Evaluation and management of stroke in young adults

CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology

Volumn 20, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 352-369

  Mackey, Jason ^a  

^a NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; ANTITHROMBIN; ANTITHROMBOCYTIC AGENT; BLOOD CLOTTING FACTOR 5 LEIDEN; PHOSPHOLIPID ANTIBODY; PROTEIN C; PROTEIN S; PROTHROMBIN; WARFARIN;

ADULT; ADULT DISEASE; ANTIPHOSPHOLIPID SYNDROME; ANTITHROMBIN DEFICIENCY; ARTERY DISSECTION; BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CAROTID ARTERY INJURY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DYSLIPIDEMIA; GENE MUTATION; HEMATOMA; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; PATENT FORAMEN OVALE; PROTEIN C DEFICIENCY; PROTEIN S DEFICIENCY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; STROKE PATIENT; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84898604171     PISSN: 10802371     EISSN: 15386899     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1212/01.CON.0000446106.74796.e9     Document Type: Review

References (46)

1. Kissela BM, Khoury JC, Alwell K, et al. Age at stroke: temporal trends in stroke incidence in a large, biracial population. Neurology 2012;79(17):1781-1787.
2. Rutten-Jacobs LC, Arntz RM, Maaijwee NA, et al. Long-term mortality after stroke among adults aged 18 to 50 years. JAMA 2013;309(11):1136-1144.
3. Putaala J,Metso AJ,Metso TM, et al. Analysis of 1008 consecutive patients aged 15 to 49 with first-ever ischemic stroke: the Helsinki young stroke registry. Stroke 2009;40(4):1195-1203.
4. Ji R, Schwamm LH, Pervez MA, Singhal AB. Ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack in young adults: risk factors, diagnostic yield, neuroimaging, and thrombolysis. JAMA Neurol 2013;70(1):51-57.
5. Caplan LR, ed. Uncommon causes of stroke. 2nd edition. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
6. Giroud M, Fayolle H, Andre N, et al. Incidence of internal carotid artery dissection in the community of Dijon. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994;57(11):1443.
7. Lee VH, Brown RD, Mandrekar JN, Mokri B. Incidence and outcome of cervical artery dissection: a population-based study. Neurology 2006;67(10):1809-1812.
8. Debette S, Leys D. Cervical-artery dissections: predisposing factors, diagnosis, and outcome. Lancet Neurol 2009;8(7):668-678.
9. von Babo M, De Marchis GM, Sarikaya H, et al. Differences and similarities between spontaneous dissections of the internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery. Stroke 2013;44(6):1537-1542.
10. Debette S, Grond-Ginsbach C, Bodenant M, et al. Differential features of carotid and vertebral artery dissections: the CADISP study. Neurology 2011;77(12):1174-1181.
11. Schievink WI. Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries. N Engl J Med 2001;344(12):898-906.
12. Volker W, Dittrich R, Grewe S, et al. The outer arterial wall layers are primarily affected in spontaneous cervical artery dissection. Neurology 2011;76(17): 1463-1471.
13. Engelter ST, Grond-Ginsbach C, Metso TM, et al. Cervical artery dissection: trauma and other potential mechanical trigger events. Neurology 2013;80(21):1950-1957.
14. Baumgartner RW, Arnold M, Baumgartner I, et al. Carotid dissection with and without ischemic events: local symptoms and cerebral artery findings. Neurology 2001;57(5):827-832.
15. Vertinsky AT, Schwartz NE, Fischbein NJ, et al. Comparison of multidetector CT angiography and MR imaging of cervical artery dissection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29(9):1753-1760.
16. Bachmann R, Nassenstein I, Kooijman H, et al. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3.0 Tesla in the short-term follow-up of patients with proven cervical artery dissection. Invest Radiol 2007; 42(6):460-466.
17. Zinkstok SM, Vergouwen MD, Engelter ST, et al. Safety and functional outcome of thrombolysis in dissection-related ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. Stroke 2011;42(9):2515-2520.
18. Engelter ST, Dallongeville J, Kloss M, et al. Thrombolysis in cervical artery dissectionVdata from the Cervical Artery Dissection and Ischaemic Stroke Patients (CADISP) database. Eur J Neurol 2012;19(9):1199-1206.
19. Georgiadis D, Arnold M, von Buedingen HC, et al. Aspirin vs anticoagulation in carotid artery dissection: a study of 298 patients. Neurology 2009;72(21):1810-1815.
20. Cervical Artery Dissection in Stroke Study Trial Investigators. Antiplatelet therapy vs. anticoagulation in cervical artery dissection: rationale and design of the Cervical Artery Dissection in Stroke Study (CADISS). Int J Stroke 2007;2(4):292-296.
21. Kennedy F, Lanfranconi S, Hicks C, et al. Antiplatelets vs anticoagulation for dissection: CADISS nonrandomized arm and meta-analysis. Neurology 2012;79(7):686-689.
22. Messe SR, Silverman IE, Kizer JR, et al. Practice parameter: recurrent stroke with patent foramen ovale and atrial septal aneurysm: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2004;62(7): 1042-1050.
23. Larrue V, Berhoune N, Massabuau P, et al. Etiologic investigation of ischemic stroke in young adults. Neurology 2011;76(23): 1983-1988.
24. Kitsios GD, Dahabreh IJ, Abu Dabrh AM, et al. Patent foramen ovale closure and medical treatments for secondary stroke prevention: a systematic review of observational and randomized evidence. Stroke 2012;43(2):422-431.
25. Furlan AJ, Reisman M, Massaro J, et al. Closure or medical therapy for cryptogenic stroke with patent foramen ovale. N Engl J Med 2012;366(11):991-999.
26. Meier B, Kalesan B, Mattle HP, et al. Percutaneous closure of patent foramen ovale in cryptogenic embolism. N Engl J Med 2013;368(12):1083-1091.
27. Carroll JD, Saver JL, Thaler DE, et al. Closure of patent foramen ovale versus medical therapy after cryptogenic stroke. N Engl J Med 2013;368(12):1092-1100.
28. Kitsios GD, Thaler DE, Kent DM. Potentially large yet uncertain benefits: a meta-analysis of patent foramen ovale closure trials. Stroke 2013;44(9):2640-2643.
29. Biller J, ed. Stroke in children and young adults. 2nd edition. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders, 2009.
30. Ridker PM, Miletich JP, Hennekens CH, Buring JE. Ethnic distribution of factor V Leiden in 4047 men and women. Implications for venous thromboembolism screening. JAMA 1997;277(16):1305-1307.
31. Rosendaal FR, Koster T, Vandenbroucke JP, Reitsma PH. High risk of thrombosis in patients homozygous for factor V Leiden (activated protein C resistance). Blood 1995;85(6):1504-1508.
32. Koeleman BP, Reitsma PH, Allaart CF, Bertina RM. Activated protein C resistance as an additional risk factor for thrombosis in protein C-deficient families. Blood 1994;84(4): 1031-1035.
33. Zoller B, Berntsdotter A, Garc?a de Frutos P, Dahlback B. Resistance to activated protein C as an additional genetic risk factor in hereditary deficiency of protein S. Blood 1995;85(12):3518-3523.
34. van Boven HH, Reitsma PH, Rosendaal FR, et al. Factor V Leiden (FV R506Q) in families with inherited antithrombin deficiency. Thromb Haemost 1996;75(3): 417-421.
35. Kiernan JT, Yan BP, Cubeddu RJ, et al. May-Thurner syndrome in patients with cryptogenic stroke and patent foramen ovale: an important clinical association. Stroke 2009;40(4):1502-1504.
36. Rosendaal FR, Doggen CJ, Zivelin A, et al. Geographic distribution of the 20210 G to A prothrombin variant. Thromb Haemost 1998;79(4):706-708.
37. Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4(2):295-306.
38. Brey R. Neurologic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. Continuum(Minneap Minn) 2008;14(1): 94-119.
39. Erkan D, Espinosa G, Cervera R. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: updated diagnostic algorithms. Autoimmun Rev 2010;10(2):74-79.
40. Lockshin MD, Erkan D. Treatment of the antiphospholipid syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;349(12):1177-1179.
41. Bushnell C, Siddiqi Z, Morgenlander JC, Goldstein LB. Use of specialized coagulation testing in the evaluation of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2001; 56(5):624-627.
42. Bushnell CD, Siddiqi Z, Goldstein LB. Improving patient selection for coagulopathy testing in the setting of acute ischemic stroke. Neurology 2001;57(7): 1333-1335.
43. Morris JG, Singh S, Fisher M. Testing for inherited thrombophilias in arterial stroke: can it cause more harm than good? Stroke 2010;41(12):2985-2990.
44. Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW, van Bockxmeer FM, et al. Inherited thrombophilia in ischemic stroke and its pathogenic subtypes. Stroke 2001;32(8):1793-1799.
45. Seligsohn U, Lubetsky A. Genetic susceptibility to venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med 2001; 344(16):1222-1231.
46. Levine SR, Brey RL, Tilley BC, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and subsequent thrombo-occlusive events in patients with ischemic stroke. JAMA 2004;291(5):576-584.