Driving ambitions: Women in pursuit of a medical education, 1890-1939

Women's History Review

Volumn 7, Issue 3, 1998, Pages 321-343

  Dyhouse, Carol ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SUSSEX   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 4043067559     PISSN: 09612025     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09612029800200176     Document Type: Review

References (73)

1. Isabel Hutton (1960) Memories of a Doctor in War and Peace, p. 2 (London: Heinemann).
2. Isabel Hutton, Memories of a Doctor in War and Peace, Ibid.
3. The Medical Register lists registered, rather than practising registered doctors. For some of the problems involved in calculating the numbers of practising women doctors see Mary Ann Elston (1986) 'Women doctors in the British health services: a sociological study of their careers and opportunities', unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leeds, pp. 41-64.
4. Salary estimates from V. Biscoe (1932) 300 Careers for Women, p. 147 (London: Lovat Dickson Ltd).
5. See, for instance, E. Moberly Bell (1953) Storming the Citadel, the Rise of the Woman Doctor (London: Constable & Co.);
6. C. Blake (1990) The Charge of the Parasols, Women's Entry to the Medical Profession (London: The Women's Press);
7. Thomas Neville Bonner (1992) To the Ends of the Earth: women's search for education in medicine (London and Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press).
8. See, inter alia, Anne Digby (1994) Making a Medical Living: doctors and patients in the English market for medicine, 1720-1911 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
9. C. Lawrence (1985) Incommunicable knowledge: science, technology and the clinical art in Britain, 1850-1914, Journal of Contemporary History, 20, pp. 503-520;
10. M Jeanne Peterson (1984) Gentlemen and medical men, the problem of professional recruitment, Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 58, pp. 457-473.
11. A Witz (1992) Professions and Patriarchy, p. 102 (London: Routledge).
12. Elston, 'Women doctors in the British health services'
13. See, for instance, Flora Murray (1920) Women as Army Surgeons (London: Hodder & Stoughton);
14. L. Leneman (1994) Medical women at war, 1914-1918, Medical History, 38, pp. 160-177.
15. C. Dyhouse (1998) Women students and the London Medical Schools, 1914-1939: the anatomy of a masculine culture, Gender and History, 10, pp. 110-132.
16. M J. Corbett (1992) Representing Femininity: middle-class subjectivity in Victorian and Edwardian women 's autobiographies (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press);
17. J. W. Scott (1991) The evidence of experience, Critical Inquiry 17, pp. 773-797;
18. Carolyn G. Heilbrun (1988) Writing a Woman's Life (New York and London: The Women's Press).
19. M Murdoch (1904) Practical hints to students (address delivered at London School of Medicine for Women)
20. reprinted as Appendix (pp. 166-180) in Hope Malleson (1919) A Woman Doctor, Mary Murdoch of Hull, p. 178 (London: Sidgwick & Jackson).
21. There is a set of scrapbooks containing newspaper cuttings relating to 'Medical Women', dating from around 1870-1880, in the archives of the Royal Free Hospital. Volumes 2 and 3 (c. 1878-1903) contain a large selection of articles of this type.
22. A Kenealy, 'How woman-doctors are made', p. 31
23. Heilbrun, Writing a Woman's Life, p. 20.
24. Nancy K. Miller, quoted in Heilbrun, Writing a Woman's Life, p. 18.
25. Mann (1972) The Chase. p. 1. (Typescript autobiography in Archives of St Mary's Hospital, London.) There is a published version of this autobiography, edited by Ros Golding, which was published in Australia by Fremantle Arts Centre Press in 1986. The text in the published version has been much abridged and all references here are to the unpublished, typescript original.
26. G. M Wauchope (1963) The Story of a Woman Physician, pp. 27-28 (Bristol: John Wright & Sons).
27. V. Propp (1968) Morphology of the Folktale (ed. L. A Wagner) (University of Texas Press).
28. C. Dyhouse (1989) Feminism and the Family in England, 1880-1939, pp. 14-28 (Oxford: Blackwell).
29. Malleson, A Woman Doctor, p. 16.
30. O. Wilberforce (ed. P. Jalland, 1989) Octavia Wilberforce: the autobiography of a pioneer woman doctor, p. 20 (London: Cassell).
31. Wauchope, The Story of a Woman Physician, p. 20.
32. F. M Kenyon, Memoirs, unpublished typescript, n.d. (c. 1969) Vol. 1, 1894-1927, pp. 96-99. (My thanks to her granddaughter, Mary Clare Martin, who has allowed me access to these memoirs.)
33. F. M Kenyon, Memoirs, unpublished typescript, Ibid.
34. Mann, The Chase, pp. 81, 88-92, 94.
35. Wilberforce, Octavia Wilberforce, pp. 33-34.
36. Hutton, Memories of a Doctor, p. 39.
37. M Murdoch, 'Practical Hints', pp. 21-22.
38. Kenyon, 'Memoirs', p. 134.
39. Quoted in L. Caldecott (Ed.) (1984) Women of Our Century, p. 109 (London: Ariel Books, BBC).
40. L. Caldecott (1984) Women of Our Century, Ibid.
41. Dr K. Norton, interview with author, October 1996.
42. Dr R. Howat, interview with author, December 1996.
43. See, inter alia, 'Graham Travers' (Margaret G. Todd) (1892) Mona Maclean: medical student (Edinburgh and London: Blackwood);
44. Annie Swan (1987) Elizabeth Glen, M.B., the Experiences of a Lady Doctor (London: Hutchinson);
45. Lord Riddell (1924) review of M Scharlieb, Reminiscences, in John O'London 's Weekly, Saturday 12 April.
46. E. Bryson (1966) Look Back in Wonder, p. 161 (Dundee: David Winter & Son).
47. Christopher St John (1935) Christine Murrell, M.D., Her Life and Her Work (London: Williams & Norgate).
48. E. Hamer (1996) Britannia's Glory: a history of twentieth century lesbians, pp. 124-126 (London: Cassell).
49. E. Hamer, Britannia's Glory: a history of twentieth century lesbians, Ibid., quoted p. 126
50. Lord Riddell (n.d. 1926?) Dame Louisa Aldrich-Blake (London: Hodder & Stoughton).
51. Lord Riddell, Dame Louisa Aldrich-Blake, Ibid., pp. 15-16.
52. Malleson, The Chase, pp. 24-25.
53. Bryson, Look Back in Wonder, p. 190.
54. C. St John, Christine Murrell, pp. 28-29.
55. Charles H. Pring (1922) Women medical students, The Times, Thursday 9 March.
56. Lord Knutsford (1922) Women medical students: 'Hoydens' in the schools, the difficulties of mixed classes, in The Times, Tuesday 14 March.
57. Daily Mail, 29 August 1917.
58. Dyhouse (1998) 'Women students and the London Medical Schools'.
59. James Garner (1994) Sex and sensibility: the admission of women to St Mary's Hospital Medical School, pp. 88-89, unpublished dissertation for Intercalated B.Sc. Course, Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine. The petition is preserved in the Archives at St Mary's Hospital (MS/ AD46).
60. See, for instance, W. R. Merrington (1976) University College Hospital and Its Medical School, pp. 237-239 (London: Heinemann), which describes Gwen Hilton (nee Hill) consulting a lawyer to prepare a case urging the continued admission of women to the College Hospital in 1920. The London Hospital Medical College Minute Book (vol. 12) contains an entry for 15 February 1922 indicating that Dr Alice Bloomfield had considered starting legal proceedings against the College for rejecting her application to study for the Final Fellowship Course (FRCS). (Archives of London Hospital.)
61. The idea of 'a crisis in masculinity' is discussed in J. Bourke (1996) Dismembering the Male: men's bodies, Britain and the Great War (London: Reaktion Books);
62. see also J. A Mangan & James Walvin (Eds) (1987) Manliness and Morality: middle class masculinity in Britain and America, 1800-1940 (Manchester: Manchester University Press);
63. M Roper & J. Tosh (eds) 1991) Manful Assertions: masculinities in Britain since 1800 (London and New York: Routledge);
64. M R. Higonnet, J. Jenson, S. Michel & M Collins Weitz (Eds) (1987) Behind the Lines: gender and the two world wars (New Haven and London: Yale University Press)
65. and S. Kingsley Kent (1993) Making Peace: the reconstruction of gender in Interwar Britain (Princeton: Princeton University Press).
66. L. Martindale (1922) The Woman Doctor and Her Future, p. 131 (London: Mills and Boon).
67. L. Martindale (1951) A Woman Surgeon, pp. 158-159 (London: Gollancz).
68. Personal communication, John Davenport.
69. Scrapbook collected by Dr Mabel Lindsay relating to history of Medical Women's Federation, p. 213 (in Greater Manchester County Record Office).
70. Riddell, Dame Louisa Aldrich-Blake, p. 78.
71. In 1918 Emily Forster published a little book entitled How to Become A Woman Doctor (London: Charles Griffin). On p. 48 she declared, "The war suddenly opened practically all doors to women doctors: and once women have entered any sphere of labour they have remained. There never has been a 'going backward' where the woman worker is concerned". Over the next 10 years several of the London teaching hospitals which had admitted women during the War decided to revert to an all-male entry.
72. Dyhouse, see note 9. Freemasonry is not the easiest subject for the historian to research, but see, for instance, R. M Handfield-Jones (1960) A History of the Sancta Maria Lodge No 2682, 1897-1960 (Pamphlet in Archives of St Mary's Hospital) for some idea of the strength of the movement in that particular hospital.
73. Since this article was accepted for publication another version of Ida Mann's autobiography has become available in print. This volume, edited and abridged by Elizabeth Imlay Buckley and Dorothy Usher Potter, is entitled Ida and the Eye: a woman in British opthalmology and is published by Parapress Ltd, Tunbridge Wells (1996).