Why community matters: Connecting education with civic life

Why Community Matters: Connecting Education with Civic Life

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 1-176

  Longo, Nicholas V ^a  

^a NONE

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References (527)

1. Harry C. Boyte, Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004);
2. Peter Levine, "Civic Renewal in America", Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterly 26, no. 1/2(Winter/Spring 2006):2-12;
3. Carmen Sirianni and Lewis Friedland, Civic Innovation in America: Community Empowerment, Public Policy, and the Movement for Civic Renewal (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
4. Carmen Sirianni and Lewis Friedland, The Civic Renewal Movement: Community-Building and Democracy in the United States (Dayton: Kettering Foundation Press, 2005)
5. Cynthia Gibson's excellent paper, Citizens at the Center: A New Approach to Civic Engagement, commissioned by the Case Foundation in 2006.
6. Herman Blake used the phrase "listen eloquently" in a speech given at the Second Annual National Gathering of the Invisible College, Indianapolis, Indiana, in June 1996. The idea of research continuing a conversation, rather than discovering a truth, comes from Richard Rorty, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979)
7. from Niobe Way's book documenting the lives of teenagers, Everyday Courage: The Lives and Stories of Urban Teenagers (New York: New York University Press, 1998).
8. Parker Palmer, "Community, Conflict, and Ways of Knowing: Ways to Deepen our Educational Agenda", Change 19(September/October 1987):20-25.
9. Palmer writes that "epistemology is not a bloodless abstraction" and that the way we know has implications for the way we live. Donald Schön argues for the legitimacy of knowledge that is generated-in-action in "The New Scholarship Requires a New Epistemology", Change (November/December 1995):27-34.
10. Epigraph from John Dewey, The School and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990/1899), p. 34.
11. Stephen Macedo et al., Democracy at Risk: How Political Choices Undermine Citizen Participation, and What We Can Do About It (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2005).
12. The concerns about democracy have also been raised by the National Commission on Civic Renewal, A Nation of Spectators: How Civic Disengagement Weakens America and What We Can Do About It (College Park: University of Maryland, 1998);
13. The Civic Mission of Schools (New York: Carnegie Corporation and Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2003);
14. Scott Keeter et al., The Civic and Political Health of the Nation: A Generational Portrait (College Park, Maryland: Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2002);
15. William Galston, "Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education", Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001) 217-234;
16. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
17. Lawrence Cremin, Public Education (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 3.
18. National Commission on Civic Renewal, A Nation of Spectators: How Civic Disengagement Weakens America and What We Can Do About It (College Park: University of Maryland, 1998), p. 6.
19. This impressive organizing achievement was led by Peter Levine, the director of CIRCLE, and Cynthia Gibson, then a program officer at Carnegie Corporation. Gibson and Levine were the primary authors of The Civic Mission of Schools (New York: Carnegie Corporation and Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2003).
20. The Civic Mission of Schools (New York: Carnegie Corporation and Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2003), p. 5.
21. The evidence for this began with "The Coleman Report", James Coleman, Equality of Educational Opportunity (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Office of Education, 1966).
22. Later, the significance of schooling was questioned by Lawrence Steinberg, Beyond the Classroom: Why School Reform Has Failed and What Parents Need To Do (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996)
23. James Traub, "What No School Can Do", New York Times Magazine, January 16, 2000.
24. John I. Goodlad, In Praise of Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997).
25. David Mathews, Reclaiming Public Education by Reclaiming our Democracy (Dayton: Kettering Foundation Press, 2006).
26. Lawrence Cremin, Public Education (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 29.
27. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Penguin Books, 1998/1910), p. 275.
28. Lee Benson and Ira Harkavy, "Saving the Soul of the University: What Is to be Done?", in The Virtual University? Information, Markets, and Managements, eds. Kevin Robins and Frank Webster (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001).
29. Jonathan Kozol, Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991)
30. Jonathon Kozol, The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America (New York: Crown, 2005).
31. See Harry Boyte's excellent book for a detailed discussion of the possibility for a citizen-centered democracy, Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004).
32. See the review of college student political engagement Ross Meyer and I conducted for CIRCLE and the Kettering Foundation, Nicholas V. Longo and Ross P. Meyer, "College Students and Politics: A Literature Review", CIRCLE Working Paper 46 (College Park, Maryland: Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, May 2006).
33. The Civic Mission of Schools (New York: Carnegie Corporation and Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2003);
34. Scott Keeter et al., The Civic and Political Health of the Nation: A Generational Portrait (College Park, Maryland: Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2002);
35. William Galston, "Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education", Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001) 217-234;
36. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
37. John I. Goodlad, In Praise of Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997), p. 41.
38. Lawrence Cremin uses "ecology of education" to describe the many places where learning occurs and the relationships between those places- or configurations-in Public Education (New York: Basic Books, 1976).
39. He also applies this to civic learning, for example, in analyzing the lessons of Jane Addams and Hull House. Cremin states, "In a socialized democracy, the community itself would become educative in the diurnal business of contending with public issues and solving public problems." Cremin then concludes, "And out of the process would come a continually evolving definition of the common good"
40. in The Metropolitan Experience 1876-1980 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), p. 179.
41. This definition of ecology comes from Wikipedia; see http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology# The-ecosystem-concept.
42. Cynthia Gibson, "From Inspiration to Participation: A Review of Perspectives on Youth Civic Engagement" (New York: Grantmaker Forum on Community and National Service, 2001).
43. This comes from many conversations with Harry Boyte. See especially Harry Boyte, "Public Work: Civic Populism Versus Technocracy in Higher Education", to be published by the Kettering Foundation.
44. A Nation at Risk (Washington, D. C.: The National Commission on Excellence in Education), p. 5.
45. Some of the central findings of the report, however, have since been called into question and the report is seen by many educators as the beginning of the standards-based movement. See Deborah Meier, "Educating a Democracy: Standards and the Future of Public Education", Boston Review (February/March 2000)
46. Richard Rothstein, The Way We Were? The Myths and Realities of America's Student Achievement (New York: Century Foundation Press, 1998).
47. Diane Ravitch, Left Back: A Century of Battles over School Reform (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), p. 414.
48. Jonathon Kozol, Savage Inequalities: Children in America's Schools (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991)
49. Jonathon Kozol, The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America (New York: Crown, 2005).
50. William Julius Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987).
51. William Julius Wilson, When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor (New York: Vintage Books, 1996).
52. James Coleman, Equality of Educational Opportunity (Washington, D. C.: U. S. Office of Education, 1966).
53. James Traub, "What No School Can Do", New York Times Magazine, January 16, 2000.
54. James Coleman, "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital", American Journal of Sociology 94(1998):S95-S120
55. James Coleman, Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990).
56. Robert Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital", Journal of Democracy 6(1995):65-78.
57. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
58. Robert Putnam, "Community-Based Social Capital", Making Good Citizens, eds. Diane Ravitch and Joseph Viteritti (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001), p. 87.
59. On the decline in political engagement, see, for example, The Civic Mission of Schools (New York: Carnegie Corporation and Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2003);
60. William Galston, "Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education", Annual Review of Political Science 4(2001):217-234;
61. Scott Keeter et al., The Civic and Political Health of the Nation: A Generational Portrait (College Park, Maryland: Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2002);
62. Robert Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
63. National Commission on Civic Renewal, A Nation of Spectators: How Civic Disengagement Weakens America and What We Can Do About It (College Park: University of Maryland, 1998), p. 6.
64. National Association of Secretaries of State, The New Millennium Project: Part I American Youth Attitudes on Politics, Citizenship, Government, and Voting (Washington, D. C.: National Association of Secretaries of State, 1999).
65. Thomas Patterson, The Vanishing Voter: Public Involvement in the Age of Uncertainty (Cambridge: Knopf, 2002), p. 21.
66. Linda Sax et al., The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 2003 (Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, 2003).
67. William Galston, "Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education", Annual Review of Political Science 4(2001):217-234;
68. William Galston, "Civic Knowledge, Civic Education, and Civic Engagement: A Summary of Recent Research", in Constructing Civic Virtue: A Symposium on the State of American Citizenship (Syracuse, N. Y.: Campbell Public Affairs Institute, 2003).
69. This section also draws on the research of Ross Meyer; see Nicholas V. Longo and Ross P. Meyer, "College Students and Politics: A Literature Review", CIRCLE Working Paper 46 (College Park, Maryland: Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, May 2006).
70. The concept of education being comprehensive, relational, and public comes from Lawrence Cremin, Public Education (New York: Basic Books, 1976).
71. "Engaged Campus" in Carmen Sirianni and Lewis Friedland, The Civic Renewal Movement: Community-Building and Democracy in the United States (Dayton: Kettering Foundation Press, 2005).
72. This comes from John Saltmarsh, who has been one of the most influential national proponents of the civic renewal movement in higher education. See John Saltmarsh, "The Civic Promise of Service-Learning", Liberal Education (Spring 2005).
73. Carmen Sirianni and Lewis Friedland, Civic Innovation in America: Community Empowerment, Public Policy, and the Movement for Civic Renewal (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001).
74. Carmen Sirianni and Lewis Friedland, The Civic Renewal Movement: Community-Building and Democracy in the United States (Dayton: Kettering Foundation Press, 2005);
75. Lisbeth Schorr, Common Purpose: Strengthening Families and Neighborhoods to Rebuild America (New York: Anchor Books, 1997);
76. Harry C. Boyte and Nan Kari, Building America: The Democratic Promise of Public Work (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996);
77. Harry C. Boyte, Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004);
78. Peter Levine, "Civic Renewal in America", Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterly 26, no. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 2006):p2-12.
79. Jerome Stein, "Youth Development in Context: Education in the Community", in The University and the Community: Renewing the Relationship, eds. Jerome Stein and Nicholas V. Longo (Minneapolis: Center for 4-H Youth Development, University of Minnesota, 2001), p. 12. The concept "education in the community" was developed by Jerome Stein at the University of Minnesota, where he teaches a course with this title. Separately, the term is used by Mark Smith in Britain to describe his informal education approach.
80. Mark Smith, "The Possibilities of Public Life: Educating in the Community", In Education and Community: The Politics of Practice, eds. Garth Allen and Ian Martin (New York: Cassell Education Series, 1992).
81. I provide an overview of the history of place-based education in an article with Ira Harkavy; see Ira Harkavy and Nicholas V. Longo, "Problem-Solving with Local Communities: Using University-Community-School Partnerships and Place-Based Education to Help Revitalize Urban America", Democracy and Education 16, no. 2(2006):16-23.
82. James Scott, Seeing Like a State. How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998), p. 6.
83. Ira Harkavy and Marty Blank, "Community Schools: A Vision of Learning that Goes Beyond Testing", Education Week, April 17, 2002.
84. Ira Harkavy and Marty Blank, "Community Schools: A Vision of Learning that Goes Beyond Testing", Education Week, April 17, 2002, p. 38.
85. The Civic Mission of Schools (New York: Carnegie Corporation and Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2003), p. 4.
86. John Saltmarsh, "The Civic Promise of Service-Learning", Liberal Education (Spring 2005).
87. Theodore Sizer, The Red Pencil: Convictions from Experience in Education (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 24.
88. Harry Boyte argues that there are different implications for different political frameworks and differentiates three distinct approaches to civic education: "civics", "service", and "populism" in "Civic Education and the New American Patriotism Post-9/11", Cambridge Journal of Education 33(2003):85-100.
89. Joel Westheimer and Joseph Kahne detail three conceptions of the "good citizen"-personally responsible, participatory, and justice oriented-that underscore political implications of education for democracy in "Educating the 'Good' Citizen: The Politics of School-Based Civic Education Programs", paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Boston, 2002.
90. Richard Battistoni outlines multiple conceptions of civic engagement in Civic Engagement Across the Curriculum (Providence: Campus Compact, 2002).
91. Keeter et al., The Civic and Political Health of the Nation: A Generational Portrait (College Park, Maryland: Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2002).
92. Scott Keeter et al., A Guide to the Index of Civic and Political Engagement (College Park, Maryland: Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2003).
93. Milbrey McLaughlin et al., Urban Sanctuaries: Neighborhood Organizations in the Lives and Futures of Inner-City Youth (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994), p. 4.
94. Milbrey McLaughlin, Community Counts: How Youth Organizations Matter for Youth Development (Washington, D. C.: Public Education Network, 2000).
95. See, for example, William Galston, "Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education", Annual Review of Political Science 4(2001):217-234.
96. The HERI survey conducted by UCLA has been tracking this data for incoming college students; see Linda Sax et al., The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 2003 (Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, 2003).
97. Sylvia Hurtado et al., The American Freshman: National Norms for Fall 2005 (Los Angeles: Higher Education Research Institute, UCLA Graduate School of Education and Information Studies, 2005).
98. The most impressive resource for data on youth civic engagement of all kinds, including volunteering, can be found on the CIRCLE Web site: www.civicyouth.org.
99. See, for example, Harry C. Boyte, Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004).
100. John McKnight, The Careless Society: Community and Its Counterfeits (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
101. Harry C. Boyte, "Community Service and Civic Education", Phi Delta Kappan (June 1991):765-767, p. 766.
102. See, for example, William Galston, "Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education", Annual Review of Political Science 4(2001):217-234.
103. David Mathews, "Reviewing and Previewing Civics", in Educating the Democratic Mind, ed. Walter Parker (Albany: SUNY Press, 1996), p. 271.
104. Sarah Long, The New Student Politics: The Wingspread Statement on Student Civic Engagement (Providence: Campus Compact, 2002).
105. Nicholas V. Longo and Ross P. Meyer, "College Students and Politics: A Literature Review", CIRCLE Working Paper 46 (College Park, Maryland: Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, May 2006).
106. Quoted from E. J. Dionne, "Effective Citizenship and the Spirit of Our Time", paper prepared for the Surdna Foundation, New York, 2000, p. 20.
107. Harry C. Boyte, "Necessity of Politics", Journal of Public Affairs 7(2004):75-85, p. 85.
108. I directed Raise Your Voice for Campus Compact from 2002 to 2004, then helped to create a manual for student-organizing efforts on campuses. See Richard Cone, Abby Kiesa, and Nicholas V. Longo, eds, Raise Your Voice: A Student Guide to Making Positive Social Change (Providence: Campus Compact, 2006).
109. Theodore Sizer, The Red Pencil: Convictions from Experience in Education (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 24.
110. Quoted in Ira Harkavy and Marty Blank, "Community Schools: A Vision of Learning That Goes Beyond Testing", Education Week, April 17, 2002, p. 52.
111. Harry C. Boyte, "A Different Kind of Politics: John Dewey and the Meaning of Citizenship in the 21st Century", speech presented at the University of Michigan, November 1, 2002.
112. Epigraph from William Kilpatrick, "Introduction: The Underlying Philosophy of Cooperative Activities for Community Improvement", in Paul Hanna, Youth Serves the Community (New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1936), p. 7.
113. John Dewey, "The School as Social Centre", The Middle Works, 1899-1924, vol. 2 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1976/1902), pp. 92-93.
114. The implications for Dewey's speech for community and adult education are examined by Jerome Stein in "John Dewey and Adult Education" (PhD diss., University of Minnesota, 1992).
115. Others have discussed the importance of this speech, including Lee Benson and Ira Harkavy, "Integrating the American System of Higher, Secondary, and Primary Education to Develop Civic Responsibility", in Civic Responsibility and Higher Education, ed. Thomas Ehrlich (Phoenix: American Council on Education., 2000);
116. Harry C. Boyte, "A Different Kind of Politics: John Dewey and the Meaning of Citizenship in the 21st Century", speech presented at the University of Michigan, November 1, 2002;
117. William Denton, "Community Education: On the Forefront of Educational Reform (?) Part I: The Evolution of the Movement", Community Education Journal 26(1998):28-34.
118. John Dewey, "The School as Social Centre", The Middle Works, 1899-1924, vol. 2 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1976/1902), pp. 90-91.
119. Ira Harkavy and John Puckett, "Lessons from Hull House for the Contemporary Urban University", Social Science Review (September 1994):299-321, esp. 311-312.
120. Discussions of these developments in community-based education are found in William Denton, "Community Education: On the Forefront of Educational Reform (?) Part I: The Evolution of the Movement", Community Education Journal 26(1998):28-34;
121. William Denton, "Community Education: On the Forefront of Educational Reform (?) Part II: Institutionalizing the Movement", Community Education Journal 27(1999):28-36;
122. Lawrence Cremin, The Metropolitan Experience 1876-1980 (New York: Harper & Row, 1988);
123. Keith Morton and John Saltmarsh, "Addams, Day and Dewey: The Emergence of Community Service in American Culture", Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning 4(1997):137-149.
124. Ellen Lagemann, ed., Jane Addams on Education (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994), p. xiv.
125. William Denton, "Community Education: On the Forefront of Educational Reform (?) Part I: The Evolution of the Movement", Community Education Journal 26(1998):28-34;
126. Paul DeLargy, "Public Schools and Community Education", in Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education, eds. Sharan Merriam and Phyllis Cunningham (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989).
127. Lawrence Cremin, The Metropolitan Experience 1876-1980 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988);
128. Robert Westbrook, John Dewey and American Democracy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991);
129. Diane Ravitch, Left Back: A Century of Battles over School Reform (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000).
130. Joseph Hart, Education in the Humane Community (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1951).
131. Joseph Hart, The Discovery of Intelligence (New York: The Century Company, 1924), pp. 382-383.
132. Joseph Hart, The Discovery of Intelligence (New York: The Century Company, 1924), p. 424.
133. These movements are well chronicled in William Denton's history of community education. See William Denton, "Community Education: On the Forefront of Educational Reform (?) Part I: The Evolution of the Movement", Community Education Journal 26(1998):28-34
134. William Denton, "Community Education: On the Forefront of Educational Reform (?) Part II: Institutionalizing the Movement", Community Education Journal 27(1999):28-36.
135. William Denton, "Community Education: On the Forefront of Educational Reform (?) Part I: The Evolution of the Movement", Community Education Journal 26(1998):28-34.
136. Quoted in Kevin Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public: The Struggle for Urban Participatory Democracy During the Progressive Era (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), p. 49.
137. Kevin Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public: The Struggle for Urban Participatory Democracy During the Progressive Era (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), p. 59.
138. Quoted in Kevin Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public: The Struggle for Urban Participatory Democracy During the Progressive Era (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), p. 54.
139. Again, for good overviews of social centers, see William Denton, "Community Education: On the Forefront of Educational Reform (?) Part I: The Evolution of the Movement", Community Education Journal 26(1998):28-34
140. Kevin Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public: The Struggle for Urban Participatory Democracy During the Progressive Era (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998).
141. Quoted in Kevin Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public: The Struggle for Urban Participatory Democracy During the Progressive Era (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), p. 13.
142. Quoted in Kevin Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public: The Struggle for Urban Participatory Democracy During the Progressive Era (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), p. 13.
143. Quoted in Kevin Mattson, Creating a Democratic Public: The Struggle for Urban Participatory Democracy During the Progressive Era (University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998), p. 13.
144. Jerome Stein, "John Dewey and Adult Education" (PhD diss., University of Minnesota, 1992), p. 64.
145. William Denton, "Community Education: On the Forefront of Educational Reform (?) Part I: The Evolution of the Movement", Community Education Journal 26(1998):28-34.
146. Robert Fisher, Let the People Decide: Neighborhood Organizing in America (New York: Twayne Publishers, 1994).
147. Nelson B. Henry, The Fifty-second Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education: Part II the Community School (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953).
148. Paul DeLargy, "Public Schools and Community Education", in Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education, eds. Sharan Merriam and Phyllis Cunningham (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989).
149. Henry Barnard, Report of the Conditions and Improvements of the Public Schools of Rhode Island (Providence: B. Cranston and Co., 1845), p. 70.
150. John Dewey and Evelyn Dewey, Schools of Tomorrow (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2003/1915), p. 228.
151. John Dewey and Evelyn Dewey, Schools of Tomorrow (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2003/1915), p. 185.
152. The Civic Mission of Schools (New York: Carnegie Corporation and Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2003).
153. John Dewey and Evelyn Dewey, Schools of Tomorrow (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2003/1915), p. 208.
154. Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Pragmatism and Feminism: Reweaving the Social Fabric (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
155. Elsie Clapp, Community Schools in Action (New York: Viking Press, 1939)
156. Elsie Clapp, The Use of Resources in Education (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952).
157. Elsie Clapp, Community Schools in Action (New York: Viking Press, 1939), p. 3.
158. Quoted in Jerome Stein, "John Dewey and Adult Education" (PhD diss., University of Minnesota, 1992), p. 103.
159. Samuel Everett, ed., The Community School (New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1938), pp. 437-438.
160. Vito Perrone helped reintroduce Covello to contemporary educators in Teacher with a Heart: Reflections on Leonard Covello and Community (New York: Teachers College Press, 1998).
161. Michael Johanek and John Puckett, Education as if Citizens Mattered: Leonard Covello and the Idea of Community Schools (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2006).
162. Leonard Covello, "The School as the Center of Community Life in an Immigrant Area", in The Community School, ed. Samuel Everett (New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1938), p. 130.
163. Leonard Covello, The Heart Is the Teacher (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1958), p. 210.
164. Larry Decker, Foundation of Community Education (Midland, Michigan: Pendell Publishing, 1972);
165. Paul DeLargy, "Public Schools and Community Education", in Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education, eds. Sharan Merriam and Phyllis Cunningham (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1989);
166. William Denton, "Community Education: On the Forefront of Educational Reform (?) Part II: Institutionalizing the Movement", Community Education Journal 27(1999):28-36.
167. Marty Blank, "How Community Schools Make a Difference", Education Leadership 61(May 2004):62-65, esp. 62.
168. Marty Blank et al., Making the Difference: Research and Practice in Community Schools (Washington, D. C.: Coalition for Community Schools, Institute for Educational Leadership, 2003).
169. Thomas Sergiovanni, Building Community in Schools (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1994)
170. Deborah Meier, The Power of Their Ideas: Lessons for America from a Small School in Harlem (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995).
171. Joy Dryfoos, "The Role of the School in Children's Out-of-School Time", The Future of Children 9, no. 2(Fall 1999):117-134.
172. Building a Community School (New York: The Children's Aid Society, 2001), p. 53.
173. Lisbeth Schorr, Common Purpose: Strengthening Families and Neighborhoods to Rebuild America (New York: Anchor Books, 1997).
174. Beacons are examined in Beacons: A Union of Youth and Community Development (Washington, D. C.: International Youth Foundation, 1997);
175. Carmen Sirianni, Melissa Bass, and Lewis Friedland, Youth Leadership for Civic Renewal: Mapping Networks, Catalyzing Action (Philadelphia: Pew Charitable Trusts Public Policy Program, 2000);
176. Joy Dryfoos, "The Role of the School in Children's Out-of-School Time", The Future of Children 9, no. 2(Fall 1999):117-134.
177. Lee Benson and Ira Harkavy, "Integrating the American System of Higher, Secondary, and Primary Education to Develop Civic Responsibility", in Civic Responsibility and Higher Education, ed. Thomas Ehrlich (Phoenix: American Council on Education, 2000).
178. Benson et al., Dewey's Dreams (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007).
179. Ernest Boyer, Selected Speeches 1979-1995 (Princeton: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1997), p. 92.
180. Ira Harkavy, especially, has written and spoken extensively on the democratic tradition of higher education. See also Ernest Boyer, Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate (Princeton: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1990)
181. Ernest Boyer, "Creating the New American College", The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 9, 1994):A48.
182. Quoted in Lee Benson and Ira Harkavy, "Integrating the American System of Higher, Secondary, and Primary Education to Develop Civic Responsibility", in Civic Responsibility and Higher Education, ed. Thomas Ehrlich (Phoenix: American Council on Education., 2000), p. 179.
183. Quoted in Ernest Boyer, Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate (Princeton: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1990), p. 5.
184. Eugene Rice, Making a Place for the New America Scholar (Washington, D. C.: American Association of Higher Education, 1996);
185. Ernest Boyer, Scholarship Reconsidered: Priorities of the Professoriate (Princeton: The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, 1990);
186. Ernest Boyer, "Creating the New American College", The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 9, 1994):A48.
187. Harry C. Boyte and Nan Kari, "Renewing the Democratic Spirit in American Colleges and Universities: Higher Education as Public Work", in Civic Responsibility and Higher Education, ed. Thomas Erlich (Phoenix: American Council on Education, 2000);
188. William Sullivan, "Institutional Identity and Social Responsibility in Higher Education", in Civic Responsibility and Higher Education, ed. Thomas Erlich (Phoenix: American Council on Education, 2000).
189. David Maurrasse, Beyond the Campus: How Colleges and Universities Form Partnerships with Their Communities (New York: Routledge, 2001), p. 28.
190. Ernest Boyer, "Creating the New American College", The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 9, 1994):A48.
191. Donald Schön, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
192. Nicholas V. Longo et al., Colleges with a Conscience (New York: Random House, 2005).
193. Lee Benson, and Ira Harkavy, "Leading the Way to Meaningful Partnerships", Principal Leadership (September 2001):54-58, esp. 54.
194. Ira Harkavy and Nicholas V. Longo, "Problem-Solving with Local Communities: Using University-Community-School Partnerships and Place-Based Education to Help Revitalize Urban America", Democracy and Education 16, no. 2(2006):16-23.
195. Thomas Ehrlich and Elizabeth Hollander, The Presidents' Declaration on the Civic Responsibility of Higher Education (Providence: Campus Compact, 1999).
196. Oklahoma Students' Civic Resolution (Providence: Campus Compact, 2003). Retrieved June 21, 2006, from www.actionforchange.org/getinformed/student-ink.
197. Epigraph from John Dewey quoted in One Hundred Years at Hull-House, eds. Mary L. Bryan and Allen Davis (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990/1930), p. 191.
198. Ellen Lagemann, ed., Jane Addams on Education (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994), p. xv.
199. Jane Addams, "The Humanizing Tendency of Industrial Education", in Jane Addams on Education, ed. Ellen Lagemann (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1994/1904), p. 120.
200. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Penguin Books, 1998/1910), p. 275.
201. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Penguin Books, 1998/1910), p. 286.
202. Lawrence Cremin, The Metropolitan Experience 1876-1980 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), p. 177.
203. Ellen Lagemann, ed., Jane Addams on Education (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994), pp. xiv-xv.
204. Allen Davis, Spearheads for Reform: The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement 1890-1914 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991)
205. Daniel Levine, Jane Addams and the Liberal Tradition (Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood, 1971).
206. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Penguin Books, 1998/1910).
207. Jean Bethke Elshtain, Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 2002)
208. Jean Bethke Elshtain, ed., The Jane Addams Reader (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
209. In previous decades, Addams's, writing was published by Ellen Lagemann, ed., Jane Addams on Education (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994)
210. Christopher Lasch, ed., The Social Thought of Jane Addams (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965).
211. Louise Knight, Citizen: Jane Addams and the Struggle for Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005);
212. Victoria Brown, The Education of Jane Addams (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004);
213. Katherine Joslin, Jane Addams: A Writer's Life (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004).
214. Jane Addams, The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1972/1909)
215. Jane Addams, The Long Road of Woman's Memory (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002/1916).
216. Jane Addams has been invoked in several important pieces on the history of service-learning and civic education. See Harry C. Boyte and Nan Kari, Building America: The Democratic Promise of Public Work (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996);
217. Ira Harkavy and John Puckett, "Lessons from Hull House for the Contemporary Urban University", Social Science Review (September 1994):299-321;
218. Keith Morton and John Saltmarsh, "Addams, Day and Dewey: The Emergence of Community Service in American Culture", Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning 4(1997):137-149.
219. Gary Daynes and Nicholas V. Longo, "Jane Addams and the Origins of Service-Learning Practice in the United States", Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning 11(Fall 2004):5-13.
220. This argument was developed further in an article I wrote with Gary Daynes. See Gary Daynes and Nicholas V. Longo, "Jane Addams and the Origins of Service-Learning Practice in the United States", Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning 11(Fall 2004):5-13.
221. Jane Addams, "The Second Twenty Years at Hull House", in The Social Thought of Jane Addams, ed. Christopher Lasch (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), p. 216.
222. Jane Addams, "The Second Twenty Years at Hull House", in The Social Thought of Jane Addams, ed. Christopher Lasch (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), p. 216.
223. Mary Lynn Bryan and Allen Davis, One Hundred Years at Hull-House (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
224. Allen Davis, Spearheads for Reform: The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement 1890-1914 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991).
225. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Penguin Books, 1998/1910);
226. Mary Lynn Bryan and Allen Davis, One Hundred Years at Hull-House (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990);
227. Allen Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973).
228. Quoted in Allen Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 96.
229. Jane Addams, "A Function of the Social Settlement", in The Social Thought of Jane Addams, ed. Christopher Lasch (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965/1899).
230. Jane Addams, Democracy and Social Ethics (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002/1902), p. 118.
231. Harry Boyte points out the civic populist dimensions of Jane Addams's critique of the "expert driven" reformers in Harry C. Boyte, "The Civic Renewal Movement in the U. S.: On Silences and Civic Muscle, or Why Social Capital is a Useful But Insufficient Concept", speech presented at the Havens Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, April 10, 2001.
232. Hull House Maps and Papers (New York: Thomas Crowell, 1895).
233. Lawrence Cremin, The Metropolitan Experience 1876-1980 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), p. 175.
234. This description comes from several sources. See Gioia Diliberto, A Useful Woman: The Early Life of Jane Addams (New York: Scribner, 1999);
235. Mary Lynn Bryan and Allen Davis, One Hundred Years at Hull-House (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990);
236. Allen Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973).
237. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Penguin Books, 1998/1910), p. 61.
238. Quoted in Gioia Diliberto, A Useful Woman: The Early Life of Jane Addams (New York: Scribner, 1999), p. 131.
239. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Penguin Books, 1998/1910), p. 61.
240. Jane Addams, "A Function of the Social Settlement", in The Social Thought of Jane Addams, ed. Christopher Lasch (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965/1899), p. 187.
241. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Penguin Books, 1998/1910), p. 83.
242. Quoted in Allen Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 69.
243. These stories come from Allen Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973)
244. Jean Bethke Elshtain, Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
245. Quoted in Jean Bethke Elshtain, Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 2002), p. 93.
246. Jean Bethke Elshtain, ed., The Jane Addams Reader (New York: Basic Books, 2002)
247. Jean Bethke Elshtain, Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 2002).
248. Quoted in Allen Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 68.
249. Quoted in Ellen Lagemann, ed., Jane Addams on Education (New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 1994), p. 23.
250. Jane Addams, "The Subtle Problem of Charity", in The Jane Addams Reader, ed. Jean Bethke Elshtain (New York: Basic Books, 1899/2002), p. 62.
251. Gary Daynes and I made this argument in Gary Daynes and Nicholas V. Longo, "Jane Addams and the Origins of Service-Learning Practice in the United States", Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning 11(Fall 2004):5-13.
252. Quoted in Jean Bethke Elshtain, Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 2002), p. 187.
253. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Penguin Books, 1998/1910), p. 280.
254. Mary Lynn Bryan and Allen Davis, One Hundred Years at Hull-House (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
255. An excellent discussion of the funding for Hull House comes from Kathryn K. Sklar, "Who Funded Hull House?" in Lady Bountiful Revisited: Women, Philanthropy, and Power, ed. Kathleen McCarthy (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1990).
256. Florence Kelley "Hull House", New England Magazine 18, no. 5(July, 1898):550-566, p. 550.
257. Quoted in Mary Lynn Bryan and Allen Davis, One Hundred Years at Hull-House (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), p. 112.
258. Lawrence Cremin, The Metropolitan Experience 1876-1980 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988).
259. John Dewey and Evelyn Dewey, Schools of Tomorrow (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2003/1915), pp. 205-206.
260. John Dewey, letter from John Dewey to Jane Addams (January 27, 1892), Rockford College Archives.
261. Quoted in Allen Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), p. 97.
262. Louis Menand, The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001)
263. Charlene Haddock Seigfried, "Socializing Democracy: Jane Addams and John Dewey", Philosophy of the Social Sciences 29, no. 2(1999):207-230.
264. Allen Davis, Spearheads for Reform: The Social Settlements and the Progressive Movement 1890-1914 (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991).
265. Christopher Lasch, ed., The Social Thought of Jane Addams (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965), p. 176.
266. This argument is made by Charlene Haddock Seigfried in Pragmatism and Feminism: Reweaving the Social Fabric (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).
267. Lawrence Cremin, The Metropolitan Experience 1876-1980 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), p. 179.
268. John Dewey, "The School as Social Centre", The Middle Works, 1899-1924, vol. 2 (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1976/1902);
269. John Dewey, Democracy and Education (New York: Macmillan, 1916);
270. John Dewey, The Public and Its Problems (New York: Holt, 1927).
271. Jerome Stein, "John Dewey and Adult Education" (PhD diss., University of Minnesota, 1992), p. 55.
272. John Dewey and Evelyn Dewey, Schools of Tomorrow (Honolulu: University Press of the Pacific, 2003/1915).
273. Charlene Haddock Seigfried, "Socializing Democracy: Jane Addams and John Dewey", Philosophy of the Social Sciences 29, no. 2(1999):207-230, esp. 213.
274. Gary Daynes and Nicholas V. Longo, "Jane Addams and the Origins of Service-Learning Practice in the United States", Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning 11(Fall 2004):5-13.
275. Jerome Stein persuasively argues that Dewey's focus actually shifted from the schools to the community in his later writings; see Jerome Stein, "John Dewey and Adult Education" (PhD diss., University of Minnesota, 1992).
276. Lawrence Cremin, The Metropolitan Experience 1876-1980 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988), p. 179.
277. Jane Addams, Democracy and Social Ethics (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002/1902), p. 83.
278. Jane Addams "The Objective Value of a Social Settlement", in The Social Thought of Jane Addams, Christopher Lasch, ed. (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1892/1965), p. 54.
279. Jane Addams, "Jane Addams's Own Story of Her Work: Fifteen Years at Hull House", in The Ladies' Home Journal (March 2006):13-14, esp. 14.
280. Allen Davis, American Heroine: The Life and Legend of Jane Addams (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973).
281. Jane Addams, "A Function of the Social Settlement", in The Social Thought of Jane Addams, ed. Christopher Lasch (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965/1899), p. 199.
282. Jane Addams, "A Function of the Social Settlement", in The Social Thought of Jane Addams, ed. Christopher Lasch (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965/1899), p. 196.
283. This argument is made in Gary Daynes and Nicholas V. Longo, "Jane Addams and the Origins of Service-Learning Practice in the United States", Michigan Journal of Community Service-Learning 11(Fall 2004):5-13.
284. Ira Harkavy and John Puckett, "Lessons from Hull House for the Contemporary Urban University", Social Science Review (September 1994):299-321, esp. 309.
285. Jane Addams, Democracy and Social Ethics (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002/1902), p. 80.
286. Harry Boyte and Nan Kari, Building America: The Democratic Promise of Public Work (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996), p. 87.
287. Jane Addams, "The Subtle Problem of Charity", in The Jane Addams Reader, ed. Jean Bethke Elshtain (New York: Basic Books, 1899/2002).
288. Jane Addams, "A Function of the Social Settlement", in The Social Thought of Jane Addams, ed. Christopher Lasch (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965/1899), p. 193.
289. Jane Addams, "The Humanizing Tendency of Industrial Education", in Jane Addams on Education, ed. Ellen Lagemann (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1994/1904), p. 277.
290. Paulo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Continuum, 2000/1970).
291. Jane Addams, "Widening the Circle of Enlightenment: Hull House and Adult Education", in Jane Addams on Education, ed. Ellen Lagemann (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1994/1930), p. 206.
292. Jane Addams, Democracy and Social Ethics (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002/1902), p. 220.
293. Jane Addams, "First Report of a Labor Museum at Hull House", Unity (March 13, 1902):20-23
294. Jessie Luther, "The Labor Museum at Hull House", The Commons 70(May 1902):1-17
295. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Penguin Books, 1998/1910)
296. Jane Addams, "The Hull House Labor Museum", Chatauquan 38(September 1903):60-61.
297. Jane Addams, "Hull House and Its Neighbors", Charities 12(May 7, 1904):450-451, esp. 451.
298. Jane Addams, "The Hull House Labor Museum", Chatauquan 38(September 1903):60-61.
299. Mary Lynn Bryan and Allen Davis, One Hundred Years at Hull-House (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
300. Marion Washburne, "A Labor Museum", The Craftsman 6, no. 6(September 1904):570-579.
301. Quoted in Jean Bethke Elshtain, Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 2002), p. 145.
302. Jane Addams, "Hull House and Its Neighbors", Charities 12(May 7, 1904):450-451, esp. 451.
303. Jane Addams, American Education (March 1906), p. 416.
304. Marion Washburne, "A Labor Museum", The Craftsman 6, no. 6(September 1904):570-579, esp. 571.
305. Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House (New York: Penguin Books, 1998/1910), p. 159.
306. Mary Lynn Bryan and Allen Davis, One Hundred Years at Hull-House (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990).
307. Quoted in Jean Bethke Elshtain, Jane Addams and the Dream of American Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 2002), p. 154.
308. Epigraph from Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 49.
309. Myles Horton, "Letter to Dr. Alice Hamilton" (Highlander Papers: Box 96, March 5, 1969).
310. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 48.
311. Myles Horton, "Interview with Frank Adams" (Highlander Papers, n. d.).
312. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), pp. 48-49.
313. Frank Adams, Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander (Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, 1975).
314. Myles Horton, "Interview with Frank Adams" (Highlander Papers, n. d.).
315. Aimee Horton, The Highlander Folk School: A History of Its Major Programs, 1932-1961 (Brooklyn: Carlson Publishing, 1989), p. 25.
316. Quoted in Frank Adams, Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander (Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, 1975), p. 24.
317. John Glen, Highlander: No Ordinary School (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1996).
318. Aimee Horton, The Highlander Folk School: A History of its Major Programs, 1932-1961 (Brooklyn: Carlson Publishing, 1989).
319. In another interesting connection between Addams and Horton, Aimee Horton, Myles's second wife, attended Rockford College, Addams's alma matter; like Addams, she realized she wanted to "do something" to impact the world while at Rockford, according to interviews by Sue Himplemann and Norma Nerstrom in 1999.
320. Frank Adams, Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander (Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, 1975).
321. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998)
322. Cynthia Stokes Brown, ed., Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1990).
323. Myles Horton and Paulo Freire, We Make the Road by Walking: Conversations on Education and Social Change (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990).
324. Dale Jacobs, The Myles Horton Reader: Education for Social Change (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 2003).
325. Lawrence Cremin, The Metropolitan Experience 1876-1980 (New York: Harper and Row, 1988).
326. Steven Borish, The Land of the Living: The Danish Folk High Schools and Denmark's Non-Violent Path to Modernization (Nevada City, California: Blue Dolphin Publishing, 1991).
327. John Dewey, Letter to Highlander Folk School, September 27, 1933 (Highlander Papers).
328. John Dewey, Nashville Banner, letter to the editor, October 12, 1940
329. Aimee Horton, The Highlander Folk School: A History of its Major Programs, 1932-1961 (Brooklyn: Carlson Publishing, 1989), p. 138.
330. Dale Jacobs, The Myles Horton Reader: Education for Social Change (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 2003), p. xxvii.
331. These descriptions, along with the story of the closing and reopening of Highlander, appear in Cynthia Stokes Brown, ed., Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1990);
332. C. Alvin Hughes, "A New Agenda for the South: The Role and Influence of the Highlander Folk School, 1953-1961", Phylon 46, no. 3(September 1985):242-250;
333. Frank Adams, Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander (Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, 1975);
334. John Glen, Highlander: No Ordinary School (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1996);
335. Aimee Horton, The Highlander Folk School: A History of Its Major Programs, 1932-1961 (Brooklyn: Carlson Publishing, 1989).
336. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 149.
337. Quoted from Frank Adams, Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander (Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, 1975), p. 122.
338. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 68.
339. C. Alvin Hughes, "A New Agenda for the South: The Role and Influence of the Highlander Folk School, 1953-1961", Phylon 46, no. 3(September 1985):242-250.
340. Quoted in C. Alvin Hughes, "A New Agenda for the South: The Role and Influence of the Highlander Folk School, 1953-1961", Phylon 46, no. 3(September 1985):242-250, esp. 243.
341. Some of these criticisms of Highlander can be found in Aldon Morris, "Introduction: Education for Liberation", Social Policy 21, no. 3(Winter 1991):2-6.
342. Myles Horton, "An Interview with Myles Horton: It's a Miracle-I Still Don't Believe It", Phi Delta Kappan (May 1966):490-497, esp. 490.
343. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 157.
344. Myles Horton, "An Interview with Myles Horton: It's a Miracle-I Still Don't Believe It", Phi Delta Kappan (May 1966):490-497.
345. See especially Horton's discussion of the essential distinction between the educational approach used at Highlander and the organizing approach implemented by Saul Alinsky in Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), pp. 176-183.
346. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998)
347. Myles Horton, "A Circle of Learners", in The Myles Horton Reader: Education for Social Change, ed. Dale Jacobs (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003/1985).
348. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 150.
349. Quoted in Carl Tjerandsen, Education for Citizenship: A Foundation's Experience (Santa Cruz, California: Emil Schwarzhaupt Foundation, 1980), p. 166.
350. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 160.
351. Paolo Freire, Pedagogy of the Oppressed (New York: Continuum, 2000/1970).
352. "Rough Notes" (Myles Horton Papers: Box 11, Folder 2, n. d.).
353. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), pp. 131-132.
354. Myles Horton, Notes (Horton Papers: Box 11, File 1, n. d.).
355. Myles Horton and Paulo Freire, We Make the Road by Walking: Conversations on Education and Social Change (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990), pp. 99-100.
356. "Notes on What Is a Workshop and How to Plan It" (Horton Papers: Box 11, Folder 1, n. d.).
357. This process is described in Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998).
358. Myles Horton, "An Interview with Myles Horton: It's a Miracle-I Still Don't Believe It", Phi Delta Kappan (May 1966):490-497.
359. Myles Horton, Notes (Horton Papers: Box 11, File 1, n. d.).
360. "Notes on Highlander Methods" (Highlander Papers: Box 11, Folder 1, n. d.).
361. "Notes on Highlander Methods" (Highlander Papers: Box 11, Folder 1, n. d.).
362. Vicki K. Carter, "The Singing Heart of Highlander Folk School", in New Horizons in Adult Education 8, no. 2 (Spring 1994).
363. Guy Carawan and Candie Carawan, "I'm Gonna Let It Shine: Singing at Highlander", Social Policy 21, no. 3(Winter, 1991):44-47.
364. Frank Adams, Unearthing Seeds of Fire: The Idea of Highlander (Winston-Salem, North Carolina: John F. Blair, 1975);
365. Cynthia Stokes Brown, ed., Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1990);
366. John Glen, Highlander: No Ordinary School (Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1996);
367. Aimee Horton, The Highlander Folk School: A History of its Major Programs, 1932-1961 (Brooklyn: Carlson Publishing, 1989);
368. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998);
369. especially Carl Tjerandsen, Education for Citizenship: A Foundation's Experience (Santa Cruz, California: Emil Schwarzhaupt Foundation, 1980).
370. Quoted in Cynthia Stokes Brown, ed., Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1990), p. 46.
371. Quoted in Carl Tjerandsen, Education for Citizenship: A Foundation's Experience (Santa Cruz, California: Emil Schwarzhaupt Foundation, 1980), pp. 151-152.
372. Carl Tjerandsen, Education for Citizenship: A Foundation's Experience (Santa Cruz, California: Emil Schwarzhaupt Foundation, 1980).
373. Quoted in Cynthia Stokes Brown, ed., Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1990), p. 45.
374. Cynthia Stokes Brown, ed., Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1990), p. 45.
375. Quoted in Cynthia Stokes Brown, ed., Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1990), p. 49.
376. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 101.
377. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 102.
378. Quoted in Cynthia Stokes Brown, ed., Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1990), p. 49.
379. Myles Horton, "Staff Memo" (Highlander Papers: Box 96, September 8, 1969).
380. Bernice Robinson quoted in Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 103.
381. Aimee Horton, "A Workshop for Volunteer Teachers in the Citizenship Education Program of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference", in An Analysis on Selected Programs for the Training of Civil Rights and Community Leaders in the South (Horton Papers: Box 10, Folder 9, 1965)
382. Cynthia Stokes Brown, ed., Ready from Within: Septima Clark and the Civil Rights Movement (Trenton, New Jersey: Africa World Press, 1990).
383. Quoted in Aimee Horton, "A Workshop for Volunteer Teachers in the Citizenship Education Program of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference", in An Analysis on Selected Programs for the Training of Civil Rights and Community Leaders in the South (Horton Papers: Box 10, Folder 9, 1965), p. 97.
384. "Progress Report on the Citizenship School Program" (Highlander Papers: Box 38, January 27, 1961).
385. Carl Tjerandsen, Education for Citizenship: A Foundation's Experience (Santa Cruz, California: Emil Schwarzhaupt Foundation, 1980).
386. Septima Clark, "Letter to Myles Horton" (Highlander Papers: Box 38, Folder 2, 1960).
387. "Training Leaders for Citizenship Schools" (Highlander Papers: Box 38, n. d.).
388. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), pp. 138-139.
389. Charles M. Payne, I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995).
390. Septima Clark, "Southern Christian Leadership Conference Education Program (Horton Papers: Box 10, Folder 9, May 14, 1965).
391. Quoted in Carl Tjerandsen, Education for Citizenship: A Foundation's Experience (Santa Cruz, California: Emil Schwarzhaupt Foundation, 1980), pp. 180-181.
392. Harry C. Boyte and Nan Kari, Building America: The Democratic Promise of Public Work (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996).
393. Dorothy Cotton quoted in Harry C. Boyte and Nan Kari, Building America: The Democratic Promise of Public Work (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996), pp. 142-143.
394. Carl Tjerandsen, Education for Citizenship: A Foundation's Experience (Santa Cruz, California: Emil Schwarzhaupt Foundation, 1980), p. 201.
395. The similarities between the settlement house movement and civil rights movement are described by Harry C. Boyte and Nan Kari, Building America: The Democratic Promise of Public Work (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996).
396. Minnesota Public Radio, July 30, 2004.
397. Nan Kari, personal interview with author, July 27, 2004.
398. Nan Skelton et al., A Community Alive with Learning: The Story of the West Side Neighborhood Learning Community 2001-2005 (Minneapolis: Center for Democracy and Citizenship, 2006). This chapter draws on this helpful report that outlines the lessons of the Neighborhood Learning Community.
399. Nan Skelton et al., A Community Alive with Learning: The Story of the West Side Neighborhood Learning Community 2001-2005 (Minneapolis: Center for Democracy and Citizenship, 2006).
400. The term "culture of learning" was adapted by the Neighborhood Learning Community from the educational efforts of Jerome Stein, who coined the term to describe his experiences with the Prospect Park neighborhood of Minneapolis and the larger Learning Dreams initiative. See Jerome Stein, "A Community Model of Dropout Prevention-Revisited", Community Education Journal, no. 21(1994):18-20.
401. Nan Skelton et al., A Community Alive with Learning: The Story of the West Side Neighborhood Learning Community 2001-2005 (Minneapolis: Center for Democracy and Citizenship, 2006), p. 7.
402. Nan Kari, personal interview with author, July 27, 2004.
403. Nan Skelton, personal interview with author, August 6, 2004.
404. The earlier history of West Side draws on "Those Were the Days", a chapter from Harry Boyte, Community Is Possible: Repairing America's Roots (New York: Harper & Row, 1984).
405. Quoted in Harry Boyte, Community Is Possible: Repairing America's Roots (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), p. 66.
406. Aleida Benitez, personal interview with author, May 29, 2006.
407. Neighborhood Learning Community Implementation Grant to Wallace Foundation (Center for Democracy and Citizenship: University of Minnesota, 2001).
408. John Wallace, personal interview with author, May 27, 1998.
409. Harry C. Boyte and Nan Kari, Building America: The Democratic Promise of Public Work (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996).
410. Canon Barnett and Henrietta Barnett, Towards Social Reform (New York: Macmillan, 1909), p. 286.
411. Nan Skelton, personal interview with author, August 6, 2004.
412. John Wallace, personal interview with author, May 27, 1998.
413. Nan Skelton, personal interview with author, August 6, 2004.
414. Nan Skelton with Nicholas V. Longo and Jennifer O'Donoghue", Jane Addams School for Democracy", in Creating the Commonwealth, ed. Harry Boyte (Dayton: Kettering Foundation, 2000).
415. See, for example, Harry C. Boyte' s chapter "The Jane Addams School for Democracy" in Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004);
416. John Wallace, "The Problem of Time: Enabling Students to Make Long-Term Commitments to Community-Based Learning", Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning 7(2000):133-142;
417. Nicholas V. Longo, Evaluation of Jane Addams School (Minneapolis: Center for Urban and Regional Affairs and Center for Democracy and Citizenship, 1998);
418. Nan Skelton with Nicholas V. Longo and Jennifer O'Donoghue, "Jane Addams School for Democracy", in Creating the Commonwealth, ed. Harry Boyte (Dayton: Kettering Foundation, 2000);
419. eds. Nan Skelton and Nan Kari, Voices of Hope: The Story of the Jane Addams School for Democracy (Dayton: Kettering Foundation, 2007).
420. Terri Wilson, personal interview with author, August, 1998
421. Terri Wilson, "A Call to Vocation", in eds. Nan Skelton and Nan Kari, Voices of Hope: the Story of the Jane Addams School for Democracy (Dayton: Kettering Foundation, 2007).
422. Koua Yang Her, personal interview with author, August 3, 1998.
423. Nan Skelton, personal interview with author, August 6, 2004.
424. Kari Denissen, personal interview with author, July 27, 2004.
425. Elona Street Stewart, personal interview with author, August 5, 2004.
426. Jerome Stein, "Youth Development in Context: Education in the Community", in The University and the Community: Renewing the Relationship, eds. Jerome Stein and Nicholas V. Longo (Minneapolis: Center for 4-H Youth Development, University of Minnesota, 2001), p. 10.
427. John Dewey, The School and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990/1899).
428. Anne T. Henderson and Karen L. Mapp, A New Wave of Evidence: The Impact of School, Family, and Community Connections on Student Achievement (Austin: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory, 2002).
429. Lawrence Steinberg, Beyond the Classroom: Why School Reform Has Failed and What Parents Need to Do (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996), p. 194.
430. Susan L. Dauber and Joyce Epstein, "Parent Attitudes and Practices of Involvement in Inner-City Elementary and Middle Schools", in Families and Schools in a Pluralistic Society, ed. Nancy Charkin (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1993), pp. 53-71;
431. Anne T. Henderson and Nancy Berla, A New Generation of Evidence: The Family Is Critical to Student Achievement (Columbia: National Committee for Citizens in Education, 1994).
432. Jerome Stein, J. "A Community Model of Dropout Prevention- Revisited", Community Education Journal, no. 21(1994):18-20.
433. Dennis Shirley, Community Organizing for Urban School Reform (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997), p. 72.
434. Personal interview with author, July 30, 2004.
435. Lawrence Cremin, The Transformation of the School: Progressive Education in American Education 1876-1957 (New York: Vintage Books, 1961)
436. John I. Goodlad, In Praise of Education (New York: Teachers College Press, 1997).
437. Harry C. Boyte, Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004).
438. Mary Margaret Sullivan, personal interview with author, August 2, 2004.
439. Bob Cudahy, personal interview with author, August 4, 2004.
440. Quoted in Nan Skelton et al., A Community Alive with Learning: The Story of the West Side Neighborhood Learning Community 2001-2005 (Minneapolis: Center for Democracy and Citizenship, 2006), p. 20.
441. The Civic Mission of Schools (New York: Carnegie Corporation and Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2003);
442. Scott Keeter et al., The Civic and Political Health of the Nation: A Generational Portrait (College Park, Maryland: Center for Information and Research on Civic Learning and Engagement, 2002);
443. William Galston, "Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education", Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001) 217-234.
444. Aleida Benitez, personal interview with author, October 25, 2004.
445. Chao Moua quote from panel discussion at West Side Conference, May 1, 2006, and Nan Skelton et al., A Community Alive with Learning: The Story of the West Side Neighborhood Learning Community 2001-2005 (Minneapolis: Center for Democracy and Citizenship, 2006).
446. Nan Skelton et al., A Community Alive with Learning: The Story of the West Side Neighborhood Learning Community 2001-2005 (Minneapolis: Center for Democracy and Citizenship, 2006).
447. Nan Kari, personal interview with author, July 27, 2004.
448. Kari Denissen, personal interview with author, July 27, 2004.
449. Quoted in Nan Skelton et al., A Community Alive with Learning: The Story of the West Side Neighborhood Learning Community 2001-2005 (Minneapolis: Center for Democracy and Citizenship, 2006).
450. Elona Street Stewart, personal interview with author, August 5, 2004.
451. Harry C. Boyte, Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004), p. xi.
452. Personal interview with author, July 27, 2004.
453. Nan Kari, personal interview with author, July 27, 2004.
454. Nan Skelton et al., A Community Alive with Learning: The Story of the West Side Neighborhood Learning Community 2001-2005 (Minneapolis: Center for Democracy and Citizenship, 2006).
455. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Boston: Back Bay Books, 2000).
456. Kari Denissen, personal interview with author, July 27, 2004.
457. Personal interview with author, August 2, 2004.
458. Harry C. Boyte, Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004), p. 85.
459. Harry C. Boyte, Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004);
460. Tom Webb, "Project Is Democracy in Action" Pioneer Press, February 1, 2004, C1.
461. Tom Webb, "Project Is Democracy in Action", Pioneer Press, February 1, 2004, p. 4C.
462. Personal interview with author, July 30, 2004.
463. Deborah Meier, In Schools We Trust: Creating Communities of Learning in an Era of Testing and Standization (Boston: Beacon Press, 2002).
464. Personal interview with author, July 26, 2004;
465. personal interview with author, July 30, 2004.
466. Nan Kari, personal interview with author, January 5, 2005.
467. Epigraph from Lisbeth Schorr, Common Purpose: Strengthening Families and Neighborhoods to Rebuild America (New York: Anchor Books, 1997), p. 12.
468. Harry C. Boyte and Nan Kari describe "public work" in Building America: The Democratic Promise of Public Work (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996);
469. Lisbeth Schorr details "new practitioners" in Common Purpose: Strengthening Families and Neighborhoods to Rebuild America (New York: Anchor Books, 1997);
470. Jerome Stein uses "community builders" in "Community Youth Development: New Challenges for a New Century", The Center: University of Minnesota Extension Service (Fall 2000):18-23;
471. Malcolm Gladwell examines "community connectors" in The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Boston: Back Bay Books, 2000).
472. Donald Schön, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action (New York: Basic Books, 1983)
473. Donald Schön, Educating the Reflective Practitioner: Toward a New Design for Teaching and Learning in the Professions (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987).
474. Tony Jeffs and Mark Smith, Informal Education: Conversation, Democracy, and Learning (London: Education Now Publishing, 1999).
475. Donald Schön, The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action (New York: Basic Books, 1983), p. 19.
476. Donald Schön, Educating the Reflective Practitioner: Toward a New Design for Teaching and Learning in the Professions (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1987), p. 5.
477. Jerome Stein, "Community Youth Development: New Challenges for a New Century, The Center: University of Minnesota Extension Service (Fall 2000):18-23, esp. 22.
478. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Boston: Back Bay Books, 2000), p. 54.
479. Malcolm Gladwell, "Six Degrees of Lois Weisberg", The New Yorker, January 11, 1999.
480. Malcolm Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (Boston: Back Bay Books, 2000), pp. 36-37.
481. The definition of informal education comes from Tony Jeffs and Mark Smith, Informal Education: Conversation, Democracy, and Learning (London: Education Now Publishing, 1999), p. 19.
482. Leonard Covello, "The School as the Center of Community Life in an Immigrant Area", in The Community School, ed. Samuel Everett (New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, 1938), p. 127.
483. Kari Denissen, personal interview with author, July 27, 2004.
484. Jerome Stein, "Youth Development in Context: Education in the Community", in The University and the Community: Renewing the Relationship, eds. Jerome Stein and Nicholas V. Longo (Minneapolis: Center for 4-H Youth Development, University of Minnesota, 2001), p. 11.
485. Personal interview with author, July 28, 2004.
486. James Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998).
487. John Kretzmann and John McKnight, Building Communities from the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing a Community's Assets (Chicago: ACTA Publications, 1993)
488. also John McKnight, The Careless Society: Community and Its Counterfeits (New York: Basic Books, 1995).
489. For an overview of the Center for Democracy and Citizenship's work, see www.publicwork.org.
490. Mark Smith, Local Education: Community, Conversation, Praxis (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1994), p. 7.
491. "Being local" is both a tool and a mindset as described by Jerome Stein and others. See Advancing Youth Development: A Community Approach [TC Best Facilitator's Guide] (Minneapolis: Center for 4-H Youth Development, 2000)
492. Mark Smith, Local Education: Community, Conversation, Praxis (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1994).
493. Mark Smith, Local Education: Community, Conversation, Praxis (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1994), p. 15.
494. Advancing Youth Development: A Community Approach [TC Best Facilitator's Guide] (Minneapolis: Center for 4-H Youth Development, 2000), p. 58.
495. Mark Smith, Local Education: Community, Conversation, Praxis (Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1994), pp. 92-93.
496. Robert Scott, "A Student Again: Leading from Within", The Chronicle of Higher Education, January 18, 2002.
497. Charles M. Payne, I've Got the Light of Freedom: The Organizing Tradition and the Mississippi Freedom Struggle (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1995), p. 75.
498. Epigraph from Theodore Sizer, The Red Pencil: Convictions from Experience in Education (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004), p. 24.
499. Yvonna Lincoln and Norman Denzin, "The Fifth Moment", in Handbook of Qualitative Research, eds. Norman Denzin and Yvonna Lincoln (London: Sage Publications, 1994), p. 584.
500. Harry C. Boyte, "A Different Kind of Politics: John Dewey and the Meaning of Citizenship in the 21st Century", speech presented at the University of Michigan, November 1, 2002.
501. Lisbeth Schorr, Common Purpose: Strengthening Families and Neighborhoods to Rebuild America (New York: Anchor Books, 1997).
502. Ira Harkavy and Marty Blank, "Community Schools: A Vision of Learning that Goes Beyond Testing", Education Week, April 17, 2002, p. 22.
503. Robert Halpern Rebuilding the Inner City: A History of Neighborhood Initiatives to Address Poverty in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1995), p. 5.
504. New York Times, "Jane Addams", May 22, 1935.
505. Comprehensive, relational, and public education, as described in chapter one, comes from Lawrence Cremin, Public Education (New York: Basic Books, 1976).
506. Jane Addams, "The Objective Value of a Social Settlement", in The Social Thought of Jane Addams, ed. Christopher Lasch (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1965/1892).
507. Jane Addams, Democracy and Social Ethics (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002/1902).
508. Jane Addams, The Long Road of Woman's Memory (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002/1916).
509. Jane Addams, Democracy and Social Ethics (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2002/1902).
510. Nan Kari, quoted in Harry Boyle, Everyday Politics (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004), p. 112.
511. Septima Clark, "Letter to Myles Horton" (Highlander Papers: Box 38, Folder 2, 1960).
512. This, of course, took place prior to the professionalization of social work, a development Addams fought. See Christopher Lasch, Revolt of the Elites (New York: Norton, 1995)
513. Andrew Polsky The Rise of the Therapeutic State (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991).
514. James C. Scott, Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998)
515. Anne Fadiman, The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1997).
516. John Wallace, personal interview with author, May 27, 1998.
517. Nan Skelton, quoted in Harry C. Boyte, Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004), p. 105.
518. Personal interview with author, August 5, 2004.
519. Quoted in Harry C. Boyte, Everyday Politics: Reconnecting Citizens and Public Life (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2004), p. 99.
520. Quoted in Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 103.
521. Jane Addams, "The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements", in The Jane Addams Reader, ed. Jean Bethke Elshtain (New York: Basic Books, 2002/1893), p. 14.
522. Myles Horton with Judith Kohl and Herbert Kohl, The Long Haul: An Autobiography (New York: Teacher's College Press, 1998), p. 157.
523. Jane Addams, "The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements", in The Jane Addams Reader, ed. Jean Bethke Elshtain (New York: Basic Books, 2002/1893), p. 26.
524. Ira Harkavy, "Governance and the Connection Between Community, Higher Education, and Schools", in Gathering Momentum: Building the Learning Connection Between Schools and Colleges (proceedings of the Learning Connections Conference, Kansas City, Missouri, April 2002):20-29.
525. To get a sense of the complexity of school reform, see Seymour Sarason, The Predictable Failure of Educational Reform: Can We Change Course Before It's Too Late? (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1990).
526. Renewing the Covenant: Learning, Discovery and Engagement in a New Age and a Different World (Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant Universities, 2000), p. 24.
527. The service scholarship programs at Bentley College, DePaul University, and IUPUI are described in chapters in Edward Zlotkowski, Nicholas V. Longo, and James Williams, eds., Students as Colleagues: Expanding the Circle of Service-Learning Leadership (Providence: Campus Compact, 2006).