Exploring probable reasons for record fatalities: The case of 2011 Joplin, Missouri, Tornado

Natural Hazards

Volumn 64, Issue 2, 2012, Pages 1511-1526

  Paul, Bimal Kanti ^a   Stimers, Mitchel ^b  

^a KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Cloud County Community College   (United States)

Author keywords

Compliance with warnings; Housing characteristics; Joplin tornado; Tornado fatalities; Tornado warnings

Indexed keywords

DISASTER MANAGEMENT; IMPLEMENTATION PROCESS; NATURAL HAZARD; POPULATION DECLINE; TORNADO; WARNING SYSTEM;

FLINT; MICHIGAN; MISSOURI; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84867234401     PISSN: 0921030X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11069-012-0313-3     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Ashley WS (2007) Spatial and temporal analysis of tornado fatalities in the United States: 1880-2005. Weather Forecast 22: 1214-1228.
2. Balluz L, Schieve L, Holmes T, Kiezak S, Malilay J (2000) Predictors for people's response to a tornado warning: Arkansas, 1 March 1997. Disasters 24: 71-77.
3. Brenner SA, Noji EK (1995) Tornado injuries as related to housing in the Plainfield Tornado. Int J Epidemiol 24: 144.
4. Brooks HE, Doswell CA III (2002) Deaths in the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado from a historical perspective. Weather Forecast 17: 354-361.
5. Brown S, Archer P, Kruger E, Mallonee S (2002) Tornado-related deaths and injuries in Oklahoma due to the 3 May 1999 tornados. Weather Forecast 17: 343-353.
6. Chaney PL, Weaver GS (2010) The vulnerability of mobile home residents in tornado disasters: the 2008 super Tuesday tornado in Macon County, Tennessee. Weather Clim Soc 2: 190-199.
7. Chaney PL, Weaver GS, Youngblood S, Pitts K (2012) Mobile home resident preparedness and response to tornado warnings: the 27 April 2011 disasters in Dekalb County, Alabama. Quick Response Report #223. Boulder: The Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO.
8. Current J, O'Kelly M (1992) Locating emergency warning sirens. Decis Sci 23: 221-234.
9. Cutter SL, Finch C (2008) Temporal and spatial changes to social vulnerability to natural hazards. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105: 2301-2306.
10. Cutter SL, Boruff BJ, Shirley WL (2003) Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc Sci Q 84: 242-261.
11. Daley WR, Brown S, Archer P, Kruger E, Jordan F, Batts D, Mallonee S (2005) Risk of tornado-related death and injury in Oklahoma, May 3, 1999. Am J Epidemiol 161: 1144-1150.
12. Grazulis TP (1993) Significant tornados, 1680-1991. Environmental Films, St. Johnsbury.
13. Joplin Globe (2011a) Authorities fear death toll could eclipse 100. May 23.
14. Joplin Globe (2011b) Following May 22, how can homeowners protect themselves for the next one? June 26.
15. Joplin, Missouri (MO) Profile (2011) Joplin, Missouri-main profile. www.city-data.com/city/Joplin-Missouri.html. Accessed 17 Sep 2011.
16. Klockow K (2011) Investigation of individual spatial awareness relating to response during the April 27, 2011 tornado outbreak. Quick Response Report #225. Boulder: The Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO.
17. Murphy K, Sherry M (2003) After devastation come the lessons: safe homebuilding again in FEMA spotlight. The Kansas City Star, Kansas City, 15 May, A1 and A4.
18. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) (2011) NWS Central Region service assessment: Joplin, Missouri, Tornado-May 22, 2011. U. S. Department of Commerce, Kansas City.
19. Pattan A (2003) Grassroots homeland security. Nat Hazards Observer 27: 1-3.
20. Paul BK (2011) Environmental hazards and disasters: contexts, perspectives and management. Wiley-Blackwell, Hoboken.
21. Paul BK, Dutt S (2010) Hazard warnings and responses to evacuation orders: the case of Bangladesh's Cyclone Sidr. Geogr Rev 100: 336-355.
22. Paul BK, Stimers MJ (2011) Tornado warnings and tornado fatalities: the case of May 22, 2011 tornado in Joplin, Missouri. Quick Response Report #226. Boulder: The Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO.
23. Paul BK, Brock VT, Csiki S, Emerson L (2003) Public response to tornado warnings: a comparative study of the May 4 2003 tornadoes in Kansas, Missouri and Tennessee. Quick Response Report #165. Boulder: The Natural Hazards Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, CO.
24. Schmidlin TW (1993) Tornado fatalities in Ohio 1950-1989. In: Church C (ed) The Tornado: its structure, dynamics, prediction, and hazards. American Geophysical Union, Washington, pp 529-533.
25. Schmidlin TW, King PS (1997) Risk factors for death in the March 1, 1997 Arkansas tornados. Quick Response Report # 98. Natural Hazards Research Applications and Information Center, Boulder, CO.
26. Schmidlin TW, Hammer BO, Ono Y, King PS (2009) Tornado shelter-seeking behavior and tornado shelter options among mobile home residents in the United States. Nat Hazards 48: 191-201.
27. Sherman-Morris K (2005) Tornadoes, television and trust-a closer look at the influence of the local weathercaster during severe weather. Environ Hazards 6: 201-210.
28. Simmons KM, Sutter D (2006) Direct estimation of cost effectiveness of tornado shelters. Risk Anal 26: 945-954.
29. Simmons KM, Sutter D (2008) Tornado warnings, lead times and tornado casualties: an empirical investigation. Weather Forecast 23: 246-258.
30. Simmons KM, Sutter D (2011) Economic and societal impacts of tornadoes. American Meteorological Society, Boston.
31. Simmons KM, Sutter D (2012) Deadly season: analysis of the 2011 tornado outbreaks. American Meteorological Society, Boston.
32. SPC (Storm Prediction Center) (2011) 2010 Annual U. S. killer tornado statistics. www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/torn/fataltorn.html. Accessed 15 May 2012.
33. SPC (Storm Prediction Center) (2012) 2011 Annual U. S. killer tornado statistics. www.spc.noaa.gov/climo/torn/fataltorn.html. Accessed 15 May 2012.
34. Stimers M (2011) A categorization scheme for understanding tornado events from the human perspective. A Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Geography, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
35. Sutter D, Simmons KM (2010) Tornado fatalities and mobile homes in the United States. Nat Hazards 53: 125-137.
36. Turner R, Hacker J (2011) 5: 41: Stories from the Joplin Tornado. Kansas City Star Books, Kansas City.
37. U. S. (United States Census Bureau) (2012) 2010 Interactive population search. http://2010.census.gov/2010census/popmap/ipmtext.php?fl=29. Accessed 21 Mar 2012.
38. Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters. Routledge, New York.
39. Zagier AS (2011) Joplin tornado: some died while saving others. Huff Post Green. http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2011/06/04/joplin-tornado-death_n_871424. html. Accessed 7 June 2012.