Statistical raman microscopy and atomic force microscopy on heterogeneous graphene obtained after reduction of graphene oxide

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 118, Issue 14, 2014, Pages 7698-7704

  Eigler, Siegfried ^a   Hof, Ferdinand ^a   Enzelberger Heim, Michael ^a   Grimm, Stefan ^a   Müller, Paul ^a   Hirsch, Andreas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ERLANGEN NUREMBERG   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; CARBON FILMS;

AFM IMAGE; CARBON FRAMEWORK; GRAPHENE FILMS; GRAPHENE OXIDES; RAMAN MICROSCOPY; RAMAN PEAK; STEP SIZE;

GRAPHENE;

EID: 84898463739     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/jp500580g     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Novoselov, K. S.; Fal'ko, V. I.; Colombo, L.; Gellert, P. R.; Schwab, M. G.; Kim, K. A Roadmap for Graphene Nature 2012, 490, 192-200
2. Chung, C.; Kim, Y. K.; Shin, D.; Ryoo, S. R.; Hong, B. H.; Min, D. H. Biomedical Applications of Graphene and Graphene Oxide Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 2211-2224
3. Mao, H. Y.; Laurent, S.; Chen, W.; Akhavan, O.; Imani, M.; Ashkarran, A. A.; Mahmoudi, M. Graphene: Promises, Facts, Opportunities, and Challenges in Nanomedicine Chem. Rev. 2013, 113, 3407-3424
4. Huang, Y.; Liang, J.; Chen, Y. An Overview of the Applications of Graphene-Based Materials in Supercapacitors Small 2012, 8, 1805-1834
5. Bae, S.; Kim, H.; Lee, Y.; Xu, X.; Park, J.-S.; Zheng, Y.; Balakrishnan, J.; Lei, T.; Kim, H. R.; Song, Y. I. Roll-to-Roll Production of 30-Inch Graphene Films for Transparent Electrodes Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 574-578
6. Hernandez, Y.; Nicolosi, V.; Lotya, M.; Blighe, F.; Sun, Z.; De, S.; McGovern, I. T.; Holland, B.; Byrne, M.; Gun'Ko, Y. High-Yield Production of Graphene by Liquid-Phase Exfoliation of Graphite Nat. Nanotechnol. 2008, 3, 563-568
7. Lotya, M.; Hernandez, Y.; King, P. J.; Smith, R. J.; Nicolosi, V.; Karlsson, L. S.; Blighe, F. M.; De, S.; Wang, Z.; McGovern, I. T. Liquid Phase Production of Graphene by Exfoliation of Graphite in Surfactant/Water Solutions J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 3611-3620
8. Bonaccorso, F.; Lombardo, A.; Hasan, T.; Sun, Z.; Colombo, L.; Ferrari, A. C. Production and Processing of Graphene and 2d Crystals Mater. Today 2012, 15, 564-589
9. Kozhemyakina, N. V.; Eigler, S.; Dinnebier, R. E.; Inayat, A.; Schwieger, W.; Hirsch, A. Effect of the Structure and Morphology of Natural, Synthetic and Post-processed Graphites on Their Dispersibility and Electronic Properties Fullerenes, Nanotubes, Carbon Nanostruct. 2013, 21, 804-823
10. Kozhemyakina, N. V.; Englert, J. M.; Yang, G.; Spiecker, E.; Schmidt, C. D.; Hauke, F.; Hirsch, A. Non-Covalent Chemistry of Graphene: Electronic Communication with Dendronized Perylene Bisimides Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 5483-5487
11. Lotya, M.; King, P. J.; Khan, U.; De, S.; Coleman, J. N. High-Concentration, Surfactant-Stabilized Graphene Dispersions ACS Nano 2010, 4, 3155-3162
12. Segal, M. Selling Graphene by the Ton Nat. Nanotechnol. 2009, 4, 612-614
13. William, S.; Hummers, J.; Offeman, R. E. Preparation of Graphitic Oxide J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 1339
14. Charpy, G. Lur Sar Formation de L'oxyde Graphitique et la Définition du Graphite C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci. 1909, 148, 920-923
15. Dreyer, D. R.; Park, S.; Bielawski, C. W.; Ruoff, R. S. The Chemistry of Graphene Oxide Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 228-240
16. Georgakilas, V.; Otyepka, M.; Bourlinos, A. B.; Chandra, V.; Kim, N.; Kemp, K. C.; Hobza, P.; Zboril, R.; Kim, K. S. Functionalization of Graphene: Covalent and Non-Covalent Approaches, Derivatives and Applications Chem. Rev. 2012, 112, 6156-6214
17. Eigler, S.; Dotzer, C.; Hof, F.; Bauer, W.; Hirsch, A. Sulfur Species in Graphene Oxide Chem.-Eur. J. 2013, 19, 9490-9496
18. 1H MAS NMR Studies of Graphite Oxide and Its Chemically Modified Derivatives Solid State Ionics 1997, 101-103, 857-862
19. 13C-labeled Graphite Oxide Science 2008, 321, 1815-1817
20. 13C Solid-State NMR and Ab Initio Chemical Shift Calculations J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 5672-5676
21. Dimiev, A.; Kosynkin, D. V.; Alemany, L. B.; Chaguine, P.; Tour, J. M. Pristine Graphite Oxide J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 2815-2822
22. Eigler, S.; Dotzer, C.; Hirsch, A. Visualization of Defect Densities in Reduced Graphene Oxide Carbon 2012, 50, 3666-3673
23. 2 Intercalated Graphene Oxide Chem. Mater. 2012, 24, 1276-1282
24. Eigler, S.; Enzelberger-Heim, M.; Grimm, S.; Hofmann, P.; Kroener, W.; Geworski, A.; Dotzer, C.; Rockert, M.; Xiao, J.; Papp, C. Wet Chemical Synthesis of Graphene Adv. Mater. 2013, 25, 3583-3587
25. Eigler, S.; Grimm, S.; Enzelberger-Heim, M.; Muller, P.; Hirsch, A. Graphene Oxide: Efficiency of Reducing Agents Chem. Commun. 2013, 49, 7391-7393
26. Dimiev, A. M.; Alemany, L. B.; Tour, J. M. Graphene Oxide. Origin of Acidity, Its Instability in Water, and a New Dynamic Structural Model ACS Nano 2013, 7, 576-588
27. Pei, S.; Cheng, H.-M. The Reduction of Graphene Oxide Carbon 2012, 50, 3210-3228
28. Dikin, D. A.; Stankovich, S.; Zimney, E. J.; Piner, R. D.; Dommett, G. H. B.; Evmenenko, G.; Nguyen, S. T.; Ruoff, R. S. Preparation and Characterization of Graphene Oxide Paper Nature 2007, 448, 457-460
29. Eigler, S.; Grimm, S.; Hof, F.; Hirsch, A. Graphene Oxide: A Stable Carbon Framework for Functionalization J. Mater. Chem. A 2013, 1, 11559-11562
30. Eigler, S.; Grimm, S.; Hirsch, A. Investigation of the Thermal Stability of the Carbon Framework of Graphene Oxide Chem.-Eur. J. 2014, 20, 984-989
31. Englert, J. M.; Vecera, P.; Knirsch, K. C.; Schafer, R. A.; Hauke, F.; Hirsch, A. Scanning-Raman-Microscopy for the Statistical Analysis of Covalently Functionalized Graphene ACS Nano 2013, 7, 5472-5482
32. Lucchese, M. M.; Stavale, F.; Ferreira, E. H. M.; Vilani, C.; Moutinho, M. V. O.; Capaz, R. B.; Achete, C. A.; Jorio, A. Quantifying Ion-Induced Defects and Raman Relaxation Length in Graphene Carbon 2010, 48, 1592-1597
33. Cançado, L. G.; Jorio, A.; Ferreira, E. H. M.; Stavale, F.; Achete, C. A.; Capaz, R. B.; Moutinho, M. V. O.; Lombardo, A.; Kulmala, T. S.; Ferrari, A. C. Quantifying Defects in Graphene via Raman Spectroscopy at Different Excitation Energies Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3190-3196
34. Cui, P.; Lee, J.; Hwang, E.; Lee, H. One-Pot Reduction of Graphene Oxide at Subzero Temperatures Chem. Commun. 2011, 47, 12370-12372
35. Chen, S.; Cai, W.; Piner, R. D.; Suk, J. W.; Wu, Y.; Ren, Y.; Kang, J.; Ruoff, R. S. Synthesis and Characterization of Large-Area Graphene and Graphite Films on Commercial Cu-Ni Alloy Foils Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 3519-3525
36. Lee, S.; Lee, K.; Zhong, Z. Wafer Scale Homogeneous Bilayer Graphene Films by Chemical Vapor Deposition Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 4702-4707
37. Chua, C. K.; Pumera, M. Chemical reduction of graphene oxide: a synthetic chemistry viewpoint Chem. Soc. Rev. 2014, 43, 291-312
38. Goossens, A. M.; Calado, V. E.; Barreiro, A.; Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Vandersypen, L. M. K. Mechanical Cleaning of Graphene Appl. Phys. Lett. 2012, 100, 073110
39. Gómez-Navarro, C.; Weitz, R. T.; Bittner, A. M.; Scolari, M.; Mews, A.; Burghard, M.; Kern, K. Electronic Transport Properties of Individual Chemically Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets Nano Lett. 2009, 9, 2206-2206
40. Eda, G.; Ball, J.; Mattevi, C.; Acik, M.; Artiglia, L.; Granozzi, G.; Chabal, Y.; Anthopoulos, T. D.; Chhowalla, M. Partially Oxidized Graphene as a Precursor to Graphene J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 11217-11223
41. Martins Ferreira, E. H.; Moutinho, M. V. O.; Stavale, F.; Lucchese, M. M.; Capaz, R. B.; Achete, C. A.; Jorio, A. Evolution of the Raman Spectra from Single-, Few-, and Many-Layer Graphene with Increasing Disorder Phys. Rev. B 2010, 82, 125429-125437