidelines and standards committee and the chamber quantification writing group, developed in conjunction with the european association of echocardiography, a branch of the european society of cardiology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2005;18:1440-63. (Pubitemid 41821197)
24. Armstrong AC, Gidding S, Gjesdal O, Wu C, Bluemke DA, Lima JA. Lv mass assessed by echocardiography and cmr, cardiovascular outcomes, and medical practice. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:837-48.
25. Ojji DB, Opie LH, Lecour S, Lacerda L, Adeyemi OM, Sliwa K. The effect of left ventricular remodelling on soluble st2 in a cohort of hypertensive subjects. J Hum Hypertens. 2014. doi:10.1038/jhh.2013.130.
26. Sinning C, Keller T, Zeller T, Ojeda F, Schluter M, Schnabel R, Lubos E, Bickel C, Lackner KJ, Diemert P, Munzel T, Blankenberg S, Wild PS. Association of high-sensitivity assayed troponin i with cardiovascular phenotypes in the general population: The population-based gutenberg health study. Clin Res Cardiol. 2014;103:211-22.
27. Rienstra M, Yin X, Larson MG, Fontes JD, Magnani JW, McManus DD, et al. Relation between soluble st2, growth differentiation factor-15, and high-sensitivity troponin i and incident atrial fibrillation. Am Heart J. 2014;167:109-115.e2.
28. de Simone G, Gottdiener JS, Chinali M, Maurer MS. Left ventricular mass predicts heart failure not related to previous myocardial infarction: The cardiovascular health study. Eur Heart J. 2008;29:741-7. (Pubitemid 351431013)
29. Cuspidi C, Ambrosioni E, Mancia G, Pessina AC, Trimarco B, Zanchetti A. Role of echocardiography and carotid ultrasonography in stratifying risk in patients with essential hypertension: The assessment of prognostic risk observational survey. J Hypertens. 2002;20:1307-14. (Pubitemid 34925675)
30. Andrikou E, Tsioufis C, Thomopoulos C, Andrikou I, Kasiakogias A, Leontsinis I, et al. Left ventricular mass index as a predictor of new-onset microalbuminuria in hypertensive subjects: A prospective study. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25:1195-201.
31. •• Frohlich ED, Gonzalez A, Diez J. Hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy risk: Beyond adaptive cardiomyocytic hypertrophy. J Hypertens. 2011;29:17-26. A comprehensive review of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hypertensive heart disease.
32. Eguchi K, Kario K, Hoshide S, Ishikawa J, Morinari M, Shimada K. Type 2 diabetes is associated with left ventricular concentric remodeling in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:23-9. (Pubitemid 40187345)
33. Conrady AO, Rudomanov OG, Zaharov DV, Krutikov AN, Vahrameeva NV, Yakovleva OI, et al. Prevalence and determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling patterns in hypertensive patients: The st. Petersburg study. Blood Press. 2004;13:101-9. (Pubitemid 38607705)
34. Adebayo RA, Bamikole OJ, Balogun MO, Akintomide AO, Adeyeye VO, Bisiriyu LA, et al. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular geometric patterns in hypertensive patients in nigeria. Clin Med Insights Cardiol. 2013;7:161-7.
35. Devereux RB, de Simone G, Ganau A, Roman MJ. Left ventricular hypertrophy and geometric remodeling in hypertension: Stimuli, functional consequences and prognostic implications. J Hypertens Suppl. 1994;12:S117-27.
36. Fox ER, Taylor J, Taylor H, Han H, Samdarshi T, Arnett D, et al. Left ventricular geometric patterns in the jackson cohort of the atherosclerotic risk in communities (aric) study: Clinical correlates and influences on systolic and diastolic dysfunction. Am Heart J. 2007;153:238-44. (Pubitemid 46099033)
37. Akintunde A, Akinwusi O, Opadijo G. Left ventricular hypertrophy, geometric patterns and clinical correlates among treated hypertensive nigerians. Pan Afr Med J. 2010;4:8.
38. Gardin JM, McClelland R, Kitzman D, Lima JA, Bommer W, Klopfenstein HS, et al. M-mode echocardiographic predictors of six- to seven-year incidence of coronary heart disease, stroke, congestive heart failure, and mortality in an elderly cohort (the cardiovascular health study). Am J Cardiol. 2001;87:1051-7. (Pubitemid 32710318)
39. Drazner MH, Dries DL, Peshock RM, Cooper RS, Klassen C, Kazi F, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy is more prevalent in blacks than whites in the general population: The dallas heart study. Hypertension. 2005;46:124-9. (Pubitemid 40946502)
40. Kizer JR, Arnett DK, Bella JN, Paranicas M, Rao DC, Province MA, et al. Differences in left ventricular structure between black and white hypertensive adults: The hypertension genetic epidemiology network study. Hypertension. 2004;43:1182-8. (Pubitemid 38691738)
41. Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D. Sex differences in cardiac adaptation to isolated systolic hypertension. Am J Cardiol. 1993;72:310-3. (Pubitemid 23226310)
42. Kuch B, Muscholl M, Luchner A, Doring A, Riegger GA, Schunkert H, et al. Gender specific differences in left ventricular adaptation to obesity and hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 1998;12:685-91. (Pubitemid 28495125)
43. Vasan RS, Evans JC, Benjamin EJ, Levy D, Larson MG, Sundstrom J, et al. Relations of serum aldosterone to cardiac structure: Gender-related differences in the framingham heart study. Hypertension. 2004;43:957-62. (Pubitemid 38579898)
44. Saba MM, Ibrahim MM, Rizk HH. Gender and the relationship between resting heart rate and left ventricular geometry. J Hypertens. 2001;19:367-73. (Pubitemid 32195371)
45. Muscholl MW, Schunkert H, Muders F, Elsner D, Kuch B, Hense HW, et al. Neurohormonal activity and left ventricular geometry in patients with essential arterial hypertension. Am Heart J. 1998;135:58-66. (Pubitemid 28073059)
46. Teuscher A, Egger M, Herman JB. Diabetes and hypertension. Blood pressure in clinical diabetic patients and a control population. Arch Intern Med. 1989;149:1942-5. (Pubitemid 19232213)
47. Colosia AD, Palencia R, Khan S. Prevalence of hypertension and obesity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in observational studies: A systematic literature review. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2013;6:327-38.
48. Palmieri V, Bella JN, Arnett DK, Liu JE, Oberman A, Schuck MY, et al. Effect of type 2 diabetesmellitus on left ventricular geometry and systolic function in hypertensive subjects: Hypertension genetic epidemiology network (hypergen) study. Circulation. 2001;103:102-7. (Pubitemid 32050443)
49. Galderisi M, Anderson KM, Wilson PW, Levy D. Echocardiographic evidence for the existence of a distinct diabetic cardiomyopathy (the framingham heart study). Am J Cardiol. 1991;68:85-9.
50. Devereux RB, Roman MJ, Paranicas M, O'Grady MJ, Lee ET, Welty TK, et al. Impact of diabetes on cardiac structure and function: The strong heart study. Circulation. 2000;101:2271-6. (Pubitemid 30317129)
51. Buono F, Crispo S, Pagano G, Rengo G, Petitto M, Grieco F, et al. Determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with recent diagnosis of essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32:166-73.
52. Chrostowska M, Szyndler A, Hoffmann M, Narkiewicz K. Impact of obesity on cardiovascular health. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27:147-56.
53. de Simone G. Morbid obesity and left ventricular geometry. Hypertension. 2007;49:7-9.
54. •• Owan T, Avelar E, Morley K, Jiji R, Hall N, Krezowski J, et al. Favorable changes in cardiac geometry and function following gastric bypass surgery: 2-year follow-up in the utah obesity study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;57:732-9. This study provides empiric evidence of the reversibility of cardiac changes associated with obesity.
55. Luaces M, Cachofeiro V, Garcia-Munoz-Najar A, Medina M, Gonzalez N, Cancer E, et al. Anatomical and functional alterations of the heart inmorbid obesity. Changes after bariatric surgery. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl). 2012;65:14-21.
56. Cuspidi C, Rescaldani M, Sala C, Grassi G. Left-ventricular hypertrophy and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of echocardiographic studies. J Hypertens. 2014;32:16-25.
57. Foley RN, Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Kent GM, Martin CJ, Murray DC, et al. Clinical and echocardiographic disease in patients starting end-stage renal disease therapy. Kidney Int. 1995;47:186-92.
58. Schiffrin EL, Lipman ML, Mann JF. Chronic kidney disease: Effects on the cardiovascular system. Circulation. 2007;116:85-97. (Pubitemid 47016250)
59. Grabysa R, Wankowicz Z. Echocardiographic markers of left ventricular dysfunction among men with uncontrolled hypertension and stage 3 chronic kidney disease. Med Sci Monit. 2013;19:838-45.
60. Vakili BA, Okin PM, Devereux RB. Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J. 2001;141:334-41. (Pubitemid 32200259)
61. Foley RN, Curtis BM, Randell EW, Parfrey PS. Left ventricular hypertrophy in new hemodialysis patients without symptomatic cardiac disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:805-13.
62. Hashimoto J, Westerhof BE, Westerhof N, Imai Y, O'Rourke MF. Different role of wave reflection magnitude and timing on left ventricular mass reduction during antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1017-24. (Pubitemid 351520990)
63. Kobayashi S, Yano M, Kohno M, Obayashi M, Hisamatsu Y, Ryoke T, et al. Influence of aortic impedance on the development of pressure-overload left ventricular hypertrophy in rats. Circulation. 1996;94:3362-8. (Pubitemid 26427510)
64. Lai S, Coppola B, Dimko M, Galani A, Innico G, Frassetti N, et al. Vitamin d deficiency, insulin resistance, and ventricular hypertrophy in the early stages of chronic kidney disease. Ren Fail. 2014;36:58-64.
65. Martinez-Vea A, Marcas L, Bardaji A, Romeu M, Gutierrez C, Garcia C, et al. Role of oxidative stress in cardiovascular effects of anemia treatment with erythropoietin in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease. Clin Nephrol. 2012;77:171-81.
66. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Battistelli M, Bartoccini C, et al. Adverse prognostic significance of concentric remodeling of the left ventricle in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:871-8.
67. Pierdomenico SD, Lapenna D, Bucci A, Manente BM, Cuccurullo F, Mezzetti A. Prognostic value of left ventricular concentric remodeling in uncomplicated mild hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:1035-9. (Pubitemid 39469326)
68. Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Monteduro C, Bonzi B, Paini A, Viola S, et al. Left ventricular concentric geometry during treatment adversely affects cardiovascular prognosis in hypertensive patients. Hypertension. 2004;43:731-8. (Pubitemid 38405579)
69. Apostolakis S, Sullivan RM, Olshansky B, Lip GY. Left ventricular geometry and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation: The affirm trial. Int J Cardiol. 2014;170:303-8. This study demonstrates that even in a population at high-risk for cardiovascular events, hypertension-associated changes in cardiac structure provides independent prognostic information.
70. Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C, Ciucci A, Gattobigio R, Zampi I, et al. Prognostic value of left ventricular mass and geometry in systemic hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78:197-202. (Pubitemid 26244369)
71. Ghali JK, Liao Y, Cooper RS. Influence of left ventricular geometric patterns on prognosis in patients with or without coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1635-40. (Pubitemid 28273309)
72. Krumholz HM, Larson M, Levy D. Prognosis of left ventricular geometric patterns in the framingham heart study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;25:879-84.
73. Velagaleti RS, Gona P, Pencina MJ, Aragam J, Wang TJ, Levy D, et al. Left ventricular hypertrophy patterns and incidence of heart failure with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction. Am J Cardiol. 2014;113:117-22.
74. •• Gaasch WH, Zile MR. Left ventricular structural remodeling in health and disease: With special emphasis on volume, mass, and geometry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58:1733-40. A comprehensive review of the importance of considering geometric cardiac changes in a wide spectrum of cardiovascular diseases.
75. Khouri MG, Peshock RM, Ayers CR, de Lemos JA, Drazner MH. A 4-tiered classification of left ventricular hypertrophy based on left ventricular geometry: The dallas heart study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:164-71.
76. •Bang CN, Gerdts E, Aurigemma GP, Boman K, Dahlof B, Roman MJ, et al. Systolic left ventricular function according to left ventricular concentricity and dilatation in hypertensive patients: The losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study. J Hypertens. 2013;31:2060-8. Echocardiographic substudy of a clinical trial demonstrating that including left ventricle volume in the classification of cardiac geometry can improve the detection of systolic dysfunction in hypertensive patients.
77. Bella JN, Palmieri V, Roman MJ, Liu JE, Welty TK, Lee ET, et al. Mitral ratio of peak early to late diastolic filling velocity as a predictor of mortality in middle-aged and elderly adults: The strong heart study. Circulation. 2002;105:1928-33. (Pubitemid 34437620)
78. Redfield MM, Jacobsen SJ, Burnett Jr JC, Mahoney DW, Bailey KR, Rodeheffer RJ. Burden of systolic and diastolic ventricular dysfunction in the community: Appreciating the scope of the heart failure epidemic. JAMA. 2003;289:194-202. (Pubitemid 36068707)
79. de Simone G, Kitzman DW, Chinali M, Oberman A, Hopkins PN, Rao DC, et al. Left ventricular concentric geometry is associated with impaired relaxation in hypertension: The hypergen study. Eur Heart J. 2005;26:1039-45. (Pubitemid 40695035)
80. ADVANCE Echocardiography Substudy Investigators, ADVANCE Collaborative Group.. Effects of perindopril-indapamide on left ventricular diastolic function and mass in patients with type 2 diabetes: The advance echocardiography substudy. J Hypertens. 2011;29:721 1439-1447.
81. Sharp AS, Tapp RJ, Thom SA, Francis DP, Hughes AD, Stanton AV, et al. Tissue doppler e/e' ratio is a powerful predictor of primary cardiac events in a hypertensive population: An ascot substudy. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:747-52.
82. Wachtell K, Smith G, Gerdts E, Dahlof B, Nieminen MS, Papademetriou V, et al. Left ventricular filling patterns in patients with systemic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy (the life study). Losartan intervention for endpoint. Am J Cardiol. 2000;85:466-72. (Pubitemid 30089623)
83. Pearson AC, Labovitz AJ, Mrosek D, Williams GA, Kennedy HL. Assessment of diastolic function in normal and hypertrophied hearts: Comparison of doppler echocardiography and m-mode echocardiography. Am Heart J. 1987;113:1417-25. (Pubitemid 17092814)
84. Douglas PS, Berko B, Lesh M, Reichek N. Alterations in diastolic function in response to progressive left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989;13:461-7. (Pubitemid 19055674)
85. Chahal NS, Lim TK, Jain P, Chambers JC, Kooner JS, Senior R. New insights into the relationship of left ventricular geometry and left ventricular mass with cardiac function: A population study of hypertensive subjects. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:588-94.
86. Abhayaratna WP, Seward JB, Appleton CP, Douglas PS, Oh JK, Tajik AJ, et al. Left atrial size: Physiologic determinants and clinical applications. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2357-63. (Pubitemid 43866385)
87. Tsioufis C, Stougiannos P, Taxiarchou E, Skiadas I, Chatzis D, Thomopoulos C, et al. The interplay between haemodynamic load, brain natriuretic peptide and left atrial size in the early stages of essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2006;24:965-72. (Pubitemid 43670469)
88. Cuspidi C, Rescaldani M, Sala C. Prevalence of echocardiographic left-atrial enlargement in hypertension: A systematic review of recent clinical studies. Am J Hypertens. 2013;26:456-64.
89. Kizer JR, Bella JN, Palmieri V, Liu JE, Best LG, Lee ET, et al. Left atrial diameter as an independent predictor of first clinical cardiovascular events in middle-aged and elderly adults: The strong heart study (shs). Am Heart J. 2006;151:412-8. (Pubitemid 43144744)
90. Verdecchia P, Angeli F, Gattobigio R, Sardone M, Porcellati C. Asymptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction in essential hypertension: Prevalence, determinants, and prognostic value. Hypertension. 2005;45:412-8. (Pubitemid 40326250)
91. The SOLVD investigators. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. The solvd investigattors. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:685-691.
92. Aurigemma GP, Silver KH, Priest MA, Gaasch WH. Geometric changes allow normal ejection fraction despite depressed myocardial shortening in hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1995;26:195-202.
93. de Simone G, Devereux RB, Koren MJ, Mensah GA, Casale PN, Laragh JH. Midwall left ventricular mechanics. An independent predictor of cardiovascular risk in arterial hypertension. Circulation. 1996;93:259-65. (Pubitemid 26031483)
94. Narayanan A, Aurigemma GP, Chinali M, Hill JC, Meyer TE, Tighe DA. Cardiac mechanics in mild hypertensive heart disease: A speckle-strain imaging study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2009;2:382-90.
95. Kosmala W, Plaksej R, Strotmann JM, Weigel C, Herrmann S, Niemann M, et al. Progression of left ventricular functional abnormalities in hypertensive patients with heart failure: An ultrasonic two-dimensional speckle tracking study. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:1309-17.
96. Leggio M, Sgorbini L, Pugliese M, Mazza A, Bendini MG, Fera MS, et al. Systo-diastolic ventricular function in patients with hypertension: An echocardiographic tissue doppler imaging evaluation study. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2007;23:177-84. (Pubitemid 46431540)
97. Rosen BD, Edvardsen T, Lai S, Castillo E, Pan L, Jerosch-Herold M, et al. Left ventricular concentric remodeling is associated with decreased global and regional systolic function: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2005;112:984-91. (Pubitemid 41170266)
98. de Simone G, Kitzman DW, Palmieri V, Liu JE, Oberman A, Hopkins PN, et al. Association of inappropriate left ventricular mass with systolic and diastolic dysfunction: The hypergen study. Am J Hypertens. 2004;17:828-33.
99. • Cuspidi C, Sala C, Muiesan ML, De Luca N, Schillaci G. Right ventricular hypertrophy in systemic hypertension: An updated review of clinical studies. J Hypertens. 2013;31:858-65. A recent review that calls attention to the impact of hypertension on the right ventricle.
100. Cuspidi C, Negri F, Giudici V, Valerio C, Meani S, Sala C, et al. Prevalence and clinical correlates of right ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. J Hypertens. 2009;27:854-60.
101. Ivanovic BA, Tadic MV, Celic VP. To dip or not to dip? The unique relationship between different blood pressure patterns and cardiac function and structure. J Hum Hypertens. 2013;27:62-70.
102. Lourenco AP, Roncon-Albuquerque Jr R, Bras-Silva C, Faria B, Wieland J, Henriques-Coelho T, et al.Myocardial dysfunction and neurohumoral activation without remodeling in left ventricle of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;291:H1587-94. (Pubitemid 44497662)
103. Laks MM, Morady F. Norepinephrine-the myocardial hypertrophy hormone? Am Heart J. 1976;91:674-5.
104. Tadic M, Cuspidi C, Suzic-Lazic J, Andric A, Stojcevski B, Ivanovic B, Hot S, Scepanovic R, Celic V. Is there a relationship between right-ventricular and right atrial mechanics and functional capacity in hypertensive patients? J Hypertens. 2014
105. •• Barron AJ, Hughes AD, Sharp A, Baksi AJ, Surendran P, Jabbour RJ, et al. Long-term antihypertensive treatment fails to improve e/e′ despite regression of left ventricular mass: An anglo-scandinavian cardiac outcomes trial substudy. Hypertension. 2014;63:252-8. An echocardiographic substudy of a hypertension therapeutic trial demonstrating a divergent effect of antihypertensive treatment on left ventricle hypertrophy and diastolic function.
106. Fagard RH, Celis H, Thijs L, Wouters S. Regression of left ventricular mass by antihypertensive treatment: A meta-analysis of randomized comparative studies. Hypertension. 2009;54:1084-91.
107. Wachtell K, Dahlof B, Rokkedal J, Papademetriou V, Nieminen MS, Smith G, et al. Change of left ventricular geometric pattern after 1 year of antihypertensive treatment: The losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension (life) study. Am Heart J. 2002;144:1057-64. (Pubitemid 36026920)
108. Solomon SD, Janardhanan R, Verma A, Bourgoun M, Daley WL, Purkayastha D, et al. Effect of angiotensin receptor blockade and antihypertensive drugs on diastolic function in patients with hypertension and diastolic dysfunction: A randomised trial. Lancet. 2007;369:2079-87. (Pubitemid 46935945)
109. Solomon SD, Verma A, Desai A, Hassanein A, Izzo J, Oparil S, et al. Effect of intensive versus standard blood pressure lowering on diastolic function in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and diastolic dysfunction. Hypertension. 2010;55:241-8.
110. Almuntaser I, Mahmud A, Brown A, Murphy R, King G, Crean P, et al. Blood pressure control determines improvement in diastolic dysfunction in early hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22:1227-31.
111. Diez J, Frohlich ED. A translational approach to hypertensive heart disease. Hypertension. 2010;55:1-8.
112. Burchfield JS, Xie M, Hill JA. Pathological ventricular remodeling: Mechanisms: Part 1 of 2. Circulation. 2013;128:388-400.