The Acute and Enduring Consequences of Exposure to Violence on Youth Mental Health and Aggression

Justice Quarterly

Volumn 31, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 539-567

  Kirk, David S ^a   Hardy, Margaret ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

aggression; exposure to violence; mental health; neighborhood effects; street efficacy

Indexed keywords

EID: 84898545505     PISSN: 07418825     EISSN: 17459109     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2012.737471     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991). Integrative guide for the 1991 CBCL/4-18, YSR, and TRF profiles. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
2. Achenbach, T. M. (1997). Young adult self report. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
3. Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47-88.
4. Agnew, R. (2001). Building on the foundation of general strain theory: Specifying the types of strain most likely to lead to crime and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 319-361.
5. Agnew, R. (2002). Experienced, vicarious, and anticipated strain: An exploratory study focusing on criminal victimization and delinquency. Justice Quarterly, 19, 603-632.
6. Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
7. Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street. New York, NY: W.W. Norton.
8. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
9. Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28, 117-148.
10. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman.
11. Becker, S. O., & Caliendo, M. (2007). Sensitivity analysis for average treatment effects. Stata Journal, 7, 71-83.
12. Benassi, V. A., Sweeney, P. D., & Dufour, C. L. (1988). Is there a relationship between locus of control orientation and depression? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 357-366.
13. Bingenheimer, J. B., Brennan, R. T., & Earls, F. J. (2005). Firearm violence and serious violent behavior. Science, 308, 1323-1326.
14. Broidy, L., & Agnew, R. (1997). Gender and crime: A general strain theory perspective. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 275-306.
15. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
16. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development-six theories of child development: Revised formulations and current issues (pp. 187-250). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
17. Brookmeyer, K. A., Henrich, C. C., & Schwab-Stone, M. (2005). Adolescents who witness community violence: Can parent support and prosocial cognitions protect them from committing violence? Child Development, 76, 917-929.
18. Buka, S. L., Stichick, T. L., Birdthistle, I., & Earls, F. J. (2001). Youth exposure to violence: Prevalence, risks, and consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71, 298-310.
19. Cannon, W. B. (1929). Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage. New York, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
20. Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T. E., Mill, J., Martin, J., & Craig, I. A. (2002). Role of genotype in cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851-854.
21. Cesaroni, C., & Peterson-Badali, M. (2005). Young offenders in custody: Risk and adjustment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 32, 251-277.
22. Dannefer, D. (1984). Adult development and social theory: A paradigmatic reappraisal. American Sociological Review, 49, 100-116.
23. DiPrete, T. A., & Gangl, M. (2004). Assessing bias in the estimation of causal effects: Rosenbaum bounds on matching estimators and instrumental variables estimation with imperfect instruments. Sociological Methodology, 34, 271-310.
24. Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (1997). How the experience of early physical abuse leads children to become chronically aggressive. In D. Cicchetti, & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Rochester symposium on developmental psychopathology (pp. 263-288). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press.
25. Eskenazi, B., Marks, A. R., Catalano, R., Bruckner, T., & Toniolo, P. G. (2007). Low birthweight in New York City and upstate New York following the events of September 11th. Human Reproduction, 22, 3013-3020.
26. Farrell, A. D., & Bruce, S. E. (1997). Impact of exposure to community violence on violent behavior and emotional distress among urban adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 26, 2-14.
27. Farrington, D. P. (1995). The development of offending and antisocial behavior from childhood: Key findings from the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 360, 929-964.
28. Finkelhor, D., Turner, H., Ormrod, R., Hamby, S., & Kracke, K. (2009). Children's exposure to violence: A comprehensive national survey. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
29. Fitzpatrick, K. M. (1993). Exposure to violence and presence of depression among low-income African-American youth. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 528-531.
30. Fitzpatrick, K. M., & Boldizar, J. P. (1993). The prevalence and consequences of exposure to violence among African-American youth. Journal of the American Academy of Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 424-430.
31. Garbarino, J., Dubrow, N., Kostelny, K., & Pardo, C. (1992). Children in danger: Coping with the consequences of community violence. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
32. Garmezy, N., & Rutter, M. (1985). Acute reactions to stress. In M. Rutter, & L. Hersov (Eds.), Child and adolescent psychiatry: Modern approaches (2nd ed.). (pp. 152-176). Oxford: Blackwell.
33. Giaconia, R. M., Reinherz, H. Z., Silverman, A. B., Pakiz, B., Frost, A. K., & Cohen, E. (1995). Traumas and posttraumatic stress disorder in a community population of older adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 1369-1380.
34. Gorman-Smith, D., Henry, D. B., & Tolan, P. H. (2004). Exposure to community violence and violence perpetration: The protective effects of family functioning. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 439-449.
35. Gorman-Smith, D., & Tolan, P. (1998). The role of exposure to community violence and developmental problems among inner-city youth. Development and Psychopathology, 10, 101-116.
36. Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Spindler, A. (2003). Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children. Child Development, 74, 1561-1576.
37. Harding, D. J. (2009). Collateral consequences of violence in disadvantaged neighborhoods. Social Forces, 88, 757-782.
38. Hill, J. (2004). Reducing bias in treatment effect estimation in observational studies suffering from missing data. Columbia University Institute for Social and Economic Research and Policy (ISERP) working paper 04-01. Retrieved from http://iserp-6.webservices.lamptest.columbia.edu/files/iserp/2004_01.pdf
39. Katz, L. F., Kling, J. R., & Liebman, J. B. (2001). Moving to opportunity in Boston: Early results of a randomized mobility experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 116, 607-654.
40. Kirk, D. S., & Laub, J. H. (2010). Neighborhood change and crime in the modern metropolis. Crime and justice: A review of research (pp. 441-502). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
41. Kirk, D. S., & Papachristos, A. V. (2011). Cultural mechanisms and the persistence of neighborhood violence. American Journal of Sociology, 116, 1190-1233.
42. Kling, J. R., Liebman, J. B., & Katz, L. F. (2007). Experimental analysis of neighborhood effects. Econometrica, 75, 83-119.
43. Kling, J. R., Ludwig, J., & Katz, L. F. (2005). Neighborhood effects on crime for female and male youth: Evidence from a randomized housing voucher experiment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 120, 87-130.
44. Lorion, R. L., & Saltzman, W. (1993). Children's exposure to community violence: Following a path from concern to research to action. Psychiatry, 56, 55-65.
45. Mantel, N., & Haenszel, W. (1959). Statistical aspects of the analysis of data from retrospective studies of disease. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 22, 719-748.
46. Margolin, G., & Gordis, E. B. (2000). The effects of family and community violence on children. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 445-479.
47. Martinez, P., & Richters, J. E. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: Vol. 2. Children's distress symptoms associated with violence exposure. Psychiatry, 56, 23-35.
48. Miller, L. S., Wasserman, G. A., Neugebauer, R., Gorman-Smith, D., & Kamboukos, D. (1999). Witnessed community violence and antisocial behavior in high-risk, urban boys. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 28, 2-11.
49. Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1995). Sex differences in distress: Real or artifact? American Sociological Review, 60, 449-468.
50. Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (2003). Social causes of psychological distress (2nd ed.). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
51. Morgan, S. L., & Winship, C. (2007). Counterfactuals and causal inference: Methods and principles for social research. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
52. Osofsky, J. D. (1995). The effects of exposure to violence of young children. American Psychologist, 50, 782-788.
53. Pynoos, R. S., Frederick, C., Nader, K., Arroyo, E., Steinberg, A., Eth, S.,Fairbanks, L. (1987). Life threat and posttraumatic stress in school-age children. Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 1057-1063.
54. Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1993). The NIMH community violence project: Vol. 1. Children as victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry, 56, 7-21.
55. Rosenbaum, J. E., Reynolds, L., & DeLuca, S. (2002). How do places matter? The geography of opportunity, self-efficacy and a look inside the black box of residential mobility. Housing Studies, 17, 71-82.
56. Rosenbaum, P. R. (2002). Observational studies. New York, NY: Springer.
57. Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1985). The bias due to incomplete matching. Biometrics, 41, 103-116.
58. Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (2009). Neighborhood disorder, subjective alienation, and distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 50, 49-64.
59. Ross, C. E., Mirowsky, J., & Pribesh, S. (2001). Powerlessness and the amplification of threat: Neighborhood disadvantage, disorder, and mistrust. American Sociological Review, 66, 568-591.
60. Royston, P. (2004). Multiple imputation of missing values. Stata Journal, 4, 227-241.
61. Sampson, R. J. (2008). Moving to inequality: Neighborhood effects and experiments meet social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 114, 189-231.
62. Sampson, R. J., & Bartusch, D. J. (1998). Legal cynicism and (subcultural?) tolerance of deviance: The neighborhood context of racial differences. Law and Society Review, 32, 777-804.
63. Sampson, R. J., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1999). Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods. American Journal of Sociology, 105, 603-651.
64. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 227, 918-924.
65. Sanbonmatsu, L., Ludwig, J., Katz, L. F., Gennetian, L. A., Duncan, G. J., Kessler, R. C., Adam, E., McDade, T. W., & Lindau, S. T. (2011). Moving to opportunity for fair housing demonstration program: Final impacts evaluation. Washington, DC: US Department of Housing and Urban Development, Office of Policy Development and Research.
66. Scheeringa, M. S., Zeanah, C. H., Drell, M. J., & Larrieu, J. A. (1995). Two approaches to the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder in infancy and early childhood. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 191-200.
67. Seeman, M. (1959). On the meaning of alienation. American Sociological Review, 24, 783-791.
68. Seeman, M. (1983). Alienation motifs in contemporary theorizing: The hidden continuity of classic themes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 46, 171-184.
69. Sharkey, P. (2006). Navigating dangerous streets: The sources and consequences of street efficacy. American Sociological Review, 71, 826-846.
70. Sharkey, P., & Elwert, F. (2011). The legacy of disadvantage: Multigenerational neighborhood effects on cognitive ability. American Journal of Sociology, 116, 1934-1981.
71. Smith, C., & Thornberry, T. P. (1995). The relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent involvement in delinquency. Criminology, 33, 451-481.
72. van Buuren, S., Boshuizen, H. C., & Knook, D. L. (1999). Multiple imputation of missing blood pressure covariates in survival analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 18, 681-694.
73. Widom, C. S. (1989). Child abuse, neglect, and violent criminal behavior. Criminology, 27, 251-271.
74. Widom, C. S. (2000). Understanding the consequences of childhood victimization. In R. M. Reece (Ed.), Treatment of child abuse: Common ground for mental health, medical, and legal practitioners (pp. 339-361). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
75. Widom, C. S., & Maxfield, M. G. (2001). An update on the cycle of violence. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
76. Wilson, J. Q., & Kelling, G. (1982). The police and neighborhood safety: Broken windows. The Atlantic Monthly, 127, 29-38.
77. Wodtke, G. T., Harding, D. J., & Elwert, F. (2011). Neighborhood effects in temporal perspective: The impact of long-term exposure to concentrated disadvantage on high school graduation. American Sociological Review, 76, 713-736.