Polar stratospheric clouds during SOLVE/THESEO: Comparison of lidar observations with in situ measurements

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Volumn 109, Issue 2, 2004, Pages

  Brooks, Sarah D ^a   Toon, Owen B ^a   Tolbert, Margaret A ^a   Baumgardner, Darrel ^b   Gandrud, Bruce W ^c   Browell, Edward V ^d   Flentje, Harald ^e   Wilson, J Charles ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

^c NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (United States)

^d NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^e GERMAN AEROSPACE CENTER DLR   (Germany)

^f University of Denver   (United States)

Author keywords

Lidar; MASP; Mixed phase clouds; Polar stratospheric cloud; SOLVE

Indexed keywords

AEROSOL; BACKSCATTER; COMPARATIVE STUDY; IN SITU MEASUREMENT; LIDAR; POLAR STRATOSPHERIC CLOUD;

EID: 2642512481     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003463     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Baumgardner, D., J. E. Dye, B. W. Gandrud, and R. G. Knollenberg (1992), Interpretation of measurements made by the forward scattering spectrometer probe (FSSP-300) during the airborne Arctic stratospheric expedition, J Geophys. Res., 97, 8035-8046.
2. Baumgardner, D., J. E. Dye, B. Gandrud, D. Rogers, K. Weaver, R. G. Knollenberg, R. Newton, and R. Gallant (1995), The Multiangle Aerosol Spectrometer Probe: A new instrument for airborne particle research. in AMS 9th Symposium on Meteorological Observations and Instrumental pp. 434-439, Am. Meteorol. Soc., Boston, Mass.
3. 2O films representative of polar stratospheric clouds, J. Phys. Chem., 98(16), 4358-4364.
4. Biele, J., A. Tsias, B. P. Luo, K. S. Carslaw, R. Neuber, G. Beyerle, and T. Peter (2001), Nonequilibrium coexistence of solid and liquid particles in Arctic stratospheic clouds, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 22,991-23,007.
5. Brooks, S. D., D. Baumgardner, B. Gandrud, J. E. Dye, M. J. Northway, D. W. Fahey, T. P. Bui, O. B. & Toon, and M. A. Tolbert (2003), Measurements of large stratospheric particles in the Arctic polar vortex, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D20), 4652, doi:10.l029/2002JD003278.
6. Browell, E. V., C. F. Butler, S. Ismail, P. Robinette, A. F. Carter, N. S. Higdon, O. B. Toon, M. R. Schoeberl, and A. F. Tuck (1990), Airborne lidar observations in the winter Arctic stratosphere: PSCs, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 385-388.
7. 3 and water uptake by liquid particles. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2479-2482.
8. 3, Geophys. Res. Lett., 22, 1877-1890.
9. 3 solutions in Antarctic polar stratospheric cloud aerosol: Observations and implications, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 13,255-13,282.
10. Drdla, K., A. Tabazadeh, R. P. Turco, M. Z. Jacobson, J. E. Dye, C. Twohy, and D. Baumgardner (1994), Analysis of the physical state of one Arctic polar stratospheric cloud based on observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 2475-2478.
11. Drdla, K., B. W, Gandrud, D. Baumgardner, J. C. Wilson, T. P. Bui, D. Hurst, S. M. Schauffler, H. Jost, J. B. Greenblatt, and C. R. Webster (2003), Evidence for the widespread presence of liquid-phase particles during the 1999-2000 Arctic winter, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D5), 9318, doi:10.1029/2001JD001127.
12. Dye, J, E., B. W. Gandrud, D. Baumgardner, K. R. Chan, G. V. Ferry, M. Loewenstein, K. K. Kelly, and J. C. Wilson (1990), Observed particle evolution in the polar stratospheric cloud of January 24, 1989, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 413-416.
13. Dye, J, E., D. Baumgardner, B. W. Gandrud, S. R. Kawa, K. K. Kelly, M. Loewenstein, G. V. Ferry, K. R. Chan, and 13. B. L. Gary (1992), Particle size distributions in Arctic polar stratospheric clouds, growth and freezing of sulfuric acid droplets, and implications for cloud formation, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9015-8034.
14. 3-containing particles in the winter Arctic stratosphere, Science, 291, 1026-1031.
15. Farlow, N. H., D. M. Hayes, and H. Y. Lem (1977), Stratospheric aerosols: Undissolved granules and physical state, J. Geophys. Res., 82, 4921-4929.
16. Gmitro, J. I., and T. Vermeulen (1964), Vapor-liquid equilibrium for aqueous sulfuric acid, AlChE J., 10, 740-746.
17. Gras, J. L., and J. E. Laby (1978), Southern Hemisphere stratospheric aerosol measurements: 1. Simultaneous impactor and in situ single-particle (light scatter) detection, J. Geophys. Res., 83, 1869-1874.
18. 2O solutions at low temperatures, J. Phys. Chem., 92, 6167-6170.
19. Hinds, W. C. (1982), Aerosol Technology, Properties Behavior, and Measurement of Airborne Particle, 92 pp., Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, N. J.
20. Jonsson, H. H., et al. (1995), Performance of a focused cavity spectrometer for measurements in the stratosphere of particle size in the 0.06-2.0 micrometer diameter range, J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 12, 115-129.
21. Knopf, D. A., T. Koop, B. P. Luo, U. G. Weers, and T. Peter (2002), Homogeneous nucleation of NAD and NAT in liquid stratospheric aerosols: Insufficient to explain denitrification, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 2, 207-214.
22. Kooshmanian, D., D. Florent, and P. Baldeck (1995), Preliminary measurements of the three indices of refraction of nitric acid trihydrate along the crystallographic axes at 643.8 nm and -25°C, paper presented at the 3rd European Workshop, Eur. Geophys. Soc., Schildersee, Bavaria, Germany.
23. 2O Solutions to stratospheric temperatures, Appl. Opt., 39(21), 3691-3703.
24. Luo, B. P., C. Voigt, S. Fueglistaler, and T. Peter (2003), Extreme NAT supersaturations in mountain wave ice PSCs: A clue to NAT formation, J. Geophys. Res., 108(D15), 4441, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003104.
25. Meilinger, S. K., T. Koop, B. P. Lou, T. Huthwelker, K. S. Carslaw, U. Krieger, P. J. Crutzen, and T. Peter (1995), Size-dependant stratospheric droplet composition in lee wave temperature fluctuations and their potential role in PSC freezing, Geophys. Res, Lett., 22, 3031-3034.
26. Mischenko, M. L., and J. W. Hovenier (1995), Depolarization of light back-scattered by randomly oriented nonspherical particles, Opt. Lett., 20(12), 1356-1358.
27. Mischenko, M. I., and L. D. Travis (1998), Capabilities and limitations of a current FORTRAN implementation of the t-matrix method for randomly oriented, rotationally symmetric scatterers, J. Quant. Spectrose. Radiat. Transfer, 60(3), 309-324.
28. 3-containing particles sampled in the Arctic stratosphere during the winter of 1999/ 2000, J. Geophys. Res, 107(D2), 8298, doi:10.1029/2001JD001079.
29. Pantani, M., M. Del Guasta, D. Guzzi, and L. Stefanutti (1999), Polar stratospheric clouds of liquid aerosol: An experimental determination of mean size distribution, J. Aerosol Sci., 30(5), 559-567.
30. Peter, T. (1997), Microphysics and heterogeneous chemistry of polar stratospheric clouds. Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem., 48, 785-822.
31. Santee, M. L., G. L. Manney, N. J. Livesey, and J. W. Waters (2000), UARS Microwave Limb Sounder observations of denitrification and ozone loss in the 2000 Arctic late winter. Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 3213-3216.
32. Schlager, H., and F. Arnold (1990), Measurements of stratospheric gaseous nitric acid in the winter Arctic vortex, Geophys. Res. Lett., 17, 433-436.
33. Sheridan, P. J., R. C. Schnell, D. J. Hofmann, and T. Deshler (1992), Electron microscope studies of Mt. Pinalubo aerosol layers over Laramie, Wyoming during Summer 1991. Geopyhys. Res. Lett., 19, 203-206.
34. Steele, H. M., and P. Hamill (1981), Effects of temperature and humidity on the growth and optical properties of sulfuric acid-water droplets in the stratosphere, J. Aerosol Sci., 12, 517-528.
35. Tabazadeh, A., and O. B. Toon (1998), The role of ammoniated aerosols in cirrus cloud nucleation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 25, 1379-1382.
36. Tabazadeh, A., R. P. Turco, K. Drdla, M. Z. Jacobson, and O. B. Toon (1994), A study of type I polar stratospheric cloud forrmation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 21, 1619-1622.
37. Tabazadeh, A., J. E. Jensen, O. B. Toon, and K. Drdla (2001), Role of stratospheric polar freezing belt in denitrification, Science, 291, 2591-2594.
38. Tolbert, M. A., and O. B. Toon (2001), Solving the PSC mystery, Science, 292, 61-63.
39. Toon, O. B., and M. A. Tolbert (1995), Spectroscopic evidence against nitric-acid trihydrate in polar stratospheric clouds, Nature, 375, 218-221.
40. 3 and HCI in the winter polar stratospheres, Geophys. Res, Lett., 13, 1284-1287.
41. Toon, O. B., A. Tabazadeh, E. V. Browell, and J. Jordan (2000), Analysis of lidar observations of Arctic polar stratospheric clouds during January 1989, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 20,589-20,615.
42. Tsias, A., A. J. Prenni, K. S. Carslaw, T. P. Onasch, B. P. Luo, M. A. Tolbert, and T. Peter (1997). Freezing of polar stratospheric clouds in orographically induced strong warming events, Geophys. Res. Lett., 24, 2303-2306.
43. van de Hust, H. C. (1981), Light Scattering by Small Particles, 470 pp., Dover, Mineola, New York.
44. Voigt, C., et al. (2000), Nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) in PSCs, Science, 290, 1756-1758.
45. Worsnop, D. R., L. E. Fox, M. S. Zahniser, and S. C. Wofsy (1993), Vapor pressures of solid hydrates of nitric acid: Implications for polar stratospheric clouds, Science, 259, 71-74.