Outcome of Depression and Anxiety After War: A Prospective Epidemiologic Study of Children and Adolescents

Journal of Traumatic Stress

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 192-199

  Karam, Elie G ^a,b,c   Fayyad, John ^a,b,c   Karam, Aimee N ^a,b,c   Melhem, Nadine ^d   Mneimneh, Zeina ^c,e   Dimassi, Hani ^f   Tabet, Caroline Cordahi ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BALAMAND   (Lebanon)

^b SAINT GEORGE HOSPITAL UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Lebanon)

^c Institute for Development Research Advocacy and Applied Care Beirut   (Lebanon)

^d UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

^f LEBANESE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (Lebanon)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANXIETY DISORDERS; ANXIETY, SEPARATION; CHILD; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; LEBANON; MALE; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICAL MODEL; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TIME; WAR;

ADOLESCENT; AGE DISTRIBUTION; ANXIETY DISORDERS; ANXIETY, SEPARATION; CHILD; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; LEBANON; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; TIME FACTORS; WAR;

EID: 84898645747     PISSN: 08949867     EISSN: 15736598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jts.21895     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. rd ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
2. th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Asarnow, J., Glynn, S., Pynoos, R. S., Nahum, J., Guthrie, D., Contwell, D. P., & Franklin, B. (1999). When the earth stops shaking: Earthquake sequelae among children diagnosed for pre-earthquake psychopathology. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1016-1023. doi:10.1097/00004583-199908000-00018
4. Becker, D. F., Weine, S. M., Vojvoda, D., & McGlashan, T. H. (1999). Case series: PTSD symptoms in adolescent survivors of "ethnic cleaning". Results from a 1-year follow-up study. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 775-781. doi:10.1097/00004583-199906000-00027
5. Betancourt, T. S., Brennan, R. T., Rubin-Smith, J., Fitzmaurice, G. M., & Gilman, S. E. (2010). Sierra Leone's former child soldiers: A longitudinal study of risk, protective factors, and mental health. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49, 606-615. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.03.008
6. Birmaher, B., Arbelaez, C., & Brent D. (2002). Course and outcome of child and adolescent major depressive disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 11, 619-637. doi:10.1016/S1056-4993(02)00011-1
7. Bolton, D., Hill, J., O'Ryan, D., Udwin, O., Boyle, S., & Yule, W. (2004). Long-term effects of psychological trauma on psychosocial functioning. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 1007-1014. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00292.x
8. Carrion, V. G., Weems C. F., Ray R., & Reiss, A. L. (2002). Toward an empirical definition of pediatric PTSD: The phenomenology of PTSD symptoms in youth. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 41, 166-173. doi:10.1097/00004583-200202000-00010
9. Catani, C., Jacob, N., Schauer, E., Kohila, M., & Neuner, F. (2008). Family violence, war, and natural disasters: A study of the effect of extreme stress on children's mental health in Sri Lanka. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 33. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-8-33
10. Cordahi, C., Karam, E. G., Nehmé, G., Fayyad, J., Melhem, N., & Rashidi, N. (2002). Les orphelins de la guerre expérience Libanaise et méthodologie d'un suivi prospectif. [The experience of orphans of the Lebanon war and methodology for future prospects.] Stress et Trauma, 2, 1-9.
11. Dyregrov, A., Gjestad, R., & Raundalen, M. (2002). Children exposed to warfare: A longitudinal study. Journal of Trauma and Stress, 15, 59-68. doi:10.1023/a:1014335312219
12. Galante, R., & Foa, D. (1986). An Epidemiological study of psychic trauma and treatment effectiveness for children after a natural disaster. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 357-363. doi:10.1016/S0002-7138(09)60257-0
13. Goenjian, A. K., Walling, D., Steinberg, A. M., Karayan, I., Najarian, L. M., & Pynoos, R. (2004). A prospective study of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among treated and untreated adolescents 5 years after a catastrophic disaster. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 2302-2308. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.02.015
14. Green, B. L., Grace, M. C., Vary, M. G., Kramer, T. C., Gleser, G. C., & Leonard, A. C. (1994). Children of disaster in the second decade: A seventeen-year follow-up of Buffalo Creek survivors. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 71-79. doi:10.1097/00004583-199401000-00011
15. Grills, A., & Ollendick, T. H. (2003). Multiple informant agreement and the anxiety disorders interview schedule for parents and children. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 30-40. doi:10.1097/00004583-200301000-00008
16. Hadi, F., Labre, M. M., & Spitzer, S. (2006). Gulf war-related trauma and psychological distress of Kuwaiti children and their mothers. Journal of Trauma and Stress, 19, 653-662. doi:10.1002/jts.20153
17. Hoven, C. W., Duarte, C. S., Lucas, C. P., Wu, P., Mandell, D. J., Goodwin, Susser, E. (2005). Psychopathology among New York City public school children 6 months after September 11. Archives General Psychiatry, 62, 545-551. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.5.545
18. Jensen, P. S., Rubio-Stipec, M., Canino, G., Bird, H. R., Dulcan, M. K., Schwab-Stone, M. E., & Lahey B. B. (1999). Parent and child contributions to diagnosis of mental disorder: Are both informants always necessary? Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 1569-1579. doi:10.1097/00004583-199912000-00019
19. Jensen, T. K., Dyb, G., & Nygaard, E. (2009). A longitudinal study of posttraumatic stress reactions in Norwegian children and adolescents exposed to the 2004 tsunami. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 163, 856-861. doi:10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.151
20. Karam, E. G., Al Atrash, R., Saliba, S., Melhem, N. & Howard, D. (1999). The war events questionnaire. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology, 34, 265-274. doi:10.1007/s001270050143
21. Karam, E. G., Fayyad, J., Nasser Karam, A., Cordahi Tabet, C., Melhem, N., Mneimneh, Z., & Dimassi, H. (2008). Effectiveness and specificity of a classroom-based group intervention in children and adolescents exposed to war in Lebanon. World Psychiatry, 7, 103-109.
22. Karam, E. G., Howard, D., Shaya, M., Mansour, C., Saliba, S., Karam, A. K., Jabbour, J. (1998). Les guerres du Liban: Comorbidité de la dépression et troubles post-traumatiques. [The wars in Lebanon: Comorbitity of depression and posttraumatic stress disorder]. Nervure, 11, 14-17.
23. Kuterovac-Jagodic, G. (2003). Posttraumatic stress symptoms in Croatian children exposed to war: A prospective study. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 9-25. doi:10.1002/jclp.10114
24. La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., Vernberg, E. M., & Prinstein, M. J. (1996). Symptoms of post-traumatic stress in children after hurricane Andrew: A prospective study. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 712-723. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.64.4.712
25. La Greca, A. M., Silverman, W. K., & Wasserstein, S. B. (1998). Children's predisaster functioning as a predictor of posttraumatic stress following Hurricane Andrew. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 883-92. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.6.883
26. Laor, N., Wolmer, L., Alon, M., Siev, J., Samuel, E., & Toren, P. (2006). Risk and protective factors mediating psychological symptoms and ideological commitment of adolescents facing continuous terrorism. Journal of Nervus and Mental Disease, 194, 279-286. doi:10.1097/01.nmd.0000207364.68064.dc
27. Laor, N., Wolmer, L., & Cohen, D. J. (2001). Mothers' functioning and children's symptoms 5 years after a SCUD missile attack. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 1020-1026. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.7.1020
28. Last, C. G., Perrin, S., Hersen, M., & Kazdin, A. E. (1996). A prospective study of childhood anxiety disorders. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 1502-1510. doi:10.1097/00004583-199611000-00019
29. Lewinsohn, P. M., Clarke, G. N., Seeley, J. R., & Rhode, P. (1994). Major depression in community adolescents: Age at onset, episode duration, and time to recurrence. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 809-818. doi:10.1097/00004583-199407000-00006
30. Lustig, S. L., Kia-Keating, M., Knight, W. G., Geltman, P., Ellis, H., Kinzie, J. D., Saxe, G. N. (2004). Review of child and adolescent refugee mental health. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 43, 24-36. doi:10.1097/00004583-200401000-00012
31. McClellan, J., & Werry, J. S. (2000). Research Psychiatric Diagnostic Interviews for Children and Adolescents. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 2000; 39, 19-27. doi:10.1097/00004583-200001000-00013
32. McFarlane, A. C., & Van Hooff, M. (2009). Impact of childhood exposure to a natural disaster on adult mental health: 20-year longitudinal follow-up study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 195, 142-148. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.054270
33. Meiser-Stedman, R., Smith, P., Glucksman, E., Yule, W., & Dalgleish, T. (2008). The posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis in preschool- and elementary school-age children exposed to motor vehicle accidents. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 1326-1337. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07081282
34. Mirza, K. A., Bhadrinath, B. R., Goodyer, I. M., & Gilmour, C. (1998). Post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents following road traffic accidents. British Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 443-447. doi:10.1192/bjp.172.5.443
35. Muldoon, O. T., & Wilson, K. (2001). Ideological commitment, experience of conflict and adjustment in Northern Irish adolescents. Medicine, Conflict and Survival, 17, 112-124. doi:10.1080/13623690108409565
36. Neugebauer, R., Fisher, P. W., Turner, J. B., Yamabe, S., Sarsfield, J. A., & Stehling-Ariza, T. (2009). Posttraumatic stress reactions among Rwandan children and adolescents in the early aftermath of genocide. International Journal Epidemiology, 38, 1033-1045. doi:10.1093/ije/dyn375
37. Punamaki, R. L. (1996). Can ideological commitment protect children's psychological wellbeing in situations of political violence? Child Development, 67, 55-69. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01719.x
38. Schwarzwald, J., Weisenberg, M., Solomon, Z., & Waysman, M. (1994). Stress reactions of school-age children to the bombardment by SCUD missiles: A 1-year follow-up. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 657-667. doi:10.1007/BF02103013
39. Servan-Schreiber, D., Lelin, B., & Birmaher, B. (1998). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder in Tibetan refugee children. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37, 874-879. doi:10.1097/00004583-199808000-00018
40. Shaw, J. A., Applegate, B., & Schorr, C. (1996). Twenty-one-month follow-up study of school-age children exposed to Hurricane Andrew. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 359-364. doi:10.1097/00004583-199603000-00018
41. Thabet, A. A., & Vostanis, P. (2000). Posttraumatic stress disorder reactions in children of war: A longitudinal study. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 291-298. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00127-1
42. Weems, C. F., Pina, A. A., Costa, N. M., Watts, S. E., Taylor, L. K., & Cannon, M. F. (2007). Predisaster trait anxiety and negative affect predict posttraumatic stress in youths after hurricane Katrina. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 154-159. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.75.1.154
43. Welner, Z., Reich, W., Herjanic, B., Jung, K. G., & Amado, H. (1987). Reliability, validity and parent-child agreement studies of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents (DICA). Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 649-653. doi:10.1097/00004583-198709000-00007
44. Ziv, A., Kruglanski, A. W., & Shulman, S. (1974). Children's psychological reactions to wartime stress. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 24-30. doi:10.1037/h0036611