Spatial and temporal analysis of tornado fatalities in the United States: 1880-2005

Weather and Forecasting

Volumn 22, Issue 6, 2007, Pages 1214-1228

  Ashley, Walker S ^a  

^a NORTHERN ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DATABASE SYSTEMS; HAZARDS; PROBABILITY; WEATHER FORECASTING;

DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS; HAZARDOUS WEATHER EVENT;

TORNADOES;

DATA SET; DATABASE; DISASTER MANAGEMENT; NATURAL DISASTER; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION; TEMPORAL ANALYSIS; TORNADO;

ARKANSAS; MISSISSIPPI RIVER; NORTH AMERICA; TENNESSEE; UNITED STATES;

EID: 38849168117     PISSN: 08828156     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/2007WAF2007004.1     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Aguirre, B. E., R. Saenz, J. Edmiston, N. Yang, E. Agramonte, and D. L. Stuart, 1993: The human ecology of tornadoes. Demography, 30, 623-633.
2. AMS, 2006: Tornado forecasting and warning. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 87, 972-976.
3. Anderson, C. J., C. K. Wikle, Q. Zhou, and J. A. Royle, 2007: Population influences on tornado reports in the United States. Wea. Forecasting, 22, 571-579.
4. Ashley, S. T., and W. S. Ashley, 2008: Flood fatalities in the United States, J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., in press.
5. Ashley, W. S., and T. L. Mote, 2005: Derecho hazards in the United States. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 86, 1577-1592.
6. Ashley, W. S., and A. Black, 2008: Fatalities associated with nonconvective high-wind events in the United States. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., in press.
7. Biddle, M. D., 1994: Tornado hazards, coping styles, and modernized warning systems. M.A. thesis, Dept. of Geography, University of Oklahoma, 143 pp.
8. Boruff, B. J., J. A. Easoz, S. D. Jones, H. R. Landry, J. D. Mitchem, and S. L. Cutter, 2003: Tornado hazards in the United States. Climate Res., 2, 103-117.
9. Brooks, H. E., and C. A. Doswell III, 2001: Normalized damage from major tornadoes in the United States: 1890-1999. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 168-176.
10. Brooks, H. E., and C. A. Doswell III, 2002: Deaths in the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City tornado from a historical perspective. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 354-361.
11. Brooks, H. E., and N. Dotzek, 2007: The spatial distribution of severe convective storms and an analysis of their secular changes. Climate Extremes and Society, H. F. Diaz and R. Murnane, Eds., Cambridge University Press, in press.
12. Brooks, H. E., C. A. Doswell III, and M. P. Kay, 2003a: Climatological estimates of local daily tornado probability for the United States. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 626-640.
13. Brooks, H. E., J. W. Lee, and J. P. Craven, 2003b: The spatial distribution of severe thunderstorm and tornado environments from global reanalysis data. Atmos. Res., 67-68, 73-94.
14. Brown, S., P. Archer, and S. Mallonee, 2002: Tornado-related deaths and injuries in Oklahoma due to the 3 May 1999 tornadoes. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 343-353.
15. Cohen, D., and R. E. Nisbett, 1998: Are there differences in Fatalism between rural Southerners and Midwesterners? J. Appl. Soc. Psychol., 28, 2181.
16. Concannon, P. R., H. E. Brooks, and C. A. Doswell III, 2000: Climatological risk of strong and violent tornadoes in the United States. Preprints, Second Conf. on Environmental Applications, Long Beach, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 9.4.
17. Curran, E. B., R. L. Holle, and R. E. Lopéz, 2000: Lightning casualties and damages in the United States from 1959 to 1994. J. Climate, 13, 3448-3464.
18. Cutter, S. L., B. J, Boruff, and W. L. Shirley, 2003: Social vulnerability to environmental hazards. Soc. Sci. Quart., 84, 242-261.
19. Doswell, C. A., III, 1987: The distinction between large-scale and mesoscale contribution to severe convection: A case study example. Wea. Forecasting, 2, 3-16.
20. Doswell, C. A., III, 2003: Societal impacts of severe thunderstorms and tornadoes: Lessons learned and implications for Europe. Atmos. Res., 67-68, 135-152.
21. Doswell, C. A., III, 2007. Small sample size and data quality issues illustrated using tornado occurrence data. Electronic J. Severe Storms Meteor., 2, 1-16.
22. Doswell, C. A., III, and D. W. Burgess, 1988: On some issues of United States tornado climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 116, 495-501.
23. Doswell, C. A., III, A. R. Moller, and H. E. Brooks, 1999: Storm spotting and public awareness since the first tornado forecasts of 1948. Wea. Forecasting, 14, 544-557.
24. Doswell, C. A., III, H. E. Brooks, and M. P. Kay, 2005: Climatological estimates of daily nontornadic severe thunderstorm probability for the United States. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 577-595.
25. Friday, E. W., 1994: The modernization and associated restructuring of the National Weather Service: An overview. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 75, 43-52.
26. Grazulis, T. P., J. T. Schaefer, and R. F. Abbey Jr., 1993: Advances in tornado climatology, hazards, and risk assessment since Tornado Symposium II. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Geophys. Monogr., Vol. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 409-426.
27. Grazulis, T. P., 1993: Significant Tornadoes: 1680-1991. Environmental Films, 1326 pp.
28. Grazulis, T. P., 1997: Significant Tornadoes (Update): 1992-1995. Environmental Films, 118 pp.
29. Hammer, B. O., and T. W. Schmidlin, 2001: Vehicle-occupant deaths caused by tornadoes in the United States, 1900-1998. Environ. Hazards, 2, 105-118.
30. Hammer, B. O., and T. W. Schmidlin, 2002: Response to warnings during the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City tornado: Reasons and relative injury rates. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 577-581.
31. Hobbs, F., and N. Stoops, 2002: Demographic trends in the 20th century. CENSR-4, U.S. Census Bureau, 222 pp. [Available online at http:// www.census.gov/prod/2002pubs/censr-4.pdf.]
32. Kelly, D. L., J. T. Schaefer, R. P. McNulty, C. A. Doswell III, and R. F. Abbey Jr., 1978: An augmented tornado climatology. Mon. Wea. Rev., 106, 1172-1183.
33. King, P., 1997: On the absence of population bias in the tornado climatology of southwestern Ontario. Wea. Forecasting, 12, 939-946.
34. Legates, D. R., and M. D. Biddle, 1999: Warning response and risk behavior in the Oak Grove-Birmingham, Alabama, tornado of 8 April 1998. Natural Hazards Center Quick Response Rep. 116. [Available online at http://www.colorado.edu/hazards/research/qr/qr116/qr116.html.]
35. Marshall, R. D., 1994: Manufactured homes - Probability of failure and the need for better windstorm protection through improved anchoring systems, Rep. NSR-5370, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 54 pp.
36. May, A. K., G. McGwin, L. Lancaster, W. Hardin, A. J. Taylor, S. Holden, G. G. Davis, and L. W. Rue, 2000: The April 8, 1998 tornado: Assessment of the trauma system response and resulting injuries. J. Trauma, 48, 666-672.
37. McCarthy, D. W., 2003: NWS tornado surveys and the impact on the national tornado database. Preprints, First Symp. on F-Scale and Severe Weather Damage Assessment, Long Beach, CA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 3.2.
38. McDonald, J. R., 2001: T. Theodore Fujita: His contribution to tornado knowledge through damage documentation and the Fujita scale. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 82, 63-72.
39. Merrell, D., K. M. Simmons, and D. Sutter, 2002: Taking shelter: Estimating the safety benefits of tornado safe rooms. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 619-625.
40. Miller, R. C., 1972: Notes on the analysis and severe-storm forecasting procedures of the Air Force Global Weather Central. Tech. Rep. 200 (Rev.), Air Weather Service, Scott Air Force Base, IL, 190 pp.
41. NCDC, 1959-2005: Storm Data. Vols. 1-47.
42. Perry, M. J., and P. J. Mackun, 2001: Population change and distribution. C2KBR01-2, U.S. Census Bureau, 7 pp. [Available online at http://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/c2kbr01-2.pdf.]
43. Phillips, B. D., W. C. Metz, and L. A. Nieves, 2005: Disaster threat: Preparedness and potential response of the lowest income quartile. Global Environ. Change B: Environ. Hazards, 6, 123-133.
44. Rasmussen, E. N., and D. O. Blanchard, 1998: A baseline climatology of sounding-derived supercell and tornado forecast parameters, Wea. Forecasting, 13, 1148-1164.
45. Rogerson, P. A., 2001: Statistical Methods for Geography. Sage Publications, 236 pp.
46. Simmons, K. M., and D. Sutter, 2005a: Protection from nature's fury: Analysis of fatalities and injuries from F5 tornadoes, Nat. Hazards Rev., 6, 82-87.
47. Simmons, K. M., and D. Sutter, 2005b: WSR-88D radar, tornado warnings, and tornado casualties. Wea. Forecasting, 20, 301-310.
48. Sims, J. H., and A. G. Baumann, 1972: The tornado threat: Copying styles of the north and south. Science, 176, 1386-1392.
49. U.S. Census Bureau, cited 2006: American Factfinder. [Available online at http://factfinder.census.gov/home/saff/main.html?∧ng=en.]
50. Verbout, S. M., H. E. Brooks, L. M. Leslie, and D. M. Schultz, 2006: Evolution of the U.S. tornado database: 1954-2003. Wea. Forecasting, 21, 86-93.
51. Wurman, J., C. Alexander, P. Robinson, and Y. Richardson, 2007: Low-level winds in tornadoes and potential catastrophic tornado impacts in urban areas. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 88, 31-46.