Risk and protective factors mediating psychological symptoms and ideological commitment of adolescents facing continuous terrorism

Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease

Volumn 194, Issue 4, 2006, Pages 279-286

  Laor, Nathaniel ^a,b,d   Wolmer, Leo ^a   Alon, Moshe ^c   Siev, Joanna ^a,b   Samuel, Eliahu ^a   Toren, Paz ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

^b YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c Municipality of Tel Aviv   (Israel)

^d TEL AVIV COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH CENTER   (Israel)

Author keywords

Adolescents; Ideology; Resilience; Terrorism; Trauma

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; COPING BEHAVIOR; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; GRIEF; HUMAN; IDEOLOGY; INJURY; ISRAEL; MALE; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; NORMAL HUMAN; POLITICS; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; STRESS; SYMPTOMATOLOGY; TERRORISM; VIOLENCE;

EID: 33646443519     PISSN: 00223018     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.nmd.0000207364.68064.dc     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Asarnow J, Glynn S, Pynoos RS, Nahum J, Guthrie D, Cantwell DP, Franklin B (1999) When the earth stops shaking: Earthquake sequelae among children diagnosed for pre-earthquake psychopathology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 38:1016-1023.
2. Baker AM (1990) The psychological impact of the intifada on Palestinian children in the occupied West Bank and Gaza: An exploratory study. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 60:496-505.
3. Bettelheim B (1943) Individual and mass behavior in extreme situations. J Abnorm Soc Psychol. 38:417-452.
4. Chimienti G, Nasr JA, Khalifeh I (1989) Children's reactions to war-related stress. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 24:282-287.
5. Connor KM, Davidson JRT, Lee LC (2003) Spirituality, resilience and anger in survivors of violent trauma: A community survey. J Trauma Stress. 16:487-494.
6. Dawes A (1990) The effects of political violence on children. Int J Psychol. 25:13-31.
7. Green BL, Korol M, Grace MC, Vary MG, Leonard AC, Gleser GC, Smitson-Cohen S (1991) Children and disaster: Age, gender and parental effects on PTSD symptoms. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 30: 945-951.
8. Jensen PS, Shaw J (1993) Children as victims of war: Current knowledge and future research needs. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 32:697-708.
9. La Greca AM (2000) PTSD in children. In G Fink (Ed), Encyclopedia of Stress (Vol 3, pp 181-186). San Diego (CA): Academic Press.
10. Laor N (2003) Bridging over fault lines: A child-oriented restructuring of the psychosocial matrix. The Rome Conference on Childhood Trauma. Rome, July 16-20.
11. Laor N, Wolmer L (2002) Children exposed to disaster: The role of the mental health professional. In M Lewis (Ed), Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Comprehensive Textbook (pp 925-937). Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
12. Laor N, Wolmer L, Cohen DJ (2001) Mothers' functioning and children's symptoms 5 years after a SCUD missile attack. Am J Psychiatry. 158: 1020-1026.
13. Laor N, Wolmer L, Cohen DJ (2004) Attitudes towards Arabs of Israeli children exposed to missile attacks: The role of personality functions. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 41:23-32.
14. Laor N, Wolmer L, Kora M, Yucel D, Spirman S, Yazgan Y (2002) Posttraumatic, dissociative and grief symptoms in Turkish children exposed to the 1999 earthquakes. J Nerv Ment Dis. 190:824-832.
15. Laor N, Wolmer L, Mayes L, Gershon A, Weizman R, Cohen DJ (1997) Israeli preschool children under Scuds: A 30-month follow-up. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 36:349-356.
16. Laor N, Wolmer L, Mayes L, Golomb A, Silverberg DS, Weizman R, Cohen DJ (1996) Israeli preschoolers under Scud missile attacks: a developmental perspective on risk-modifying factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 53:416-423.
17. Linley PA, Joseph S (2004) Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. J Trauma Stress. 17:11-21.
18. Lonigan CJ, Shannon MP, Taylor CM, Finch AJ, Sallee FR (1994) Risk factors for the development of post-traumatic symptomatology. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 33:94-105.
19. Masten AS, Best KM, Garmezy N (1990) Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Dev Psychopathol. 2:425-444.
20. McFarlane AC (1987a) Family functioning and overprotection following a natural disaster: The longitudinal effects of post-traumatic morbidity. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 21:210-218.
21. McFarlane AC (1987b) Posttraumatic phenomena in a longitudinal study of children following a natural disaster. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 26:764-769.
22. Nader K, Pynoos R, Fairbanks L, Frederick C (1990) Children's PTSD reactions one year after a sniper attack at their school. Am J Psychiatry. 147:1526-1530.
23. Najarian LM, Goenjian AK, Pelcovitz D, Mandel F, Najarian B (1996) Relocation after a disaster: Posttraumatic stress disorder in Armenia after the earthquake. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 35:374-383.
24. Pat-Horenczyk R (2005) Post-traumatic distress in Israeli adolescents exposed to ongoing terrorism: Selected findings from school-based screenings in Jerusalem and nearby settlements. In Y Danieli, D Brom, J Sills (Eds), The Trauma of Terrorism: Sharing Knowledge and Shared Care. An International Handbook (pp 335-347). New York: The Howarth Maltreatment and Trauma Press.
25. Pfefferbaum B (1997) Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in children: A review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 36:1503-1511.
26. Punamaki R (1996) Can ideological commitment protect children's psychosocial well-being in situations of political violence? Child Dev. 67:55-69.
27. Pynoos RS, Frederick C, Nader K, Arroyo W, Steinberg A, Eth S, Nunez F, Fairbanks L (1987) Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 44:1057-1063.
28. Rofe Y, Lewin I (1982) The effect of war environment on dreams and sleep habits. In CD Spielberg, IG Sarason, NA Milgram (Eds), Stress and Anxiety (Vol 8, pp 59-75). Washington DC: Hemisphere.
29. Rosenthal MK, Levy-Shiff R (1993) Threat of missile attacks in the Gulf War: Mothers' perceptions of young children's reactions. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 63:241-254.
30. Seifer R, Sameroff AJ, Baldwin CP, Baldwin A (1992) Child and family factors that ameliorate risk between 4 and 13 years of age. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 31:893-903.
31. Udwin O, Boyle S, Yule W, Bolton D, O'Ryan D (2000) Risk factors for long-term psychological effects of a disaster experienced in adolescence: Predictors of post traumatic stress disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 41:969-979.
32. Vernberg EM, La Greca AM, Silverman WK, Prinstein MJ (1996) Prediction of posttraumatic stress symptoms in children after Hurricane Andrew. J Abnorm Psychol. 105:237-248.
33. Vogel JM, Vernberg EM (1993) Part 1: Children's psychological responses to disasters. J Clin Child Psychol. 22:464-484.
34. Wolmer L, Laor N, Yazgan Y (2003) School reactivation programs after disaster: Could teachers serve as clinical mediators? Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin North Am. 12:363-381.
35. Yager T, Laufer R, Gallops M (1984) Some problems associated with war experience in men of the Vietnam generation. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 41:327-333.
36. Ziv A, Kruglanski AW, Shulman S (1974) Children's psychological reactions to wartime stress. J Pers Soc Psychol. 30:24-30.