St Marys: The history of a London teaching hospital

St Marys: The History of a London Teaching Hospital

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 1-519

  Heaman, E A ^a  

^a MCGILL UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

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EID: 84898392014     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
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References (486)

1. On the Crystal Palace, Jeffrey Auerbach, The Great Exhibition of 1851: A Nation on Display (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999);
2. also the discussion in E.A. Heaman, The Inglorious Arts of Peace: Exhibitions in Canadian Society during the Nineteenth Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999).
3. Susan C. Lawrence, Charitable Knowledge: Hospitals, Pupils, and Practitioners in 18th-Century London (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
4. Quoted in W.F. Bynum, Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 105.
5. Leading social historians of mid-Victorian medicine have pointed out that the history of "medico-scientific activities" has yet to be written: see Jean M. Peterson, The Medical Profession in Mid-Victorian London (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 172;
6. Irvine Loudon, Medical Care and the General Practitioner, 1750-1850 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1986), 281.
7. Some more probing histories of medical schools outside London have recently been written: Mark Weatherall, Gentlemen, Scientists and Doctors: Medicine at Cambridge, 1800-1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)
8. Jack Morell, Science at Oxford: Transforming an Arts University (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997);
9. see also Lindsay Granshaw, St Mark's Hospital: A Social History of a Specialist Hospital (London: King Edward's Fund, 1985). As well, Steven Sturdy, Michael Barfoot, Christopher Lawrence, and Andrew Hull are producing studies of Scottish medical institutions.
10. Zachary Cope, The History of St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, or A Century of Medical Education (London: Heinemann, 1954).
11. For example, R.J. Minney, The Two Pillars of Charing Cross: The Story of a Famous Hospital (London: Cassell, 1967);
12. W.R. Merrington, University College Hospital and Its Medical School: A History (London: Heinemann, 1976);
13. Douglas Ranger, The Middlesex Hospital Medical School: Centenary to Sesquicentenary, 1935-1985 (London: Hutchinson Benham, 1985)
14. (the sequel to H. Campbell Thomson, The Story of the Middlesex Hospital Medical School (London: John Murray, 1935);
15. A.E. Clark-Kennedy, The London: A Study in the Voluntary Hospital System (London: Pitman, 1962);
16. Charles Cameron, Mr Guy's Hospital (London: Longman's, 1954);
17. Lindsay Granshaw, "St Thomas's Hospital, 1850-1900," (PIID thesis, Bryn Mawr, 1981).
18. Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Humanity: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present (London: HarperCollins, 1997), 198;
19. David Owen, English Philanthropy, 1660-1960 (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press, 1965).
20. Other studies include Günter B. Risse, Hospital Life in Enlightenment Scotland: Care and Teaching at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986);
21. John V. Pickstone, who observes that "Voluntary hospitals were, pre-eminently, community institutions," in Medicine and Industrial Society: A History of Hospital Development in Manchester and Its Region, 1752-1946 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985);
22. Mary E. Fissell, Patients, Power and the Poor in Eighteenth-Century Bristol (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991);
23. Hilary Marland, Medicine and Society in Wakefield and Huddersfteld, 1780-1870 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
24. F.H. Davies, Paddington in 1665, the Year of the Great Plague (London: J. Morton, 1874).
25. William Robins, Paddington Past and Present (London: Caxton, [1853]), 132.
26. V.A.C. Gattrell, The Hanging Tree: Execution and the English People, 1770-1868 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
27. Augustus Cove, The Tocsin Sounded (London: M. Jones, 1813; 2nd ed.);
28. see Stanley A. Holland, "Augustus Cove and the Grand Junction Canal Company," The Journal of the Friends Historical Society 58 (1997): 37-43.
29. Alan H. Faulkner, The Grand function Canal (Newton Abbot: David & Charles, 1972), 80;
30. John Hasseil (ed. John Cranfield), A Tour of the Grand Junction Canal in 1819 (London: Cranfield & Bonfiel, 1968).
31. Jack Simmons, The Victorian Railway (London: Thomas & Hudson, 1991), 39.
32. Robins, Paddington: Past and Present, 195.
33. Peter Thorold, The London Rich: The Creation of a Great City from 1666 to the Present (London: Viking, 1999), 202.
34. Graily Hewitt, The Sanitary Condition of Paddington (London: John Churchill, 1856).
35. Loftus Slade, Paddington As It Was and As It Is (London: West End Printing Works, 1877).
36. Parish of Paddington, Cash Account for the Year Ending April 1833 (London: William Davy, 1833), 17.
37. P.F. Aschrott, The English Poor Law System, Past and Present (London: Knight & Co., 1902);
38. William C. Lubenow, The Politics of Government Growth: Early Victorian Attitudes towards State Intervention, 1833-1848 (Newton Abbot: Archon Books, 1971), 48.
39. Norah H. Schuster, The Western General Dispensary, St Marylebone (London: St Marylebone Society, 1961).
40. Drainage and Sewerage (London: John Churchill, 1847). The association's treasurer was Joseph Toynbee, future aural surgeon to St Mary's and aspiring medical officer of health.
41. J. Burdon Sanderson, Paddington, Sanitary Report for the Year 1856 (n.p., n.d.), 11.
42. Charles Murchison, "Contributions to the Etiology of Continued Fever," Medico-Chirurgical Transactions, n.s. 23 (1858): 273-4.
43. Martin J. Wiener, Reconstructing the Criminal: Culture, Law, and Policy in England, 1830-1914 (Cambridge: University Press, 1990)
44. See also Mitchell Dean, The Constitution of Poverty: Toward a Genealogy of Liberal Governance (London: Routledge, 1991).
45. Joachim Schlor, Nights in the Big City, trans. P.G. Imhof and D.R. Roberts (London: Reaktion, 1998), 47.
46. Robins, Paddington Past and Present, 170.
47. Charman Edwards, Tall Pines in Paddington (London: Ward, Lock & Co., 1949), 7. He continues: "Paddington an idea! And when a man girds up his loins and is amove with the restlessness in him, by what physical bounds shall his idea be limited?"
48. T.T. Carter, Richard Temple West, A Record of His Life and Work (London: John Masters, 1895), 112. He was describing the 1860s.
49. Marshall Tweddell, Fourteen Years in a London Parish: A Memoir of St. Saviour's Paddington (London: Burt & Sons, 1897), 28-9.
50. William Acton, Prostitution Considered in Its Moral, Social & Sanitary Aspects, in London and Other Large Cities (London: John Churchill, 1857), 16.
51. William J.E. Bennett, A Sermon, Preached at the Opening of the Temporary Chapel, Preparatory to the Building of the Church of S. Mary Magdalene, Paddington on February 14th 1865 (London: J.T. Hayes, 1865), 5.
52. Society for the Promotion of Christian Knowledge, Original Family Sermons (London: John W. Parker, 1833) 5, 115-6.
53. See Richard Allen Soloway, Prelates and People: Ecclesiastical Social Thought in England, 1783-1852 (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969).
54. Gertrude Toynbee, ed., Reminiscences and Letters of Joseph and Arnold Toynbee (London: Henry J. Glaisher, n.d.), 38-9.
55. J. Hassell, Memoirs of the Life of the Late George Morland (London: James Cundell, 1806).
56. Association for the Improvement of London Workhouses, The Management of the Infirmaries of the Strand Union, the Rotherhithe and the Paddington Workhouses (London: For the Association, 1867), 47.
57. Ruth G. Hodgkinson, The Origins of the National Health Service: The Medical Services of the New Poor Law, 1834-1871 (London: Wellcome Historical Medical Library, 1967).
58. Weiner, Reconstructing the Criminal, 49.
59. Edward Sieveking, "On Dispensaries and Allied Institutions," in F.D. Maurice, ed., Lectures to Ladies on Practical Subjects (Cambridge: Macmillan, 1857; 3rd ed.), 97-8.
60. Gareth Stedman Jones, Outcast London: A Study in the Relationship between the Classes in Victorian Society (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), 249-50.
61. Virginia Berridge, "Health and Medicine," in F.M.L. Thompson, ed., Cambridge Social History of Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 204;
62. see the article by Frank Prochaska, "Philanthropy," in the same collection. 356-93.
63. Lancet (1858) 2: 13-14.
64. J.H. Gurney, An Address to the Inhabitants of St Mary's District, Marylebone (n.p., 1852), 22-3.
65. G. Elliott, Sermons on the Charitable Institutions of the District of Trinity, Marylebone (London: James Darling, 1847), 21-2.
66. Report from the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Metropolitan Hospitals, &c. (London: Hansard, 1890), 140.
67. See also Zachary Cope, The History of St Mary's Hospital Medical School, or, A Century of Medical Education (Toronto: Heinemann, 1954)
68. R.R. James, The School of Anatomy and Medicine adjoining St George's Hospital, 1830-1863 (London: George Pulman & Son, 1928).
69. Roy Porter, London: A Social History (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1994), 212.
70. Roger Fulford, Royal Dukes: Queen Victoria's Father and "Wicked Uncles" (1933; reprint, London: Pan Books, 1948), 317;
71. Frank Prochaska, Royal Bounty: The Making of a Welfare Monarchy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995), 25.
72. Charles E. Rosenberg, '"Inward Vision and Outward Glance': The Shaping of the American Hospital, 1880-1914," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 53 (1979): 485-506.
73. Karel Williams, From Pauperism to Poverty (London: Routledge, 1981), 132-5.
74. Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (London: Routledge, 1989).
75. Morris Vogel has remarked of American hospitals in this period that they were "undifferentiated welfare institutions" with little medical about them. See "The Transformation of the American Hospital, 1850-1920," in Susan Reverby and David Rosner, eds., Health Care in America: Essays in Social History (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1979), 105.
76. Stefan Collini, Public Moralists: Political Thought and Intellectual Life in Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991).
77. Cited in Brian Abel-Smith, The Hospitals, 1800-1948: A Study in Social Administration in England and Wales (London: Heinemann, 1964).
78. The term comes from Charles E. Rosenberg, "Florence Nightingale on Contagion: The Hospital As Moral Universe," in Charles Rosenberg, Explaining Epidemics and Other Studies in the History of Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
79. Lancet (1851) 2: 60-1.
80. BMJ (1859), 1047.
81. Lancet (1958) 1: 166.
82. BMJ (1873) 2.: 157.
83. Surgeon Walter Pye, addressing the incoming students, BMJ (1880) 2: 584-5.
84. T.K. Chambers, The Renewal of Life (London: John Churchill, 1862), 21.
85. SMHG 3 (1897): 82.
86. SMHG 3 (1897): 81-3.
87. Jean M. Peterson, The Medical Profession in Mid-Victorian London (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978).
88. Donald Winch, Adam Smith's Politics: An Essay in Historiographie Revision (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978);
89. J.W. Burrow, Whigs and Liberals: Continuity and Change in English Political Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 38.
90. S.E.D. Shortt, "Physicians, Science, and Status: Issues in the Professionaliza-tion of Anglo-American Medicine in the Nineteenth Century," Medical History 27 (1983): 63.
91. Ivan Waddington, The Medical Profession in the Industrial Revolution (Dublin: Gill & Macmillan, 1984), 19.
92. Geoffrey Rivett, The Development of the London Hospital System, 1823-1982 (London: King's Fund, 1986), 35.
93. Adrian Desmond, The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989), 112;
94. Jean M. Peterson, The Medical Profession in Mid-Victorian London (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978), 141-2.
95. Richard Drayton, Nature's Government: Science, Imperial Britain, and the Improvement of the World (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), 132, 197.
96. Edwin Lee, Hospital Elections and Medical Reform (London; John Churchill, 1848), 2-3.
97. Lorraine Daston, "Baconian Facts, Academic Civility, and the Prehistory of Objectivity," in Allan Megill, ed., Rethinking Objectivity (Durham: Duke University Press, 1994), 37-64;
98. Steven Shapin, A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-Century England (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995).
99. See the discussion in W.J. Reader, Professional Men: The Rise of the Professional Classes in Nineteenth-Century England (London: Weidenfeld & Nicol-son, 1966).
100. Lancet (1857) 2: 10.
101. Lancet (1845) 2: 76.
102. Lancet (1853) 1: 1-3.
103. Recent history of societies is scanty but see Jacqueline Jenkinson, Scottish Medical Societies 1731-1837: Their History and Record (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1993).
104. W.F. Bynum and Janice C. Wilson, "Periodical Knowledge: Medical Journals and Their Editors in Nineteenth-Century Britain," in W.F. Bynum, Stephen Lock, and Roy Porter, eds., Medical Journals and Medical Knowledge: Historical Essays (London: Routledge, 1992), 30.
105. See also the other articles in the collection, especially Jean Loudon and Irvine Loudon, "Medicine, Politics, and the Medical Periodical, 1800-1850," 49-69
106. Peter Bartrip, "The British Medical Journal: A Retrospect," 126-45.
107. Peter Bartrip, Themselves Writ Large: The British Medical Association, 1831-1966 (London: BM/, 1996), 12.
108. See also his Mirror of Medicine: A History of the British Medical Journal (Oxford: Clarendon and BMJ, 1990).
109. Norman Moore and Stephen Paget, The Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society of London Centenary, 1805-1905 (1905), 97.
110. Lancet (1860) 2: 334-5.
111. The phrase in quotation marks is from Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1991 ).
112. Sir Morrell Mackenzie told the Select Committee of the House of Lords that St Mary's was founded by doctors, with the help of benevolent lay persons. See Report from the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Metropolitan Hospitals, &c. (London: Hansard, 1890), 140.
113. See also Cope, The History of St Mary's Hospital Medical School (London: Heinemann, 1954)
114. R.R. James, The School of Anatomy and Medicine adjoining St George's Hospital, 1830-1863 (London: George Pulman & Sons, 1978).
115. SMHG 10 (1904): 78.
116. Lancet (1861) 2: 265.
117. Lindsay Granshaw, '"Fame and Fortune by Means of Bricks and Mortar': Specialist Hospitals in Britain, 1800-1948," in Lindsay Granshaw and Roy Porter, eds., The Hospital in History (London: Routledge, 1989): 199-220.
118. Lancet (1847) 1: 385.
119. SMHG 10 (1904), 79.
120. Lancet (1882) 2: 510.
121. SMHG 9 (1903), 2-6.
122. W.M. Ord, ed., Collected Works of Francis Sibson (London; Macmillan, 1881).
123. Bodleian Library, University of Oxford MS Acland d63; John Burdon Sanderson papers MS AD 179 at University College London Archives. See A.H.T. Robb-Smith, "Medical Education," in M.G. Brock and M.C. Curthays, eds., History of the University of Oxford in the Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997), vol 1, 563-82.
124. R. Scott Stevenson and Douglas Guthrie, A History of Oto-Laryngology (Edinburgh: E & S Livingstone, 1949), 65-7.
125. Ornella Moscucci, The Science of Woman: Gynaecology and Gender in England, 1800-1929 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 171-2.
126. BMJ (1859): 15-17.
127. On Marshall Hall, see Diana E. Manuel, Marshall Hall (1790-1837): Science and Medicine in Early Victorian Society (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996).
128. Lancet (1859) 1: 581-8.
129. Lancet (1857) 2: 624-6.
130. Baker Brown, On the Curability of Certain Forms of Insanity, Epilepsy, Catalepsy, and Hysteria in Females (London: Robert Hardwicke, 1866).
131. Lancet (1850) 1: 595-7.
132. Lancet (1856) 1: 426-7.
133. Lancet (1856) 1: 30.
134. Lancet (1847) 1: 321-3.
135. George Weisz, The Medical Mandarins: The French Academy of Medicine in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995);
136. John Harley Warner, The Therapeutic Perspective: Medical Practice, Knowledge, and Identity in America, 1820-1885 (1986; reprint, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997).
137. John Harley Warner, Against the Spirit of System: The French Impulse in Nineteenth-Century American Medicine (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998), 251.
138. John V. Pickstone, Ways of Knowing: A New History of Science, Technology and Medicine (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), 112.
139. On the distinction, see David Edgerton, ed., Industrial Research and Innovation in Business (Cheltenham: E. Elgar, 1996)
140. "From Innovation to Use: Ten Eclectic Theses on the Historiography of Technology," History and Technology 16 (1999): 111-36.
141. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1970; 2nd ed). Robert Anderson has argued that research only came to the Scottish universities in the late nineteenth century:
142. see Anderson, "Ideas of the University in Nineteenth-Century Scotland, Theory versus Reality," in Martin Hewitt, ed., Leeds Working Papers in Victorian Studies 1 (1998): 1-13.
143. Quoted in A. McGehee Harvey, Science at the Bedside: Clinical Research in American Medicine, 1905-1945 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981), xi.
144. Lancet (1860) 2: 185-6.
145. Miles Weatherall, "Drug Therapies," in W.E Bynum and Roy Porter, eds., Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine (London: Routledge, 1993), vol. 2, 921.
146. Lancet (1858) 2: 533-4, 562.
147. BMJ (1859) 1: 102-4
148. for example. On inhibition, see Roger Smith, Inhibition: History and Meaning in the Sciences of Mind and Brain (London: Free Association Books, 1992).
149. A. Forbes Sieveking, In Memoriam: Sir Edward Henry Sieveking, MD, LLD, FRCP, FSA (London: n.p., 1904).
150. Charles Handheld-Jones and Edward H. Sieveking, A Manual of Pathological Anatomy (London: John Churchill, 1854).
151. Neville M. Goodman, "Medical Attendance on Royalty: The Diaries of Dr. Edward Sieveking," in F.N.L. Poynter, ed., Medicine and Science in the 1860s (London: WIHM, 1968): 127-36.
152. Reviewing the second edition of Markham's manual, Lancet (1860) 2: 139.
153. See Terrie Romano, "Making Medicine Scientific: John Burdon Sanderson and the Culture of Victorian Science" (PIID dissertation, Yale University, 1993).
154. SMHG 5 (1899): 80-6.
155. On different kinds of physiology and physiologists, see Stephen Jacyna, "Theory of Medicine, Science of Life: The Place of Physiology in the Edinburgh Medical Curriculum, 1790-1870," in Vivian Nutton and Roy Porter, eds., The History of Medical Education in Britain (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1995), 141-52.
156. W.B. Cheadle, On the Principles and Exact Conditions to Be Observed in the Artificial Feeding of Infants (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1889); see the Cheadle papers at the Royal College of Physicians of London.
157. M.E. Broadbent, The Life of Sir William Broadbent (London: John Murray, 1909).
158. Christopher Lawrence, "Incommunicable Knowledge: Science, Technology and the Clinical Art in Britain, 1850-1914," Journal of Contemporary History 20 (1985): 503-20.
159. SMHG 13 (1907): 79-80.
160. SMHG 14 (1908): 13-14.
161. On Smith, see Carleton B. Chapman, "Edward Smith (1818-1874), Physiologist, Human Ecologist, Reformer," Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 22 (1967): 1-26.
162. BMJ (1857): 349-50; (1859): 600.
163. Jiirgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1989).
164. BMJ (1859): 600.
165. Lancet (1911) 1: 212.
166. Lancet (1845) 2: 380.
167. Thomas Neville Bonner, Becoming a Physician: Medical Education in Britain, France, Germany and the United States, 1750-1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 194.
168. Edward S. Crisp, The Examination of a Rejected Candidate at the Royal College of Physicians of London, December 21st 1848 (London: John Churchill, 1849).
169. SMHG 14 (1908): 68-73.
170. SMHG 46 (1935): 31-3.
171. J.B. Morrell, "The Chemist Breeders: The Research Schools of Liebig and Thomas Thomson," Ambix 21 (1972): 1-46
172. more generally, J.B. Morrell, Science, Culture and Politics in Britain, 1780-1820 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1997).
173. See also David Knight and Helge Kragh, eds., The Making of the Chemist: The Social History of Chemistry in Europe 1789-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
174. Russell Maulitz, Morbid Appearances: The Anatomy of Pathology in the Early Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
175. See Jacob W. Gruber, A Conscience in Conflict: The Life of St George Jackson Mivart (New York: Columbia University Press, 1960).
176. James Edgar Strick, "The British Spontaneous Generation Debates of 1860-1880: Medicine, Evolution, and Laboratory Science in the Victorian Context" (phD dissertation, Princeton University, 1997), 95. Cope seems to have his dates wrong.
177. SMHG 5 (1899): 133-4.
178. Lancet (1851) 2: 319.
179. SMHG 17 (1911): 19-25.
180. Past and Present League of Nurses Journal 8 (1971): 22-7.
181. Ruth Richardson, Death, Dissection, and the Destitute (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1988).
182. Robert Tyre, Saddlebag Surgeon: The Story of Murrough O'Brien, M.D. (Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1954).
183. SMGH 16 (1910): 62.
184. SMHG 15 (1909): 64-6.
185. SMHG 7 (1901): 83-5.
186. SMHG 14 (1908): 121.
187. BMJ (1878) 2: 522-3.
188. SMHG 9 (1903): 105.
189. BMJ (1871) 2: 409.
190. Zachary Cope, History of St Mary's Hospital Medical School (London: Heinemann, 1954).
191. See Thomas Keller, "Railway Spine Revisited: Traumatic Neurosis or Neurotrauma?" journal of the History of Medicine 50 (1995): 507-25
192. Erich Michael Caplan, "Trains, Brains, and Sprains: Railway Spine and the Origins of Psychoneurosis," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 69 (1995): 387-419.
193. SMHG 7 (1901): 65-6.
194. SMHG 9 (1903): 154-5.
195. Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, eds., The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992).
196. Patricia Helen Bracegirdle, "The Establishment of Histology in the Curriculum of the London Medical Schools, 1826-1886" (phD dissertation, University of London, 1996).
197. See also Gerald L. Geison, "Social and Institutional Factors in the Stagnancy of English Physiology, 1840-18 70," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 46 (1972): 30-58;
198. W.F. Bynum, Science and the Practice of Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 114.
199. W.J. O'Connor, British Physiologists, 1885-1914: A Biographical Dictionary (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1991), 201.
200. Previously it had met only at Oxford, Cambridge, UCL and King's College London. See also Sharpey-Schafer, ed., The History of the Physiological Society during Its First Fifty Years, 1876-1926 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1927).
201. J. Burnett, "The Origins of the Electrocardiograph As a Clinical Instrument," in W.F. Bynum, C.J. Lawrence, and V. Nutton, eds., The Emergence of Modern Cardiology (London: Wellcome Institute, 1985): 53-76;
202. also Robert G. Frank, "The Telltale Heart: Physiological Instruments, Graphic Methods, and Clinical Hopes, 1854-1914," in William Coleman and Frederic L. Holmes, eds., The Investigative Enterprise: Experimental Physiology in 19th-century Medicine (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988), 211-90.
203. See John E. Senior, "Rationalising Electrotherapy in Neurology, 1860-1920" (phD dissertation, Oxford University, 1994).
204. A.H. Sykes, "A.D. Waller and the University of London Physiological Laboratory," Medical History 33 (1989): 217-34.
205. On the place of games in the Victorian university, see Andrew Warwick, "Exercising the Student Body: Mathematics and Athleticism in Victorian Cambridge," in Christopher Lawrence and Steven Shapin, eds., Science Incarnate: Historical Embodiments of Natural Knowledge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998), 288-326.
206. BMJ (1868) 2: 374-5.
207. SMHG 3 (1897): 76.
208. SMHG 5 (1899): 143-5.
209. SMHG 6 (1900): 30.
210. SMHG 2 (1896): 39-41.
211. SMHG 4 (1898): 106-8.
212. W.W. Sargant, The Unquiet Mind (London: Heinemann, 1967), 21.
213. T.S. Eliot, Notes towards the Definition of Culture (London: Faber and Faber, 1948), 47.
214. Philip Mason, The English Gentleman: The Rise and Fall of an Ideal (London: Deutsch, 1982).
215. On liminality, see Victor Turner, "Variations on a Theme of Liminality," in Sally F. Moore and Barbara G. Meyerhoff, eds., Secular Ritual (Amsterdam: VanGoram, 1977), 37-9.
216. SMHG 3 (1897): 65-6.
217. Ralph Williams, A Plea for the Church in Our New Parish (London: R.D. Dickenson, 1893).
218. Charles Booth, ed., Life and Labour of the People in London (London: Macmillan, 1892-97).
219. Jerry White, The Worst Street in North London: Campbell Bunk, Islington, between the Wars (London: Routledge 8c Kegan Paul, 1986), 48-9.
220. W.M. Blandford, The Story of a Church in a Potato Shop (London: Spottis-woode, 1889), 9.
221. Paul Lindsay, The Synagogues of London (London: Vallentine Mitchell, 1993).
222. Helen Bousanquet, Social Work in London, 1869-1912 (1914; reprint, Brighton: Houghton Press, 1973), 5, 43. The papers are held by the London Metropolitan Archives, A FWA KW A 5/1.
223. Anne Hardy, The Epidemic Streets: Infectious Disease and the Rise of Preventive Medicine, 1856-1900 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993)
224. Health and Medicine in Britain since 1860 (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001).
225. Sandra den Otter, British Idealism and Social Explanation: A Study in Late Victorian Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996)
226. Michael Freeden, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986; 2nd ed.);
227. Stephan Collini, Liberalism and Sociology: L.T. Hobhouse and Political Argument in England, 1880-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979).
228. Jose Harris, Private Lives, Public Spirit: Britain, 1870-1914 (London: Penguin, 1993);
229. John Davis, "The Progressive Council, 1889-1907," in Andrew Saint, ed., Politics and the People of London: The London County Council, 1889-1965 (London: Hambledon Press, 1989), 27-48;
230. James Gillespie, "Mu-nicipalism, Monopoly and Management: The Decline of 'Socialism in One County,' 1918-1933," in Saint, Politics and the People of London, 103-26;
231. Ross McKibbin, The Evolution of the Labour Party, 1910-1914 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), xv.
232. Sir James Marchant, Dr John Clifford, CH., Life, Letters, and Reminiscences (London: Cassell, 1924), 180-1.
233. A.M. McBriar, An Edwardian Mixed Doubles: The Bosanquets versus the Webbs: A Study in British Social Policy, 1890-1929 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987).
234. Keir Waddington, "Unsuitable Cases: The Debate over Out-Patient Admissions, the Medical Profession, and Late Victorian Hospitals," Medical History 42 (1998): 26-46.
235. Keir Waddington, "Bastard Benevolence: Centralisation, Voluntarism and the Sunday Fund, 1873-1898," London Journal 19 (1994): 151-67.
236. Lancet (1870) 2: 457.
237. SMHG 8 (1902): 100-4.
238. Frank Prochaska, Philanthropy and the Hospitals of London: The King's Fund, 1897-1990 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).
239. SMHG 13 (1907): 14-15.
240. Report from the Select Committee of the House of Lords on Metropolitan Hospitals (London: Hansard, 1890), 245-7, 236-7.
241. Charles Rosenberg, The Care of Strangers: The Rise of America's Hospital System (New York: Basic Books, 1987).
242. Steve Sturdy and Roger Cooter, "Scientific Management and the Transformation of Medicine in Britain, c. 1870-1950," History of Science 36 (1998): 421-66;
243. Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine: The Rise of a Sovereign Profession and the Making of a Vast Industry (New York: Basic Books, 1982);
244. Harold Perkin, The Rise of Professional Society: England since 1880 (London: Routledge, 1989);
245. Keir Waddington, Charity and the London Hospitals 1850-1898 (Woodbridge: Boydell, 2000);
246. Steven Cherry, Medical Services and the Hospitals in Britain, 1860-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
247. Ida Mann, Ida and the Eye: A Woman in British Opthalmology (Tunbridge Wells: Parapress, 1996).
248. Michael Bliss, William Osier: A Life in Medicine (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999).
249. Lancet (1904) 2: 1123.
250. See Geoffrey Rivett, The Development of the London Hospital System, 1823-1982 (London: King's Fund, 1986).
251. Arthur Conan Doyle, Memories and Adventures (London: John Murray, 1924);
252. Sir Harold Morris, Back View (London: Peter Davies, 1960);
253. Daniel Stashower, Teller of Tales: The Life of Arthur Conan Doyle (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1999), 63.
254. Lancet (1894) 1: 1169-70;
255. E.H. Sieveking, On the Reform of the Out-Patient Department of the Hospitals (London: T. Richards, 1868).
256. SMHG 3 (1897): 5.
257. Geoffrey Rivett, The Development of the London Hospital System 1823-1982 (London, King's Fund, 1986), 178.
258. Judith Moore, A Zeal for Responsibility: The Struggle for Professional Nursing in Victorian England, 1868-1883 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988).
259. Zachary Cope, A Hundred Years of Nursing at St Mary's Hospital Paddington (London: Heinemann, 1955);
260. Cecil Woodham-Smith, Florence Nightingale (London: Constable, 1950).
261. Susan Reverby, Ordered to Care: The Dilemma of American Nursing, 1850-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
262. Association for the Improvement of London Workhouses, The Management of the Infirmaries ... (London: For the Association, 1867).
263. Mary E. Fissell, "The Disappearance of the Patient's Narrative and the Invention of Hospital Medicine," in Roger French and Andrew Wear, eds., British Medicine in an Age of Reform (London: Routledge, 1991), 92-109.
264. SMHG 3 (1897): 143-5.
265. SMHG 4 (1898): 46-7.
266. Arthur M. Silverstein, A History of Immunology (San Diego: Academic Press, 1989). See for example, an article in the SMHG 3 (1897): 99-101.
267. SMHG 2 (1896): 4-5.
268. SMHG 7 (1901): 9-10.
269. SMHG 10 (1904): 78.
270. Lancet (1903) 1: 1497-1500.
271. SMHG 5 (1899): 116-21.
272. Lancet (1902) 1: 429-31.
273. Lancet (1900) 2: 1136-7.
274. Lancet (1901) 1: 1260-5.
275. Lancet (1905) 1: 1352-3.
276. On Horder, see Christopher Lawrence, "A Tale of Two Sciences: Bedside and Bench in 20th-century Britain," Medical History 43 (1999): 421-49.
277. Stephen S. Hall, A Commotion in the Blood: Life, Death, and the Immune System (New York: Henry Holt, 1997).
278. Lancet (1900) 2: 952.
279. Lancet (1900) 1: 1158.
280. Gerald L. Geison, The Private Science of Louis Pasteur (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995;
281. Bruno Latour, The Pasteurization of France, trans. Alan Sheridan and John Law (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988).
282. Philip D. Curtis, Disease and Empire: The Health of European Troops in the Conquest of Africa (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
283. Anne-Marie Moulin, he dernier langage de la medicine: histoire de I'im-munologie de Pasteur au Sida, pratiques theoriques (France: Presses Universitaires de France, 1991), 86.
284. J. Rosser Matthews, Quantification and the Quest for Medical Certainty (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995), contains a full account of the controversy.
285. A.E. Wright, "On the Treatment of Acne, Furnculosis and Sycosis by Therapeutic Inoculations of Staphylococcus Vaccine," BMJ (1904) 1: 1075-7.
286. Michael Worboys, "Vaccine Therapy and Laboratory Medicine in Edwardian Britain," in John V. Pickstone, ed., Medical Innovations in Historical Perspective (London: Macmillan, 1992), note 36.
287. W.D. Foster, Pathology As a Profession in Great Britain and the Early History of the Royal College of Pathologists (London: The College, 1982).
288. E.M. Tansey and Rosemary C.E. Milligan, "The Early History of the Wellcome Research Laboratories, 1894-1914," in Jonathan Liebenau, Gregory J. Higby, and Elaine C. Stroud, eds., Pill Peddlers: Essays on the History of the Pharmaceutical Industry (Madison, Wis.: American Institute of the History of Psychiatry, 1990), 91-106.
289. Steven Sturdy, "Medical Chemistry and Clinical Medicine: Academics and the Scientisation of Medical Practice in Britain, 1900-1925," in liana Lowy, ed., Medicine and Change: Historical and Sociological Studies of Medical Innovation (London: John Libbey, 1993), 371-93.
290. A.M. Cooke, A History of the Royal College of Physicians (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), vol. 3, 928-9.
291. John Ritchie, History of the Laboratory of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: Royal College of Physicians, 1913).
292. Peter Keating, "Vaccine Therapy and the Problem of Opsonins," JHM 43 (1988): 281-2.
293. Royal Society of Medicine, Vaccine Therapy: Its Administration, Value, and Limitations (London: Longman's, 1910), 74.
294. Journal of Vaccine Therapy 2 (1913): 24.
295. A. Landsborough Thomson, Half a Century of Medical Research (London: HMSO 1975);
296. Joan Austoker and Linda Bryder, eds., Historical Perspectives on the Role of the MRC: Essays in the History of the Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom and Its Predecessor, the Medical Research Committee, 1913-1953 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1989).
297. Claire Herrick, "Of War and Wounds: The Propaganda, Politics, and Experience of Medicine in World War I" (phD dissertation, Manchester University, 1996).
298. Zachary Cope, The History of St Mary's Hospital Medical School (London: Heinemann, 1954), 163.
299. Douglas G. Browne and E.V. Tullett, Bernard Spilsbury: His Life and Cases (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1951);
300. Philip H.A. Willcox, The Detective-Physician: The Life and Work of Sir William Willcox (London: Heinemann, 1970).
301. Ida Mann, Ida and the Eye (Tunbridge Wells: Parapress, 1996), 70.
302. George Graham, "The Formation of the Medical and Surgical Professorial Units in the London Teaching Hospitals," Annals of Science 26 (1970): 1-22;
303. Andrew Hull, "Hector's House"
304. see also, for example, A.E. Clark-Kennedy, The London: A Study in the Voluntary Hospital System, vol. 2 (London: Pitman, 1963), 207-8.
305. Martin Gorsky and John Mohan, "London's Voluntary Hospitals in the In-terwar Period: Growth, Transformation, or Crisis?" Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 30 (2001): 247-75.
306. Geoffrey Rivett, The Development of the London Hospital System, 1823-1982 (London: King's Fund, 1986) 185.
307. Bentley B. Gilbert, British Social Policy, 1914-1939 (London: B.T. Batsford, 1970), 205.
308. For the centre perspective, see John M. Eyler, Sir Arthur Newsholme and State Medicine, 1885-1935 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
309. See Linda Bryder, Below the Magic Mountain: A Social History of Tuberculosis in Twentieth Century Britain (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988).
310. Lancet (1898) 2: 1101-03.
311. Anne Hardy, The Epidemic Streets (Oxford: Clarendon, 1993).
312. F.B. Smith, The Retreat of Tuberculosis, 1850-1950 (London: Croon Helm, 1988).
313. T.K. Chambers, The Renewal of Life (London: Churchill, 1862), 217-21.
314. David Innes Williams, The London Lock: A Charitable Hospital for Venereal Disease, 1746-1952 (London: Royal Society of Medicine, n.d.).
315. Background readings include Jeffrey Weeks, Sex, Politics, and Society: The Regulation of Sexuality since 1800 (London: Longman, 1989; 2nd ed.);
316. Frank Mort, Dangerous Sexualities: Medico-Moral Politics in England since 1830 (London: Routledge &c Kegan Paul, 1987);
317. Roger Davidson and Lesley Hall, eds., Sex, Sin and Suffering: Venereal Disease and European Society since 1870 (London: Routledge, 2001).
318. On the early history of the Wassermann, see Ludwik Fleck, The Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact, Thaddeus J. Trenn and Robert K. Merton eds.; trans. Fred Bradley and Thaddeus J. Trenn (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).
319. G.L.M. McElligott, "The Venereal History: Truth or Fiction," British Journal of Venereal Disease (hereafter BJVD) 8 (1932): 292.
320. Aleck Bourne, A Doctor's Creed: The Memoirs of a Gynaecologist (London: Victor Gollancz, 1962), 24.
321. A.J. Cronin, The Citadel (1937; reprint, Kent: New English Library, 1983), 237.
322. John Rhode, The Murders in Praed Street (London: Penguin, 1928)
323. The Paddington Mystery (London: Geoffrey Bles, 1925).
324. See Nicolas A. Rupke, ed. Vivisection in Historical Perspective (London: Routledge, 1987);
325. Richard D. French, Antivivisection and Medical Science in Victorian Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975).
326. Frank Honigsbaum, The Division in British Medicine: A History of the Separation of General Practice from Hospital Care, 1911-1968 (London: Kogan Page, 1979), 130-1, 141-2, 239, 267.
327. PEP (Political and Economic Planning), Report on the British Health Services (London: PEP, December 1937).
328. M.A. Crowther, The Workhouse System: The History of an English Social Institution (Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 1981).
329. Ross McKibbin, The Evolution of the Labour Party, 1910-1924 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1974), xv.
330. Derek Fraser, The Evolution of the British Welfare State (London: Macmillan, 1984; 2nd ed.), 194.
331. Rivett, The Development of the London Hospital System, 199.
332. Pamela M. Graves, Labour Women: Women in British Working-Class Politics, 1918-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 220.
333. Lara V. Marks, Metropolitan Maternity: Maternal and Infant Welfare Services in Early Twentieth Century London (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996), 72 and 138.
334. Irvine Loudon, Death in Childbirth: An International Study of Maternal Care and Maternal Mortality, 1800-1950 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).
335. John Stewart, The Battle for Health: A Political History of the Socialist Medical Association, 1930-51 (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1999), 38.
336. Aleck Bourne, Health of the Future (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1942), 137-41.
337. Harold C. Smith, ed., War and Social Change: British Society in the Second World War (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1986);
338. Paul Addison, The Road to 1945: British Politics and the Second World War (London: Pim-lico, 1994).
339. Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 34;
340. see also Peter Hennessey, Never Again: Britain 1945-1951 (London: Vintage, 1993)
341. Nicolas Timmins, The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State (London: HarperCollins, 1995).
342. Michael Foot, Aneurin Bevan: A Biography (London: MacGibbon & Kee, 1962-73).
343. Anne Chisholm and Michael Davie, Beaverbrook: A Life (London: Pimlico, 1993), 360.
344. John V. Pickstone, Medicine and Industrial Society (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1985), 345.
345. Michael Foot, Aneurin Bevan (London: Granada, 1975), vol. 2, 131.
346. Almroth Wright, Alethetropic Logic: A Posthumous Work (London: William Heinemann, 1953), 212.
347. Ronald Hare, The Birth of Penicillin and the Disarming of Microbes (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1970).
348. See Christopher Lawrence, "Moderns and Ancients: The 'New Cardiology' in Britain, 1880-1930," in W.F. Bynum, C. Lawrence, and V. Nutton, eds., The Emergence of Modern Cardiology (London: WIHM, 1985), 1-33; see also chapter 13 below.
349. Leonard Colebrook and E.J. Storer, "On Immuno-Transfusion," offprint, p 19; in Lancet (1923) 2: 1341.
350. André Maurois, The Life of Sir Alexander Fleming, Discoverer of Penicillin, trans. Gerard Hopkins (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1963).
351. The best overview with a survey of existing literature is the biography by Gwyn Macfarlane, Alexander Fleming: The Man and the Myth (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985);
352. see also F.W.E. Diggins, "The True History of the Discovery of Penicillin, with Refutation of the Misinformation in the Literature," British Journal of Biomedical Science 56 (1999): 83-93.
353. Leonard Colebrook, Almroth Wright (London: Heinemann, 1954), 199.
354. Lily E. Kay, The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Rise of the New Biology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
355. Frederick Ridley, "Lysozyme: An Antibacterial Body Present in Great Concentration in Tears, and Its Relation to Infection in the Human Eye," RSM 21 (1928): 55-65, Ophthalmology section.
356. Ronald Hare, The Birth of Penicillin; and "New Light on the History of Penicillin," Medical History 26 (1982): 1-24.
357. Wai Chen, "The Laboratory As Business: Sir Almroth Wright's Vaccine Programme and the Construction of Penicillin," in Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 245-94.
358. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 45 (1937): 472-3.
359. Alexander Fleming and G.E Petrie, Recent Advances in Vaccine and Serum Therapy London: J. & A. Churchill, 1934), 361-2, 411-2. Petrie, a bacteriologist at the Lister, wrote the section on serum therapy and Fleming the section on vaccine therapy.
360. Ida Mann, Ida and the Eye (Tunbridge Wells: Parapress, 1996), 59.
361. For example see Steve Sturdy, "The Political Economy of Scientific Medicine: Scientific Medicine and the Transformation of Medical Practice in Sheffield, 1890-1922," Medical History 36 (1992): 125-59.
362. Barbara Brooks and Paul Roth, "Rex v. Bourne, and the Médicalisation of Abortion," in Michael Clark and Catherine Crawford, eds., Legal Medicine in History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 314-43.
363. Ross McKibbin, Classes and Cultures: England, 1918-1951 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 351.
364. Richard Holt, Sport and the British: A Modern History (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), 228.
365. There is a growing literature on the subject; see also John Nauright and Timothy J.L. Chandler, eds., Making Men: Rugby and Masculine Identity (London: Frank Cass, 1996).
366. CMAC, Moran papers, H8/3, paper dated 1951. See Joanna Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men's Bodies, Britain, and the Great War (London: Reaktion Books, 1996).
367. See Norman R. Eder, National Health Insurance and the Medical Profession, 1913-1939 (New York: Garland, 1982), 146-7.
368. Ann Dally, "Rejuvenation and Respectability: The 'Monkey Gland King' and the Fututre Psychiatrist," Glandular Visions conference, Wellcome Institute, 1998.
369. James Stuart Garner, "The Great Experiment: The Admission of Women Students to St Mary's Hospital Medical School, 1916-1925," Medical History 42 (1998): 65-88.
370. SMHA, MS AD 1/1, 489. Isabel Thorne, Sketch of the Foundation and Development of the London School of Medicine for Women (London: Women's Printing, 1915).
371. SMHA, SM AD 5/2, 70. See F.M.L. Thompson, ed., The University of London and the World of Learning, 1836-1986 (London: Hambledon Press, 1990);
372. Janet Howarth, "Women," in Brian Harrison, ed., The History of the University of Oxford, vol. 8: The Twentieth Century (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1994), 345-75;
373. Carol Dyhouse, No Distinction of Sex? Women in British Universities, 1870-1939 (London: UCL Press, 1995);
374. Dyhouse, "Driving Ambitions: Women in Pursuit of a Medical Education, 1890-1939," Women's History Review 7 (1998): 321-41.
375. Garner, "The Great Experiment," 65-88.
376. SMHG 4 (1898): 16. On Rogers, see Helen Joy Power, "Sir Leonard Rogers FRS (1868-1962): Tropical Medicine in the India Medical Service" (phD dissertation, University College London, 1993).
377. On colonial medicine more generally, see Mark Harrison, Public Health in British India: Anglo-Indian Preventive Medicine, 1859-1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994);
378. Waltraud Ernst and Bernard Harris, eds., Race, Science and Medicine, 1700-1960 (London: Routledge, 1999);
379. Poonam Bala, Imperialism and Medicine in Bengal: A Socio-Historical Perspective (New Delhi: Sage, 1991).
380. F.S. Brereton, The Great War and the R.A.M.C. (London: Constable, 1919).
381. Meyrick Emrys-Roberts, The Cottage Hospitals, 1859-1900 (Motcombe, Dorset: Tern Publications, 1991).
382. Geoffrey Rivett, From Cradle to Grave: Fifty Years of the NHS (London: King's Fund, 1998), 191.
383. Gerald L. Geison, "Social and Institutional Factors in the Stagnancy of English Physiology, 1840-1870," Bulletin of the History of Medicine 46 (1972): 30-58;
384. Richard D. French, Antivivisection and Medical Science in Victorian Society (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975).
385. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1970), 176 and passim.
386. Andrew Warwick, Masters of Theory: A Pedagogical History of Mathematical Physics in Cambridge, 1765-1835 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, forthcoming).
387. John Burdon Sanderson, Handbook of the Sphygmograph: Being a Guide to Its Use in Clinical Research (London: Robert Hardwicke, 1867).
388. Three collections of essays outline early electrocardiology: W.F. Bynum, C.J. Lawrence, and V. Nutton, eds., The Emergence of Modern Cardiology (London: Wellcome Institute, 1985);
389. William Coleman and Frederic L. Holmes, eds., The Investigative Enterprise: Experimental Physiology in Nineteenth-Century Medicine (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988);
390. Joel D. Howell, ed., Medical Lives and Scientific Medicine at Michigan, 1891-1969 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1993).
391. G.W. Pickering, "In Memorium Thomas Lewis," Clinical Science 6 (1946-8): 3-11.
392. All three are in Sir Thomas Lewis, Research in Medicine and Other Addresses (London: H.K. Lewis, 1939).
393. See Arthur Hollman, Sir Thomas Lewis: Pioneer Cardiologist and Clinical Scientist (London: Springer, 1996).
394. Sir Christopher C. Booth, "Clinical Research," manuscript, 44; see also his articles in the BM/ (1979) 1: 1469-73, and in Austoker and Bryder, Historical Perspectives on the Role of the MRC.
395. Michel Morange, A History of Molecular Biology, trans. Matthew Cobb (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998), 114.
396. J. Stewart Cameron and Jackie Hicks, "Frederick Akbar Mahomed and His Role in the Description of Hypertension at Guy's Hospital," Kidney International 49 (1996): 1488-506.
397. George Pickering, High Blood Pressure (London: Churchill, 1968), 103.
398. Irvine H. Page, Hypertension Research: A Memoir, 1920-1960 (New York: Pergamon Press, 1988), 109, 115.
399. Sir Stanley Peart, in L.A. Reynolds and E.M. Tansey, eds., Clinical Research in Britain, 1950-1980 (London: Wellcome Trust, 2000), 23.
400. J.D. Swales, ed., Platt versus Pickering: An Episode in Recent Medical History (London: Keynes Press, 1985).
401. Nicolas Postel-Vinay, ed., A Century of Arterial Hypertension, trans. R. Edelstein and C. Coffin (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 1996), 56.
402. D.J.P. Barker and G. Rose, Epidemiology in Medical Practice (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1976), 19.
403. P.S. Sever, N.R. Poulter, and K.T. Khaw, "Migration Studies and Blood Pressure: A Model for Essential Hypertension," in C.J. Mathias and P.S. Sever, eds., Concepts in Hypertension: Festschrift for Sir Stanley Peart (Darmstadt: Steinkopff Verlag, 1989), 55-66.
404. A.F. Lever, "Excess Renin As a Cause of Renovascular Hypertension,?" in Mathias and Sever, eds., Concepts in Hypertension, 2.
405. Interview with H.H. Eastcott; Steven G. Friedman, A History of Vascular Surgery (New York: Furh Publishing, 1989); Lancet (1954) 2: 994-6.
406. For example, see Francis D. Moore, Metabolic Care of the Surgical Patient (Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1959), 399-400.
407. See Lara Marks, '"Not Just a Statistic': The History of USA and UK Policy over Thrombotic Disease and the Oral Contraceptive Pill, 1960S-1970S," Social Science and Medicine 49 (1999): 1139-55;
408. also Sexual Chemistry: A History of the Contraceptive Pill (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001).
409. Dominique Pestre, "Science, Political Power and the State," in John Krige and Dominique Pestre, eds., Science in the Twentieth Century (Amsterdam: Har-wood, 1997), 69.
410. Though small compared to later sums, British spending on science wasn't low for the times: see David Edgerton, Science, Technology and the British Industrial "Decline," 1870-1970 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996);
411. "Liberal Militarism and the British State," New Left Review 185 (January-February 1990): 138-69.
412. A. Landsborough Thomson, Half a Century of Medical Research (London: HMSO, 1973), i, 205.
413. Philip Gummett, Scientists in Whitehall (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1980), 39.
414. A.H. Halsey, ed., British Social Trends since 1900 (London: Macmillan, 1988), 269.
415. For example, Robert Olby, "The Molecular Revolution in Biology," in R.C. Olby et al., Companion to the History of Modern Science (London: Routledge, 1990), 505-06.
416. André Malraux, Voices of Silence, trans. Stuart Gilbert (1953; reprint, Granada: St Alban's, 1974).
417. Jean A.N.C, de Condorcet, Esquisse d'un tableau historique du progrès de l'esprit humain (1794; reprint, Paris: Editions sociales, 1971).
418. George Weisz, "Rethinking the History of Medical Specialization in Comparative Perspective," paper given at Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, 21 November 2001.
419. A. Neuberger and R.L. Smith, in Biographical Memoirs of the Fellows of the Royal Society 33 (1979), 691.
420. Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit (London: HarperCollins, 1997), 449.
421. E.M. Tansey and Rosemary Milligan, "The Early History of the Wellcome Research Laboratories 1894-1914," in Jonathan Liebernau, Gregory Higby, and Elaine C. Stroud, eds., Pill Peddlars: Essays on the History of the Pharmaceutical Industry (Madison, Wis.: American Institute of the History of Psychiatry, 1990), 91-110.;
422. also A.R. Hall and B.A. Be-mbridge, Physic and Philanthropy: A History of the Wellcome Trust, 1936-1986 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); interview with Peter Williams, 8 March 2000.
423. See Pauline Mazumdar, Species and Specificity: An Interpretation of the History of Immunology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
424. Leslie Brent, A History of Transplantation Immunology (London: Academic Press, 1997), 25.
425. A.A. Glynn, "R.E.O. Williams and Bacteriology at St Mary's, 1960-1973," manuscript in the hands of A.A. Glynn, 1.
426. Rosemary Stevens, Medical Practice in Modern England: The Impact of Specialization and State Medicine (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966).
427. George Pickering, Quest for Excellence in Medical Education: A Personal Survey (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).
428. Norman R. Eder, National Health Insurance and the Medical Profession, 1913-1939 (London: Garland, 1982), 146-7.
429. See, for example the chapter on "Mobility and Education," in A.H. Halsey, Change in British Society from 1900 to the Present Day (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
430. David Edgerton, "The Masculinisation of Science: Gender, Class, and Big Science in Britain around the Second World War," paper given at Cambridge, 24 September 1998.
431. Denis Brinton, "Selection of Medical Students," Lancet (1951) 2: 1047-52.
432. Peter Ackroyd, London: The Biography (London: Vintage, 2001), 526.
433. In Charles Webster, The National Health Service: A Political History (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998), 40.
434. See the collection by S. Lock, L.A. Reynolds, and E.M. Tansey, eds., Ashes to Ashes: The History of Smoking and Health (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998).
435. Klein, The New Politics of the National Health Service (London: Longman, 1995, 3rd ed.), 132.
436. Jose Harris, William Beveridge, A Biography (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997).
437. Keith G. Banting, Poverty, Politics and Policy: Britain in the 1960s (London: Macmillan, 1979), 66-70;
438. see also G.C. Fiegehen, P.S. Lansley, and A.D. Smith, Poverty and Progress in Britain, 1953-73 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).
439. A.H. Halsey, Change in British Society from 1900 to the Present Day (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994), 43, 131;
440. Halsey, British Social Trends since 1900 (London: Macmillan, 1988), 377-8.
441. Ralf Dahrendorf, A History of the London School of Economics and Political Science, 1895-1995 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 382;
442. see also the account by Titmuss's daughter, in Ann Oakley, "Making Medicine Social: The Case of the Two Dogs with Bent Legs," in Dorothy Porter, ed., Social Medicine and Medical Sociology in the 20th Century (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1997), 81-96.
443. Richard M. Titmuss, Essays on "The Welfare State" (1958; reprint, London: George Allen Sc Unwin, 1976).
444. R.C. Wofinden, Health Services in England (Bristol: John Wright &C Sons, 1947), 176.
445. Dorothy Porter, "The Decline of Social Medicine in Britain in the 1960s," in Porter, ed., Social Medicine and Medical Sociology in the 20th Century, 97-119.
446. Halsey, Change in British Society, xiv.
447. Virginia Berridge, Health and Society in Britain since 1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), 44-5.
448. Rudolph Klein, The New Politics of the National Health Service, 74.
449. Rivett, From Cradle to Grave, 335.
450. Simon Garfield, The End of Innocence: Britain in the Time of AIDS (London: Faber 8c Faber, 1994), 75-6.
451. And see Virginia Berridge, AIDS in the UK: The Making of a Policy, 1981-1994 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996).
452. Steven Epstein, Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996).
453. Klein, The New Politics of the National Health Service, 168.
454. James Le Farm, The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine (London: Little, Brown), 1999, 371.
455. Peter Townsend and Nick Davidson, eds., Inequalities in Health: The Black Report (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982; 1980 DHSS).
456. J.P. Allan Gray, The Central Middlesex Hospital: The First Sixty Years, 1903-1963 (London: Pitman, 1963).
457. Niall Fergusson, The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker, 1849-1999 (New York: Viking, 1999), 491.
458. Martha E. Keyes, "The Prion Challenge to the 'Central Dogma' of Molecular Biology, 1965-1991," Studies in the History and Philosophy of the Biological and Biomedical Sciences 30 (1999): 1-19;
459. Rosalind M. Ridley and Harry F. Baker, Fatal Protein: The Story of CJD, BSE, and Other Prion Diseases (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).
460. E-mail by Richard Sykes to staff of Imperial College, 14 December 2001; the results are available on line at http://www.rae.ac.uk/results/
461. In Nicholas Timmins, The Five Giants: A Biography of the Welfare State (London: HarperCollins, 1995), 203.
462. General Medical Council, Good Medical Practice (London: GMC, 1998);
463. Mayur Lakhani, "Ten Questions about Clinical Governance," Audit Trends (March 1999).
464. Interview with Robin Touquet, 17 May 2000; S.G.T. Smith et al., "Detection of Alcohol Misusing Patients in Accident and Emergency Departments: The Paddington Alcohol Test," Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine 13, 5 (September 1996): 308-12;
465. H.L Cugnoni, I. Challoner, R. Touquet, "Notting Hill Carnival 1989 - The Facts," BMJ 299 (1989): 1229;
466. R. Touquet, J. Fothergill, M. Fertleman, R McCann, "Ten Clinical Governance Safeguards for Accident and Emergency Departments," Clinical Risk 1 (1999): 44-9.
467. Past and Present Nurse's League journal 33 (1996): 9-12.
468. Simon Garfield, The End of Innocence (London: Faber & Faber, 1994).
469. Past and Present Nurse's League Journal 19 (1982): 28-35.
470. Past and Present Nurse's League Journal 16 (1979): 37-9.
471. Alexandra, A Nurse's Story (London: Privately printed, 1955), 51.
472. Past and Present Nurse's League Journal 19 (1982): 20-1.
473. Past and Present Nurses' League Journal 36 (1999): 8-14.
474. Anne Marie Rafferty, The Politics of Nursing Knowledge (London: Rout-ledge, 1996), 53;
475. Brian Abel-Smith, A History of the Nursing Profession (London: Heinemann, 1960).
476. Rafferty, The Politics of Nursing Knowledge, 1.
477. SMHG 57 (1951): 88.
478. SMHG 62 (1956): 139-41.
479. Past and Present Nurse's League Journal 19 (1982): 28-35.
480. Information on the Rothschilds is from Niall Ferguson, The House of Rothschild: The World's Banker, 1849-1999 (New York: Viking, 1999).
481. SMHG 69 (1963), 273-4.
482. The Dixon Team Inquiry Report (April 1999).
483. June Opie, Over My Dead Body (London: Methuen, 1957).
484. Philip Rieff, The Triumph of the Therapeutic (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1966);
485. see the essays by Thomas Osborne, Alan Peterson, and Sarah Nettleton in Alan Peterson and Robin Bunton, eds., Foucault, Health and Medicine (London: Routledge, 1997).
486. The case is most forcefully and philosophically stated in Thomas Mann's novel The Magic Mountain (1924).