Spatial analyses of the 2011 joplin tornado mortality: Deaths by interpolated damage zones and location of victims

Weather, Climate, and Society

Volumn 6, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 161-174

  Paul, Bimal Kanti ^a   Stimers, Mitchel ^b  

^a KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Cloud County Community College   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CATASTROPHIC EVENT; MORTALITY; POPULATION DENSITY; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TORNADO;

MISSOURI; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84898603568     PISSN: 19488327     EISSN: 19488335     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/WCAS-D-13-00022.1     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Alvarez, J., 2011: In memory of lives lost: Obituaries. 5:41: Stories from the Joplin Tornado, R. Turner and J. Hacker, Eds., Kansas City Star Books, 161-220.
2. Ashley, W. S., 2007: Spatial and temporal analysis of tornado fatalitiesin the United States: 1880-2005. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 1214-1228, doi:10.1175/2007WAF2007004.1.
3. Balluz, L., L. Schieve, T. Holmes, S. Kiezak, and J. Malilay, 2000: Predictors for people's response to a tornadowarning:Arkansas, 1March 1997. Disasters, 24, 71-77, doi:10.1111/1467-7717.00132.
4. Brooks, H. E., and C. A. Doswell III, 2002: Deaths in the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City tornado from a historical perspective. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 354-361, doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017,0354: DITMOC.2.0.CO;2.
5. Brown, S., P. Archer, E. Kruger, and S. Mallonee, 2002: Tornadorelated deaths and injuries in Oklahoma due to the 3 May 1999 tornadoes. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 343-353, doi:10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017,0343:TRDAII.2.0.CO;2.
6. Chaney, P. L., and G. S. Weaver, 2010: The vulnerability of mobile home residents in tornado disasters: The 2008 Super Tuesday tornado in Macon County, Tennessee. Wea. Climate Soc., 2, 190-199, doi:10.1175/2010WCAS1042.1.
7. City-Data.com, 2011: Joplin, Missouri. City-Data.com. [Available online at www.citydata.com/city/JoplinMissouri.html.]
8. Curtis, A., and W. F. Fagan, 2013: Capturing damage assessmen with a spatial video: An example of a building and street-scale analysis of tornado-related mortality in Joplin, Missouri, 2011. Ann. Assoc.Amer.Geogr., 103, 1522-1538, doi:10.1080/00045608.2013.784098.
9. Cutter, S. L., B. J. Boruff, and W. L. Shirley, 2003: Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc. Sci. Quart., 84, 242-261, doi:10.1111/1540-6237.8402002.
10. Daley, W. R., S. Brown, P. Archer, E. Kruger, F. Jordan, D. Batts, and S. Mallonee, 2005: Risk of tornado-related death and injury in Oklahoma, May 3, 1999. Amer. J. Epidemiol., 161, 1144-1150, doi:10.1093/aje/kwi142.
11. Dennis, A., 2011: Reporter's notebook with Emily Younker: Survivors' tales nothing short of miraculous. Joplin Globe, 24 June. [Available online at http://www.joplinglobe.com/tornado-miracles/x1443109527/Reporters-notebook-video-with- Emily-Younker-Survivors-tale-s-nothing-short-of-miraculous.]
12. Gruntfest, E., 1987: Warning dissemination and response with short led-times. Flood Hazard Management: British and International Perspective, J.Handmer, Ed., Geo Books, 191-202.
13. Joplin Globe, 2011a: Official: 4,000 jobs affected: Many businesses hoping to rebuild. Joplin Globe, 27 May.
14. Joplin Globe, 2011b: Sunday's tornado upgraded to EF-5. Joplin Globe, 25 May. [Available online at http://www.joplinglobe.com/local/x108199255/Sundays-tornado-upgraded-to-EF-5.]
15. Joplin Globe, 2011c: Local authorities fear death toll could eclipse 100. Joplin Globe, 23 May. [Available online at http://www.joplinglobe.com/local/x433426155/Widespread-damage-reportedafter- tornado/print.]
16. Kayyem, J., 2012: The 'Joplin effect': The best of democracy and the best of community helped heal the city. Boston Globe, 24 May. [Available online at www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2012/05/24/the-joplin-effect/SxylpZvUwFPR1MxF36CdsI/story.html.]
17. Kelman, I., and S. N. Jonkman, 2007: Disaster deaths research challenges. Proc. Hazards and Disasters Researchers Meeting, Boulder, CO, Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado Boulder, 18-21. [Available online at http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/workshop/hdrm-proceedings.pdf.]
18. Kennedy, W., 2011: Death tally up again; President, governor to speak at observance. Joplin Globe, 28 May. [Available onlineat http://www.joplinglobe.com/local/x564433457/Death-tallyup- again-president-governor-to-speak-at-observance.]
19. Levitan, A. L., 2011: May 22, 2011 Joplin,MOtornado study: Draft study plan and research overview. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 56 pp.
20. Lyons, W. A., 1997: The Handy Weather Answer Book. Visible Ink Press, 397 pp.
21. Murphy, K., 2011: Five deaths from Joplin tornado linked to fungal infection. Kansas City Star, 30 July. [Available onlineat http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/30/us-tornado deathsidUSTRE76T1DT20110730.]
22. Mustain, A., 2011: 2011 tornado death toll is worst since 1953. LiveScience. [Available online at http://www.livescience.com/14294-2011-tornado-death-toll-worst-1953.html.]
23. Neblett Fanfair, R., and Coauthors, 2012: Necrotizing cutaneous mucormycosis after a tornado in Joplin, Missouri, in 2011. N. Engl. J.Med., 367, 2214-2225, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1204781.
24. NWS, 2011: NWS Central Region service assessment: Joplin, Missouri, tornado. National Weather Service Service Assessment, 35 pp. [Available online at www.nws.noaa.gov/om/assessments/pdfs/Joplin-tornado.pdf.]
25. Oliver, M. A., and R. Webster, 1990: Kriging: A method of interpolation for geographical information systems. Int. J. Geogr. Info. Syst., 4, 313-332, doi:10.1080/02693799008941549.
26. Paul, B. K., 2011: Environmental Hazards and Disasters: Contexts, Perspectives and Management. Wiley-Blackwell, 322 pp.
27. Paul, B. K, and M. J. Stimers, 2011: Tornado warnings and tornado fatalities: The case of May 22, 2011 tornado in Joplin, Missouri. Quick Response Research Rep. 226, Hazards Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 33 pp. [Available online atwww. colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/submitted/paul-2011.pdf.]
28. Paul, B. K, and M. J. Stimers, 2012: Exploring probable reasons for record fatalities: The case of 2011 Joplin, Missouri, tornado. Nat. Hazards, 64, 1511-1526, doi:10.1007/s11069-012-0313-3.
29. Paul, B. K, and M. J. Stimers, 2014: Predictors for survivor responses to the 2011 Joplin, MO, USA, tornado. Disasters, in press.
30. Ryan, K., 2011: Joplin school district looks for way forward. Joplin Globe, 24 May. [Available online at http://www.joplinglobe. com/local/x1439575311/Joplin-School-District-looks-for-wayforward.]
31. Schmidlin, T. W., and P. S. King, 1995: Risk factors for death in the 27 March 1994 Georgia and Alabama tornadoes. Disasters, 19, 170-177, doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00367.x.
32. Schmidlin, T. W., B. Hammer, Y. Ono, and P. S. King, 2009: Tornado shelterseeking behavior and tornado shelter options among mobile home residents in the United States. Nat. Hazards, 48, 191-201, doi:10.1007/s11069-008-9257-z.
33. Simmons, K. M., and D. Sutter, 2008: Tornado warnings, lead times and tornado casualties: An empirical investigation. Wea. Forecasting, 23, 246-258, doi:10.1175/2007WAF2006027.1.
34. Simmons, K. M., and D. Sutter 2011: Economic and Societal Impacts of Tornadoes. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 282 pp.
35. Simmons, K. M., and D. Sutter 2012: Deadly Season: Analysis of the 2011 Tornado Outbreaks. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 103 pp.
36. Simmons, K. M., and D. Sutter, and R. Pielke, 2012: Blown away: Monetary and human impacts of the 2011 U.S. tornadoes. Extreme Events and Insurance: 2011 Annus Horribilis, C. Courbage and W. R. Stahel, Eds., Geneva Association for Risk and Insurance Economics, 107-120.
37. SPC, 2012: Annual U.S. killer tornado statistics. Storm Prediction Center, National Weather Service. [Available online at www. spc.noaa.gov/climo/torn/fataltorn.html.]
38. Spotts, P., 2011: Rebuilding after tornadoes: Two designs that could save lives in another storm. Christian Science Monitor, 26 May. [Available online at http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/2011/0526/Rebuilding-after-tornadoes-two-designs-that-couldsave-lives-in-another-storm
39. Stein, A., F. van der Meer, and B. Gorte, Eds., 2002: Spatial Statistics for Remote Sensing. Springer, 325 pp.
40. Stimers, M. J., 2011: A categorization scheme for understanding tornado events from the human perspective. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Geography, Kansas State University, 213 pp. [Available online at http://krex.k-state.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/2097/8531/MitchelStimers2011.pdf?sequence51.
41. Suckling, P. W., and W. S. Ashley, 2006: Spatial and temporal characteristics of tornado path direction. Prof. Geogr., 58, 20-38, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9272.2006.00509.x.
42. Sutter, D., and K. M. Simmons, 2010: Tornado fatalities and mobile homes in the United States. Nat. Hazards, 53, 125-137, doi:10.1007/s11069-009-9416-x.
43. Turner, R., and J. Hacker, 2011: 5:41: Stories from the Joplin Tornado. Randy Turner, 228 pp.
44. U.S. Census Bureau, 2010: Joplin, Missouri quick facts. [Available online at http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/2937592.html.]
45. U.S. Census Bureau 2012: Census data & emergency preparedness: 2011 tornadoes. U.S. Census Bureau. [Available online at www.census.gov/newsroom/emergencies/2011-tornadoes.html.]
46. Wurman, J., C. Alexander, P. Robinson, and Y. Richardson, 2007: Low-level winds in tornadoes and potential catastrophic tornado impacts in urban areas. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 31- 46, doi:10.1175/BAMS-88-1-31.
47. Younker, E., and M. Kabel, 2011: Most tornado fatalities occurred where people lived. Joplin Globe, 16 June. [Available online at http://www.joplinglobe.com/local/x1625119189/Mosttornado- fatalities-occurred-where-people-lived.]
48. Zagier, A. S., 2011: Joplin tornado: Some died while saving others. Huffington Post, 4 June. [Available online at http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/04/joplin-tornado-death-n-871424.html.]