Assessing lidar-based classification schemes for polar stratospheric clouds based on 16 years of measurements at Esrange, Sweden

Journal of Geophysical Research

Volumn 119, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 1386-1405

  Achtert, P ^a   Tesche, M ^a  

^a STOCKHOLM UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACKSCATTERING; DEPOLARIZATION; POLARIZATION; TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT; UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS;

BACKSCATTER RATIO; CLASSIFICATION SCHEME; EFFECT OF MEASUREMENTS; LIDAR MEASUREMENTS; PARTICLE DEPOLARIZATION RATIOS; POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUDS; POLARIZATION-SENSITIVE MEASUREMENTS; RELIABLE RESULTS;

OPTICAL RADAR;

BACKSCATTER; CALIBRATION; CLOUD CLASSIFICATION; LIDAR; POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUD; POLARIZATION; TIME SERIES;

ESRANGE; NORRBOTTEN; SWEDEN;

EID: 84898953210     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: 21562202     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/2013JD020355     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Achtert, P., F. Khosrawi, U. Blum, and K. H. Fricke (2011), Investigation of polar stratospheric clouds in January 2008 by means of ground-based and spaceborne lidar measurements and microphysical box model simulations, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D07201, doi:10.1029/2010JD014803.
2. Achtert, P., M. Khaplanov, F. Khosrawi, and J. Gumbel (2013), Pure rotational-Raman channels of the Esrange lidar for temperature and particle extinction measurements in the troposphere and lower stratosphere, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 91–98, doi:10.5194/amt-6-91-2013.
3. Adriani, A., P. Massoli, G. Di Donfrancesco, F. Cairo, M. Moriconi, and M. Snels (2004), Climatology of polar stratospheric clouds based on lidar observations from 1993 to 2001 over McMurdo station, Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D24211, doi:10.1029/2004JD004800.
4. Alvarez, J. M., M. A. Vaughan, C. A. Hostetler, W. H. Hunt, and D. M. Winker (2006), Calibration technique for polarization-sensitive lidars, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23, 683–699, doi:10.1175/JTECH1872.1.
5. Beyerle, G., B. Luo, R. Neuber, T. Peter, and I. S. McDermid (1997), Temperature dependence of ternary solution particle volumes as observed by lidar in the Arctic stratosphere during winter 1992/1993, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 3603–3609, doi:10.1029/96JD03385.
6. Biele, J., G. Beyerle, and G. Baumgarten (2000), Polarization lidar: Corrections of instrumental effects, Opt. Express, 7, 427–435.
7. Biele, J., A. Tsias, B. Luo, K. Carslaw, R. Neuber, G. Beyerle, and T. Peter (2001), Non-equilibrium coexistence of solid and liquid particles in Arctic stratospheric clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22,991–23,007.
8. Blum, U., and K. Fricke (2005), The Bonn University lidar at the Esrange: Technical description and capabilities for atmospheric research, Ann. Geophys., 23, 1645–1658.
9. Blum, U., K. Fricke, K. Müller, J. Siebert, and G. Baumgarten (2005), Long-term lidar observations of polar stratospheric clouds at Esrange in northern Sweden, Tellus B, 57, 412–422.
10. Blum, U., F. Khosrawi, G. Baumgarten, K. Stebel, R. Müller, and K. H. Fricke (2006), Simultaneous lidar observations of a polar stratospheric cloud on the east and west sides of the Scandinavian Mountains and microphysical box model simulations, Ann. Geophys., 24, 3267–3277.
11. Brooks, S. D., D. Baumgardner, B. W. Gandrud, J. E. Dye, M. J. Northway, D. W. Fahey, T. P. Bui, O. B. Toon, and M. A. Tolbert (2003), Measurements of large stratospheric particles in the Arctic polar vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 4652, doi:10.1029/2002JD003278.
12. Brooks, S. D., O. B. Toon, M. A. Tolbert, D. Baumgardner, B. W. Gandrud, E. V. Browell, H. Flentje, and J. C. Wilson (2004), Polar stratospheric clouds during SOLVE/THESEO: Comparison of lidar observations with in situ measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, D02212, doi:10.1029/2003JD003463.
13. Browell, E., C. Butler, S. Ismail, P. Robinette, A. Carter, N. Higdon, O. Toon, M. Schoeberl, and A. Tuck (1990), Airborne lidar observations in the wintertime Arctic stratosphere: Polar stratospheric clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 385–388, doi:10.1029/GL017i004p00385.
14. Bucholtz, A. (1995), Rayleigh-scattering calculations for the terrestrial atmosphere, Appl. Opt., 34, 2765–2773.
15. Burton, S. P., R. A. Ferrare, C. A. Hostetler, J. W. Hair, R. R. Rogers, M. D. Obland, C. F. Butler, A. L. Cook, D. B. Harper, and K. D. Froyd (2012), Aerosol classification using airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar measurements—Methodology and examples, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 73–98, doi:10.5194/amt-5-73-2012.
16. Crutzen, P. J., and F. Arnold (1986), Nitric acid cloud formation in the cold Antarctic stratosphere: A major cause for the springtime ‘ozone hole’, Nature, 324, 651–655, doi:10.1038/324651a0.
17. Daneva, D., and T. Shibata (2003), The mixing state of polar stratospheric cloud particles in sandwich structure observed by lidar: 2. Numerical simulations of the optical properties of liquid and solid particles with external mixture of STS and NAT particles, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 81, 759–777, doi:10.2151/jmsj.81.759.
18. David, C., S. Godin, G. Megie, Y. Emery, and C. Flesia (1997), Physical state and composition of polar stratospheric clouds inferred from airborne lidar measurements during SESAME, J. Atmos. Chem., 27(1), 1–16, doi:10.1023/A:1005820407467.
19. David, C., S. Bekki, S. Godin, G. Megie, and M. P. Chipperfield (1998), Polar stratospheric clouds climatology over Dumont d’Urville between 1989 and 1993 and the influence of volcanic aerosols on their formation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 22,163–22,180, doi:10.1029/98JD01692.
20. David, D., S. Bekki, N. Berdunov, M. Marchand, M. Snels, and G. Megie (2005), Classification and scales of Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds using wavelet decomposition, J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 103, 293–300, doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2004.07.043.
21. Deshler, T., et al. (2003), Large nitric acid particles at the top of an Arctic stratospheric cloud, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D16), 4517, doi:10.1029/2003JD003479.
22. Engel, I., B. P. Luo, M. C. Pitts, L. R. Poole, C. R. Hoyle, J.-U. Grooß, A. Dörnbrack, and T. Peter (2013), Heterogeneous formation of polar stratospheric clouds—Part 2: Nucleation of ice on synoptic scales, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 10,769–10,785, doi:10.5194/acp-13-10769-2013.
23. 3 -containing particles in the winter Arctic stratosphere, Science, 291, 1026–1031, doi:10.1126/science.1057265.
24. Fierli, F., A. Haucecorne, and B. Knudsen (2001), Analysis of polar stratospheric clouds using temperature and aerosols measured by the Alomar R/M/R lidar, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 24,127–24,141, doi:10.1029/2001JD900062.
25. Freudenthaler, V., et al. (2009), Depolarization-ratio profiling at several wavelengths in pure Saharan dust during SAMUM 2006, Tellus B, 61, 165–179, doi:10.1111/j.1600-0889.2008.00396.x.
26. Hesstvedt, E. (1962), A two-dimensional model of mother-of-pearl clouds, Tellus, 14, 297–300, doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1962.tb01340.x.
27. Hoyle, C. R., I. Engel, B. P. Luo, M. C. Pitts, L. R. Poole, J.-U. Grooß, and T. Peter (2013), Heterogeneous formation of polar stratospheric clouds—Part 1: Nucleation of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT), Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 9577–9595, doi:10.5194/acp-13-9577-2013.
28. Iwasaka, Y., and M. Hayashi (1991), Two different stages in polar stratospheric clouds events—LIDAR backscatter of particulate matter and temperature in the Antarctic Stratosphere, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 69, 71–81.
29. ◦ N) and analyzed from multiwavelength lidar measurements during winter 2005, J. Geophys. Res., 114, D02202, doi:10.1029/2008JD010119.
30. Khosrawi, F., J. Urban, M. C. Pitts, P. Voelger, P. Achtert, M. Kaphlanov, M. L. Santee, G. L. Manney, D. Murtagh, and K.-H. Fricke (2011), Denitrification and polar stratospheric cloud formation during the Arctic winter 2009/2010, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 8471–8487, doi:10.5194/acp-11-8471-2011.
31. ◦ N., Geophys. Res. Lett., 17(4), 365–368, doi:10.1029/GL017i004p00365.
32. Lambert, A., M. L. Santee, D. L. Wu, and J. H. Chae (2012), A-train CALIOP and MLS observations of early winter Antarctic polar stratospheric clouds and nitric acid in 2008, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 12, 2899–2931, doi:10.5194/acp-12-2899-2012.
33. Liu, L., and M. I. Mishchenko (2001), Constraints of PSC particle microphysics derived from lidar observations, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 70, 817–831.
34. ◦ E), J. Geophys. Res., 111, D09206, doi:10.1029/2005JD005840.
35. Mattis, I., M. Tesche, M. Grein, V. Freudenthaler, and D. Müller (2009), Systematic error of lidar profiles caused by a polarization-dependent receiver transmission: Quantification and error correction scheme, Appl. Opt., 48, 2742–2751.
36. McCormick, M. P., P. Hamill, T. J. Pepin, W. P. Chu, T. J. Swissler, and L. R. McMaster (1982), Satellite studies of the stratospheric aerosol, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 60, 1038–1046.
37. McCormick, M. P., P. Hamill, and U. O. Farrukh (1985), Characteristics of polar stratospheric clouds as observed by SAM II, SAGE, and LIDAR, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 63, 267–276.
38. Müller, M., R. Neuber, G. Beyerle, E. Kyro, R. Kivi, and L. Woste (2001), Non-uniform PSC occurrence within the Arctic polar vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 4175–4178, doi:10.1029/2001GL013799.
39. Peter, T. (1997), Microphysics and heterogeneous chemistry of polar stratospheric clouds, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 48, 785–822, doi:10.1146/annurev.physchem.48.1.785.
40. Pitts, M. C., L. W. Thomason, L. R. Poole, and D. M. Winker (2007), Characterization of polar stratospheric clouds with spaceborne lidar: CALIPSO and the 2006 Antarctic season, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 48, 5207–5228, doi:10.5194/acp-7-5207-2007.
41. Pitts, M. C., L. R. Poole, and L. W. Thomason (2009), CALIPSO polar stratospheric cloud observations: Second-generation detection algorithm and composition discrimination, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 7577–7589, doi:10.5194/acp-9-7577-2009.
42. Pitts, M. C., L. R. Poole, A. Dörnbrack, and L. W. Thomason (2011), The 2009–2010 Arctic polar stratospheric cloud season: A CALIPSO perspective, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 2161–2177, doi:10.5194/acp-11-2161-2011.
43. Pitts, M. C., L. R. Poole, A. Lambert, and L. W. Thomason (2013), An assessment of CALIOP polar stratospheric cloud composition classification, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 2975–2988, doi:10.5194/acp-13-2975-2013.
44. Poole, L., and M. McCormick (1988), Airborne lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds: Indications of two distinct growth stages, Geophys. Res. Lett., 15, 21–23, doi:10.1029/GL015i001p00021.
45. Reichardt, J., S. Reichardt, P. Yang, and T. J. McGee (2002), Retrieval of polar stratospheric cloud microphysical properties from lidar measurements: Dependence on particle shape assumptions, J. Geophys. Res., 107(D20), 8282, doi:10.1029/2001JD001021.
46. Reichardt, J., R. Baumgart, and T. J. McGee (2003), Three-signal method for accurate measurements of depolarization ratio with lidar, Appl. Opt., 42, 4909–4913, doi:10.1364/AO.42.004909.
47. Reichardt, J., A. Dörnbrack, S. Reichardt, P. Yang, and T. J. McGee (2004), Mountain wave PSC dynamics and microphysics from ground-based lidar measurements and meteorological modeling, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1149–1165, doi:10.5194/acp-4-1149-2004.
48. Santacesaria, V., A. MacKenzie, and L. Stefanutti (2001), A climatological study of polar stratospheric clouds (1989–1997) from LIDAR measurements over Dumont d’Urville (Antarctica), Tellus B, 53, 306–321.
49. Sassen, K., and S. Benson (2001), A midlatitude cirrus cloud climatology from the facility for atmospheric remote sensing. Part II: Microphysical properties derived from lidar depolarization, J. Atmos. Sci., 15, 2103–2112.
50. Sassen, K. (2005), Polarization in lidar, in LIDAR—Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, edited by C. Weitkamp, pp. 19–42, Springer, New York.
51. Schäfer, H. J., P. Scheuch, M. Langer, K. H. Fricke, U. von Zahn, and B. M. Knudsen (1994), Lidar observations of polar stratospheric clouds at Andøya, Norway, in January 1992, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(13), 1307–1310, doi:10.1029/93GL03047.
52. Schreiner, J., et al. (2003), Chemical, microphysical, and optical properties of polar stratospheric clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D5), 8313, doi:10.1029/2001JD000825.
53. Stein, B., et al. (1999), Optical classification, existence temperatures, and coexistence of different polar stratospheric cloud types, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23,983–23,993.
54. Stefanutti, L., M. Morandi, M. del Guasta, S. Godin, G. Megie, J. Brechet, and J. Piquard (1991), Polar stratospheric cloud observations over the Antarctic continent at Dumont d’Urville, J. Geophys. Res., 96, 12,975–12,987, doi:10.1029/91JD00776.
55. 2 O solid phases in the stratosphere inferred from ER 2 data, J. Geophys. Res., 101(D4), 9071–9078, doi:10.1029/96JD00062.
56. 3 and HCl in the winter polar stratospheres, Geophys. Res. Lett., 13, 1284–1287, doi:10.1029/GL013i012p01284.
57. Toon, O. B., E. Browell, S. Kinne, and J. Jordan (1990), An analysis of lidar observations of polar stratospheric clouds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 393–396, doi:10.1029/GL017i004p00393.
58. Toon, O. B., A. Tabazadeh, E. V. Browell, and J. Jordan (2000), Analysis of lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds during January 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20,589–20,615, doi:10.1029/2000JD900144.
59. Tsias, A., et al. (1999), Aircraft lidar observations of an enhanced type Ia polar stratospheric cloud during APE-POLECAT, J. Geophys. Res., 104, 23,961–23,969, doi:10.1029/1998JD100055.
60. Voigt, C., et al. (2003), In situ mountain-wave polar stratospheric cloud measurements: Implications for nitric acid trihydrate formation, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D5), 8331, doi:10.1029/2001JD001185.