The role of the school in children's out-of-school time

Future of Children

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 117-134

  Dryfoos, Joy G ^a  

^a Independent Researcher and Writer   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; CHILD; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COMMUNITY CARE; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; EDUCATION PROGRAM; FEEDING; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; REVIEW; SCHOOL;

EID: 0033506487     PISSN: 10548289     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1602710     Document Type: Review

References (51)

1. In this article, the term "after-school programs" is used to refer to programs that operate outside traditional school hours - including programs before school, in the evenings, or during vacation periods.
2. Seppanen, P., deVries, D., and Seligson, M. National study of before-and after-school programs. Washington, DC: Office of Policy and Planning, U.S. Department of Education, 1993. See p. 2 for a history of after-school programs.
3. See note no. 2, Seppanen, deVries, and Seligson. These projections were based on data gathered from programs for 5-to 13-year-olds using a representative sample of 1,300 identified sites.
4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration. Current population survey, March 1996. In Child Health USA '96-'97. Washington, DC: U.S. DHHS, HRSA, September 1997, p. 13.
5. Seligson, M., Gannett, E., and Cotlin, L. Before-and after-school child care for elementary school children. In Yearbook in early childhood education. Vol. 3. B. Spodek and O. Saracho, eds. New York: Teachers College Press, 1992, pp. 125-42.
6. U.S. Department of Education, Partnership for Family Involvement in Education. Family involvement in education: A snapshot of out-of-school time. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, 1998.
7. The National Education Goals Panel. Report 1995. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1996.
8. Some 64% of eighth graders in urban schools and 42% in nonurban districts attend schools where school officials say lack of parent involvement is a moderate or serious problem. Olsen, L., and Jerald, C. School climate. Education Week, Quality Counts '98 (January 8, 1998) 27:18.
9. In the final four years of secondary school, U.S. students receive an estimated 1,460 hours of core academic instruction while students in Japan receive 3,170, students in France receive 3,280, and students in Germany receive 3,528. National Education Commission on Time and Learning. Prisoners of time. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1994.
10. Dryfoos, J. Safe passage: Making it through adolescence in a risky society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
11. Henderson, A., and Champlin, S., eds. Promoting teen health: Linking schools, health organizations and community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1988. See pp. 58-77, 78-88, 132-50, 166-80.
12. Zill, N., Nord, C., and Loomis, L. Adolescent time use, risky behavior, and outcomes: An analysis of national data. Rockville, MD: Westat, September 11, 1995.
13. Edwards, P., and Biocchi, K. Community schools across America. Flint, MI: National Center for Community Education, 1996.
14. Ringer, J., and Decker, L. School community centers: Guidelines for interagency planners. Charlottesville, VA: Mid-Atlantic Center for Community Education, 1995.
15. National Center for Education Statistics. The condition of education, 1995. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education. See p. 122 for information about the Schools and Staffing Survey; see p. 126 for the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, Second Follow-up.
16. U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Justice. Safe and smart: Making after-school hours work for kids. Washington, DC, 1998. Available online at http://www.ed.gov/pubs/SafeandSmart/title.html.
17. National Center for Education Statistics. Issue brief. Schools serving family needs: Extended-day programs in public and private schools. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, February 1997. This school survey gives a rough measure of school effort but does not indicate what services were provided, or how.
18. See note no. 15, National Center for Education Statistics, p. 122, for a discussion of extended-day program growth between 1988 and 1994.
19. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary. Fact sheet: President Clinton announces new grants for after-school programs. Press release. November 12, 1998. Available online at http://www.ed.gov/PressReleases/11-1998/aftschool.html.
20. See note no. 15, National Center for Education Statistics, p. 122, for a discussion of high school seniors' participation in after-school programs.
21. See note no. 15, National Center for Education Statistics, p. 126.
22. Examples of formal extended-day programs mentioned in text are summarized in U.S. Department of Education, Partnership for Family Involvement in Education. Keeping schools open as community learning centers: Extending learning in a safe, drug-free environment before and after school. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, July 1997.
23. Chicago Public Schools. Innovations in American Government application, 1999. Available from Mayor Daley's Education Liaison Office.
24. The Local Collaboration for Children and Youth. Community collaboration for children and youth: A report from the 1996-1997 awards for excellence. Washington, DC: National Association of Counties, 1997, p. 39.
25. McLennon Youth Collaboration. Communities in school case management staff evaluation. Waco, TX: Lighted Schools, 1997.
26. Chicago Public Schools Office of Schools and Regions. The McPrep Lighthouse Program. Chicago: Chicago Public Schools, 1998.
27. Technical assistance for the expansion is provided by the Youth Development Institute of the Fund for the City of New York and the San Francisco Community Network for Youth Development.
28. Bridges to Success is being replicated in Central Falls, RI; Flint, MI; Greensboro and High Point, NC; Jacksonville, FL; Mesa, AZ; Missoula, MT; and Philadelphia. Technical assistance is provided by The Institute for Educational Leadership.
29. Interview with Michelle Cahill, Fund for the City of New York, April 5, 1998.
30. Cohen, D. Live and learn. Education Week (June 7, 1995) 14:29.
31. Emerging Coalition for Community Schools. An emerging vision for community schools. Washington, DC: Institute for Educational Leadership, March 1998.
32. Coltoff, P. Community schools: Educational reform and partnership with our nation's social service agencies. Washington, DC: Child Welfare League of America Press, 1998, p. 15.
33. The Settlement House in a School model is being replicated in Boston, Salt Lake City, and Long Beach, CA; and in five schools in St. Paul, MN. Replication plans are under way in 12 other cities.
34. Such community/school partnerships have been launched by the University of Pennsylvania, the University of Alabama in Birmingham, Miami University in Ohio, and the University of Kentucky in Lexington.
35. Center for Community Partnerships, University of Pennsylvania. Interview with Joann Weekes, February 14, 1998.
36. Finn-Stevenson, M., and Stern, B. CoZi: Linking early childhood and family support services. Principal (May 1996) 6.
37. When the Beacons were first announced in New York City in 1991, many principals resisted the idea of outsiders in the school, but as Michele Cahill of the Fund for the City of New York recendy observed, "Now, no one doesn't [sic] want a Beacon." After the announcement about the 21st Century Community Learning Centers grants by the U.S. Department of Education, queries came in from more than 10,000 public schools (out of 85,000 eligible) and 2,400 applications were submitted in March 1998.
38. Buses run according to schedules and contracts that usually follow the patterns of school openings and closings. Transportation may therefore be an issue, although schedules can often be modified to accommodate after-school programs. Approximately 58% of public school students are currently bused to school, reports the U.S. Department of Education, in the Digest of Educational Statistics, 1997, Table 51, 1997. Available online at http://www.nces.ed.gov/pubs/digest97.
39. See note no. 14, Ringer and Decker, p. 8.
40. U.S. Department of Justice. Beacons of hope: New York City's school-based community centers. National Institute of Justice program focus. Washington, DC: Office of Justice Programs, January 1996, quote on p. 7.
41. Committee for Economic Development. Putting learning first: Governing and managing the schools for high achievement. New York: Committee for Economic Development, 1994.
42. Seligson, M. School-age child care comes of age. Child Care Action News (January-February 1997) 14,1.
43. See note no. 10, Dryfoos, chapter 8.
44. See note no. 10, Dryfoos, pp. 151-52 for a discussion of training programs involving education, social work, nursing, public health, and community medicine.
45. Schwartz, W. After-school programs for urban youth. ERIC/Clearinghouse on Urban Education Digest (October 1996) 114.
46. Teachers' union contracts typically limit the amount of time that teachers can stay in school (around seven hours), but most allow teachers to work additional hours outside of the contract if they receive a stipend.
47. Roman, J. The NSACA standards for quality school-age care Boston, MA: The National School-Age Care Alliance, 1998.
48. Approximately 20% of families receive financial assistance and pay less than the full fee. Y-School age: Fast facts on YMCA school-age child care. See the YMCA of the USA Web site. Available online at http://www.ymca.net/b/1/1c.html.
49. Search Institute. Places to grow: Youth development opportunities for 7-to 14-year-olds in Minneapolis. Minneapolis: Search Institute, 1995.
50. The budget proposed by President Clinton for the year 2000 includes $600 million for the 21st Century Community Learning Centers, but it is not certain that this item will remain in the final budget.
51. The required three-to-one match can be made up of a mixture of public and private funds. The After-School Corporation. Interview with Lucy Freedman, president, February 3, 1999.