Terror in the heart of freedom: Citizenship, sexual violence, and the meaning of race in the postemancipation South

Terror in the Heart of Freedom: Citizenship, Sexual Violence, and the Meaning of Race in the Postemancipation South

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 1-407

  Rosen, Hannah ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84898122816     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (442)

1. Arkansas. Arkansas History Commission, Little Rock Correspondence Register of Governor Powell Clayton
2. Arkansas. Special Collections, University of Arkansas Libraries, Fayetteville Historical Records Survey, Arkansas Jesse Turner Correspondence David Walker Correspondence
3. Michigan. Clements Library, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor John Eaton Jr. Collection
4. New York. New York Public Library, New York Walter L. Fleming Collection
5. North Carolina Special Collections Library, Duke University, Durham William H. Brotherton Papers Walter Patterson Duke Papers Benjamin Sherwood Hedrick Papers Hemphill Family Papers William Woods Holden Papers Ku Klux Klan Papers
6. Tennessee Memphis and Shelby County Archives, Memphis Minutes of the Board of Mayor and Aldermen Shelby County Recorder's Court Docket, January 1865 to February 1865 "Station House Register, Beginning the First Day of October, 1858"
7. Tennessee Memphis and Shelby County Room, History Department, Memphis Main Public Library, Memphis "Census of the City of Memphis, Taken by Joe Bledsoe, Under a Resolution of the City Council, Passed April 25, 1865"
8. Virginia Alderman Library, University of Virginia, Charlottesville Amos T. Akerman's Letterbooks American Missionary Association Archives (microfilm)
9. Washington, D.C. Library of Congress, Manuscripts Division Thaddeus Stevens Papers Elihu B. Washburne Papers
10. Washington, D.C. U.S. National Archives and Records Administration Letters Received by the Office of the Adjutant General, National Archives Microfilm Publications, M619 Records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, RG105 U.S. Bureau of the Census, Seventh Census of the United States, 1850, M432, 1009 rolls U.S. Bureau of the Census, Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, M653, 1,438 rolls U.S. Bureau of the Census, Ninth Census of the United States, 1870, M593, 1,761 rolls U.S. Bureau of the Census, Tenth Census of the United States, 1880, T9
11. Arkansas Gazette (daily and weekly)
12. Chicago Daily Tribune
13. Cincinnati Commercial
14. Colored American
15. Colored Tennessean
16. Harper's Weekly
17. Little Rock Evening Republican
18. Memphis Daily Appeal
19. Memphis Daily Argus
20. Memphis Daily Avalanche
21. Memphis Post (morning, daily, and weekly)
22. Morning Republican (Little Rock, Arkansas)
23. New York Times
24. Public Ledger (Memphis, Tennessee) (daily and weekly)
25. Weekly Republican (Memphis, Tennessee)
26. Western Clarion (Helena, Arkansas)
27. Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Arkansas. Little Rock: General Assembly of the State of Arkansas, 1859.
28. Alfred v. the State, 37 Mississippi 296 (October 1859).
29. The American Annual Cyclopedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1868, vol. 8. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1869.
30. Bates, Edward. "Citizenship." In Opinions of the Attorney Generals of the United States, vol. 10. Washington, D.C.: W. H. & O. H. Morrison, 1868.
31. Bates, Edward. The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859-1869. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933.
32. Beale, Howard K., ed. The Diary of Edward Bates, 1859-1866. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1933.
33. Burr, Virginia Ingraham, ed. The Secret Eye: The Journal of Ella Gertrude Clanton Thomas, 1848-1889. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
34. Clayton, Powell. The Aftermath of the Civil War in Arkansas. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969 (1915).
35. Cobb, Thomas. An Inquiry into the Law of Negro Slavery. Philadelphia, 1858.
36. Debates and Proceedings of the Convention which Assembled at Little Rock, January 7th, 1868, Under the Provision of the Act of Congress of March 2d, 1867, and the Acts of March 23d and July 19th, 1867, supplement thereto, to Form a Constitution for the State of Arkansas. Little Rock: J. G. Price, 1868.
37. Digest of the Charters and Ordinances of the City of Memphis, from 1826 to 1860, Inclusive, Together with the Acts of the Legislature Relating to the City, and Municipal Corporation Generally. Memphis: Saunders, Oberly, and Jones, 1860.
38. Digest of the Charters and Ordinances of the City of Memphis, from 1826 to 1867, Inclusive, Together with the Acts of the Legislature Relating to the City, and Municipal Corporation Generally. Memphis: Bulletin Pub. Co., 1867.
39. Digest of the Ordinances of the City Council of Memphis, from the Year 1826 to 1857: Together with all Acts of the Legislature of Tennessee which Relate Exclusively to the City of Memphis. Memphis: Memphis Bulletin Co., 1857.
40. Eaton, John, Jr. Report of the General Superintendent of Freemen, Department of the Tennessee and State of Arkansas for 1864. Memphis, 1865.
41. Gates, Henry Louis Jr., ed. The Classic Slave Narratives. New York: New American Library, 1987.
42. George (a Slave) v. the State, 37 Mississippi 317 (October 1859).
43. Hopkins, Pauline E. Contending Forces: A Romance Illustrative of Negro Life North and South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988 (1899).
44. Hughes, Louis. Thirty Years a Slave: From Bondage to Freedom. The Institution of Slavery as Seen on the Plantation and In the Home of the Planter. Autobiography of Louis Hughes. New York: Negro Universities Press, 1969 (1897).
45. Jackson, Ronald Vern, and G. Ronald Teeples, eds. Arkansas 1850 Census Index. Bountiful, Utah: Accelerated Indexing Systems, 1976.
46. Journal of the Proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the State of Mississippi, 1868. Jackson, Miss.: E. Stafford, Printer, 1871.
47. Journal of the Proceedings of the Convention Met to Form a Constitution and System of Government for the People of Arkansas. At the Session of the Said Convention Held at Little Rock in the Territory of Arkansas, Which commenced on the Fourth Day of January, and Ended on the Thirteenth Day of January, One Thousand Eight Hundred and Thirty-Six. Little Rock: Albert Pike, 1836.
48. Meriwether, Elizabeth. Recollections of Ninety-Two Years, 1824-1916. Nashville: Tennessee Historical Commission, 1958.
49. Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, applied to the American White Man and Negro. New York: Dexter, Hamilton, & Co, 1864.
50. "Miscegenation endorsed by Republicans." Campaign document no. 11 in Publications of the Central Executive Campaign Committee. New York, 1864.
51. Proceedings of the Convention of Colored Citizens of the State of Arkansas, Held in Little Rock, Thursday, Friday, and Saturday, Nov. 30, Dec. 1&2. Helena: Clarion Office Print, 1866.
52. Rawick, George P., ed. The American Slave: A Composite Biography. Vol. 9, Arkansas Narratives, pts. 3 and 4. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Pub. Co., 1941.
53. Seaman, L. What Miscegenation Is! What We Are to Expect Now that Mr. Lincoln is Re-elected. New York: Waller & Willetts, 1864.
54. Sherman, William Tecumseh. Memoirs of General W. T. Sherman, vol. 1. New York: Library of America, 1990.
55. Thorpe, Francis Newton, ed. The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the States, Territories, and Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of American, vol. 1. Washington, D.C., 1909.
56. U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Memphis Riots and Massacres. 39th Congress, 1st session, 1865-66. House Report no. 101. Washington, D.C., 1866.
57. U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. "Report of the Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands," November 1, 1866. In House Executive Documents, no. 1, vol. 3. 39th Congress, 2nd session. Washington, D.C., 1866.
58. U.S. Congress. House of Representatives. Report of the Joint Committee on Reconstruction. 39th Congress, 1st session, 1865-66. House Report no. 30. Washington, D.C., 1866.
59. U.S. Congress. Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States. Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Inquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, vols. 1-13. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1872.
60. U.S. Supreme Court. Plessy v. Ferguson. 163 U.S. 537 (1896).
61. Warren, John H., Jr. Thirty Years' Battle with Crime, or the Crying Shame of New York, as seen under the Broad Glare of an Old Detective's Lantern. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1970 (1875).
62. Wells, Ida B. On Lynching: Southern Horrors, a Red Record, Mob Rule in New Orleans. New York: Arno Press and the New York Times, 1969.
63. Abbott, Richard H. For Free Press and Equal Rights: Republican Newspapers in the Reconstruction South. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2004.
64. Alexander, Adele Logan. Ambiguous Lives: Free Women of Color in Rural Georgia, 1789-1879. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1991.
65. Alexander, Thomas Benjamin. Political Reconstruction in Tennessee. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1950.
66. Allsopp, Fred W. History of the Arkansas Press for a Hundred Years and More. Little Rock: Parke-Harper Pub. Co., 1922.
67. Arnold, Marybeth Hamilton. " 'The Life of a Citizen in the Hands of a Woman': Sexual Assault in New York City, 1790 to 1820." In Passion and Power: Sexuality in History, edited by Kathy Peiss and Christina Simmons, 35-57. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989.
68. Ash, Stephen. A Year in the South: Four Lives in 1865. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002.
69. Auslander, Leora. Taste and Power: Furnishing Modern France. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
70. Ayers, Edward L. Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the 19th-Century American South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
71. Bancroft, Frederic. Slave Trading in the Old South. New York: Frederick Ungar Pub. Co., 1959 (1931).
72. Banks, Richard. "In the Heat of the Night." Memphis, June 1990, 71-72.
73. Bardaglio, Peter W. "Rape and the Law in the Old South: 'Calculated to Excite Indignation in Every Heart.' " Journal of Southern History 60 (November 1994): 749-72.
74. Bardaglio, Peter W. Reconstructing the Household: Families, Sex, and the Law in the Nineteenth-Century South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
75. Bardaglio, Peter W. " 'Shameful Matches': The Regulation of Interracial Sex and Marriage in the South before 1900." In Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, edited by Martha Hodes, 112-40. New York: New York University Press, 1999.
76. Barker, Anne. "Justice Delayed." Journal of International Law and Practice 8 (1999): 453-85.
77. Barkley Brown, Elsa. "Negotiating and Transforming the Public Sphere: African American Political Life in the Transition from Slavery to Freedom." Public Culture 7 (Fall 1994): 107-46.
78. Barkley Brown, Elsa. "To Catch the Vision of Freedom: Reconstructing Black Women's Political History, 1865-1880." In African American Women and the Vote, 1837-1965, edited by Ann D. Gordon with Bettye Collier-Thomas, John H. Bracey, Arlene Voski Avakian, and Joyce Avrech Berkman, 66-99. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997.
79. Barkley Brown, Elsa. "Uncle Ned's Children: Negotiating Community and Freedom in Postemancipation Richmond, Virginia." Ph.D. diss., Kent State University, 1994.
80. Barkley Brown, Elsa. " 'What Has Happened Here': The Politics of Difference in Women's History and Feminist Politics." Feminist Studies 18 (Summer 1992): 295-312.
81. Bederman, Gail. " 'Civilization,' the Decline of Middle-Class Manliness, and Ida B. Wells's Antilynching Campaign (1892-94)." Radical History Review 52 (Winter 1992): 5-32.
82. Bederman, Gail. Manliness and Civilization: A Cultural History of Gender and Race in the United States, 1880-1917. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
83. Bercaw, Nancy Dunlap. Gendered Freedoms: Race, Rights, and the Politics of Household in the Delta, 1861-1875. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2003.
84. Berger, Iris. "Categories and Contexts: Reflections on the Politics of Identity in South Africa." Feminist Studies 18 (Summer 1992): 284-94.
85. Berkeley, Kathleen C. " 'Colored Ladies Also Contributed': Black Women's Activities from Benevolence to Social Welfare, 1866-1896." In The Web of Southern Social Relations: Women, Family, and Education, edited by Walter J. Fraser Jr., R. Frank Saunders Jr., and Jon L. Wakelyn, 181-204. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985.
86. Berkeley, Kathleen C. "Like a Plague of Locust": From an Antebellum Town to a New South City. New York: Garland, 1991.
87. Berkeley, Kathleen C. " 'Like a Plague of Locust': Immigration and Social Change in Memphis, Tennessee, 1850-1880." Ph.D. diss., University of California, Los Angeles, 1980.
88. Berlant, Lauren. The Queen of America Goes to Washington City: Essays on Sex and Citizenship. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997.
89. Berlin, Ira. Slaves without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South. New York: Vintage, 1976 (1974).
90. Berlin, Ira, and Leslie Rowland, eds. Families and Freedom: A Documentary History of African American Kinship in the Civil War Era. New York: New Press, 1997.
91. Berlin, Ira, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds. The Black Military Experience. Series 2. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.
92. Berlin, Ira, Barbara J. Fields, Thavolia Glymph, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds. The Destruction of Slavery. Series 1. Volume 1. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985.
93. Berlin, Ira, Barbara J. Fields, Steven F. Miller, Joseph P. Reidy, and Leslie S. Rowland, eds. Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War. New York: New Press, 1992.
94. Berlin, Ira, Thavolia Glymph, Steven F. Miller, Joseph P. Reidy, Leslie S. Rowland, and Julie Saville, eds. The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Lower South. Series 1. Volume 3. Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
95. Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
96. Berry, Mary Frances. "Judging Morality: Sexual Behavior and Legal Consequences in the Late Nineteenth-Century South." Journal of American History 78 (December 1991): 835-56.
97. Berry, Mary Frances. The Pig Farmer's Daughter and Other Tales of American Justice: Episodes of Racism and Sexism in the Courts from 1865 to the Present. New York: Knopf, 1999.
98. Blackburn, Robin. The Overthrow of Colonial Slavery, 1776-1848. London: Verso, 1988.
99. Blanton, De Anne, and Lauren M. Cook. They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the Civil War. New York: Vintage, 2003.
100. Blee, Kathleen M. Women of the Klan: Racism and Gender in the 1920s. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992.
101. Blight, David W. Frederick Douglass' Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.
102. Blight, David W. Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2001.
103. Bloch, Ruth. "The Gendered Meanings of Virtue in Revolutionary America." Signs 13 (Autumn 1987): 37-58.
104. Block, Sharon. "Lines of Color, Sex, and Service: Comparative Sexual Coercion in Early America." In Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, edited by Martha Hodes, 141-63. New York: New York University Press, 1999.
105. Block, Sharon. Rape and Sexual Power in Early America. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
106. Bond, Beverly Greene. " 'Till Fair Aurora Rise': African-American Women in Memphis, Tennessee, 1840-1915." Ph.D. diss., University of Memphis, 1996.
107. Brown, Kathleen M. " 'Changed ... Into the Fashion of a Man': The Politics of Sexual Difference in a Seventeenth-Century Anglo-American Settlement." In The Devil's Lane: Sex and Race in the Early South, edited by Catherine Clinton and Michele Gillespie, 39-56. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
108. Brown, Kathleen M. Good Wives, Nasty Wenches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
109. Brown, Wendy. "Liberalism's Family Values." In States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity, 135-65. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
110. Brownmiller, Susan. Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975.
111. Butler, Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York: Routledge, 1999.
112. Butler, Judith, and Joan W. Scott, eds. Feminists Theorize the Political. New York: Routledge, 1992.
113. Bynum, Victoria E. Unruly Women: The Politics of Social and Sexual Control in the Old South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
114. Calhoun, Craig, ed. Habermas and the Public Sphere. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994.
115. Canning, Kathleen, and Sonya O. Rose. "Introduction: Gender, Citizenship, and Subjectivity: Some Historical and Theoretical Considerations." Gender & History 13 (November 2001): 427-43.
116. Capers, Gerald M., Jr. The Biography of a River Town: Memphis, Its Heroic Age. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939.
117. Carby, Hazel. " 'On the Threshold of Woman's Era': Lynching, Empire, and Sexuality in Black Feminist Theory." In "Race," Writing, and Difference, edited by Henry Louis Gates Jr., 301-16. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986 (1985).
118. Carby, Hazel. Reconstructing Womanhood: The Emergence of the Afro-American Woman Novelist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
119. Cardyn, Lisa. "Sexualized Racism/Gendered Violence: Outraging the Body Politic in the Reconstruction South." Michigan Law Review 100 (February 2002): 675-867.
120. Cardyn, Lisa. "Sexual Terror in the Reconstruction South." In Battle Scars: Gender and Sexuality in the American Civil War, edited by Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber, 140-67. New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.
121. Cashin, Joan. A Family Venture: Men and Women on the Southern Frontier. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991.
122. Channing, Steven A. Crisis of Fear: Secession in South Carolina. New York: Norton, 1970.
123. Cimprich, John. Slavery's End in Tennessee, 1861-1865. University: University of Alabama Press, 1985.
124. Clinton, Catherine. "Bloody Terrain: Freedwomen, Sexuality, and Violence during Reconstruction." Georgia Historical Quarterly 76 (Summer 1992): 313-32.
125. Clinton, Catherine. "Caught in the Web of the Big House: Women and Slavery." In The Web of Southern Social Relations: Women, Family, and Education, edited by Walter J. Fraser Jr., R. Frank Saunders Jr., and Jon L. Wakelyn, 19-34. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985.
126. Clinton, Catherine. "Reconstructing Freedwomen." In Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, edited by Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber, 306-19. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
127. Cooper, Frederick, Thomas C. Holt, and Rebecca J. Scott. Beyond Slavery: Explorations of Race, Labor, and Citizenship in Postemancipation Societies. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
128. Copelon, Rhonda. "Surfacing Gender: Re-Engraving Crimes against Women in Humanitarian Law." Hastings Women's Law Journal 5 (Summer 1994): 243-66.
129. Cott, Nancy F. Bonds of Womanhood: "Woman's Sphere" in New England, 1780-1835. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
130. Cott, Nancy F. "Marriage and Women's Citizenship in the United States, 1830-1934." American Historical Review 103 (December 1998): 1440-74.
131. Cott, Nancy F. Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000.
132. Crenshaw, Kimberlé, Neil Gotanda, Gary Peller, and Kendall Thomas, eds. Critical Race Theory: The Key Writings That Formed the Movement. New York: New Press, 1995.
133. Dailey, Jane. Before Jim Crow: The Politics of Race in Postemancipation Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
134. Dailey, Jane. "Deference and Violence in the Postbellum Urban South: Manners and Massacres in Danville, Virginia." Journal of Southern History 63 (August 1997): 553-90.
135. Dailey, Jane. "The Limits of Liberalism in the New South: The Politics of Race, Sex, and Patronage in Virginia, 1879-1883." In Jumping Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights, edited by Jane Dailey, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, and Bryant Simon, 88-114. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
136. Davis, Angela Y. "Reflections on the Black Woman's Role in the Community of Slaves." Black Scholar 3 (December 1971): 3-15.
137. Davis, Angela Y. Women, Race, and Class. New York: Random House, 1981.
138. Davis, Natalie Zemon. "The Rites of Violence: Religious Riot in Sixteenth-Century France." In Society and Culture in Early Modern France, 152-87. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1975.
139. Davis, Peggy Cooper. "Marriage as a 'Badge and Incident' of Democratic Freedom." In Marriage Proposals: Questioning a Legal Status, 171-87. New York: New York University Press, 2006.
140. DeBlack, Thomas A. With Fire and Sword: Arkansas, 1861-1874. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2003.
141. D'Emilio, John, and Estelle B. Freedman. Intimate Matters: A History of Sexuality in America. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
142. Desan, Suzanne. "Crowds, Community, and Ritual in the Work of E. P. Thompson and Natalie Davis." In The New Cultural History, edited by Lynn Hunt, 47-71. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
143. Downs, Laura Lee. "If 'Woman' Is Just an Empty Category, Then Why Am I Afraid to Walk Alone at Night? Identity Politics Meets the Postmodern Subject." Comparative Studies in Society and History 35 (April 1993): 414-37.
144. Downs, Laura Lee. "Reply to Joan Scott." Comparative Studies in Society and History 35 (April 1993): 444-51.
145. Dreger, Alice Domurat. Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998.
146. DuBois, Laurent. A Colony of Citizens: Revolution and Slave Emancipation in the French Caribbean, 1787-1804. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
147. DuBois, W. E. B. Black Reconstruction in America: An Essay Toward the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in American, 1860-1880. New York: Meridian Books, World Pub. Co., 1962 (1935).
148. Eaton, Clemont. The Growth of Southern Civilization, 1790-1860. New York: Harper & Row, 1961.
149. Edwards, Laura F. "The Disappearance of Susan Daniel and Henderson Cooper: Gender and Narratives of Political Conflict in the Reconstruction-Era U.S. South." Feminist Studies 22 (Summer 1996): 363-85.
150. Edwards, Laura F. Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Culture of Reconstruction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
151. Edwards, Laura F. "Law, Domestic Violence, and the Limits of Patriarchal Authority in the Antebellum South." Journal of Southern History 65 (November 1999): 733-70.
152. Edwards, Laura F. " 'The Marriage Covenant Is at the Foundation of All Our Rights': The Politics of Slave Marriages in North Carolina after Emancipation." Law and History Review 14 (Spring 1996): 81-124.
153. Edwards, Laura F. "Sexual Violence, Gender, Reconstruction, and the Extension of Patriarchy in Granville County, North Carolina." North Carolina Historical Review 48 (1991): 237-60.
154. England, J. Merton. "The Free Negro in Antebellum Tennessee." Journal of Southern History 9 (February 1943): 37-58.
155. Epstein, Julia, and Kristina Straub, eds. Body Guards: The Cultural Politics of Gender Ambiguity. New York: Routledge, 1991.
156. Estrich, Susan. Real Rape: How the Legal System Victimizes Women Who Say No. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987.
157. Faust, Drew Gilpin. "Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War." Journal of American History 76 (March 1990): 1200-1228.
158. Faust, Drew Gilpin. Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
159. Faust, Drew Gilpin. " 'Trying to Do a Man's Business': Slavery, Violence, and Gender in the American Civil War." Gender & History 4 (June 1992): 197-214.
160. Fehrenbacher, Don E. The Dred Scott Case: Its Significance in American Law and Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
161. Feimster, Crystal N. "Ladies and Lynching: The Gendered Discourse of Mob Violence in the New South." Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 2000.
162. Feimster, Crystal N. "Raped and Lynched: Black Female Victims of Mob Violence in the New South, 1880-1930." Paper presented at the meeting of the Southern Historical Association, Fort Worth, Texas, November 4, 1999.
163. Felski, Rita. Beyond Feminist Aesthetics: Feminist Literature and Social Change. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989.
164. Fields, Barbara Jeanne. "Race and Ideology in American History." In Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward, edited by J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson, 143-77. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
165. Fields, Barbara Jeanne. Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland in the Nineteenth Century. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987.
166. Findlay, Eileen J. Suárez. Imposing Decency: The Politics of Sexuality and Race in Puerto Rico, 1870-1920. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999.
167. Finkelman, Paul, ed. His Soul Goes Marching On: Responses to John Brown and the Harper's Ferry Raid. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1995.
168. Finley, Randy. From Slavery to Uncertain Freedom: The Freedmen's Bureau in Arkansas, 1865-1869. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1996.
169. Fischer, Kirsten. Suspect Relations: Sex, Race, and Resistance in Colonial North Carolina. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2002.
170. Foner, Eric. Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979 (1970).
171. Foner, Eric. Nothing but Freedom: Emancipation and Its Legacy. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1983.
172. Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution. New York: Harper & Row, 1988.
173. Foner, Eric. "Reconstruction Revisited." Reviews in American History 10 (December 1982): 82-100.
174. Ford, Lacy K. "Republics and Democracy: The Parameters of Political Citizenship in Antebellum South Carolina." In The Meaning of South Carolina History: Essays in Honor of George C. Rogers, Jr., edited by David R. Chesnutt and Clyde N. Wilson, 121-45. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1991.
175. Foster, Susan Leigh. "Choreographies of Gender." Signs 24 (Autumn 1998): 1-33.
176. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1, An Introduction. New York: Random House, 1978.
177. Fowler, David H. Northern Attitudes towards Interracial Marriage: Legislation and Public Opinion in the Middle Atlantic and the States of the Old Northwest, 1780-1930. New York: Garland, 1987.
178. Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth. Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
179. Franke, Katherine M. "Becoming a Citizen: Reconstruction Era Regulation of African American Marriages." Yale Journal of Law and the Humanities 11, no. 2 (Summer 1999): 251-309.
180. Frankel, Noralee. Freedom's Women: Black Women and Families in Civil War Era Mississippi. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
181. Franklin, John Hope. Reconstruction: After the Civil War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
182. Fraser, Nancy. "Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy." In Habermas and the Public Sphere, edited by Craig Calhoun, 109-42. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1994.
183. Fraser, Nancy. Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989.
184. Fraser, Nancy. "What's Critical about Critical Theory? The Case of Habermas and Gender." In Unruly Practices: Power, Discourse, and Gender in Contemporary Social Theory, 113-43. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989.
185. Fraser, Nancy, and Linda Gordon. "Contract versus Charity: Why Is There No Social Citizenship in the United States?" Socialist Review 22 (July-September 1992): 45-67.
186. Fraser, Walter J., Jr. "Lucien Bonaparte Eaton: Politics and the Memphis Post, 1867-1869." West Tennessee Historical Society Papers 20 (1966): 20-45.
187. Fry, Gladys-Marie. Night Riders in Black Folk History. Athens: Brown Thrasher Books, University of Georgia Press, 1991 (1975).
188. Gaines, Kevin K. Uplifting the Race: Black Leadership, Politics, and Culture in the Twentieth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
189. Gatewood, Willard B. "The Arkansas Delta: The Deepest of the Deep South." In The Arkansas Delta: Land of Paradox, edited by Jeannie M. Whayne and Willard B. Gatewood, 3-25. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1993.
190. Gatewood, Willard B. "Sunnyside: The Evolution of an Arkansas Plantation, 1840-1945." In Shadows over Sunnyside: An Arkansas Plantation in Transition, 1830-1945, edited by Jeannie M. Whayne, 3-24. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1993.
191. Gilfoyle, Timothy J. City of Eros: New York City, Prostitution, and the Commercialization of Sex, 1790-1920. New York: Norton, 1992.
192. Gilje, Paul A. Rioting in America. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996.
193. Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. Gender and Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
194. Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. "Murder, Memory, and the Flight of the Incubus." In Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy, edited by David S. Cecelski and Timothy B. Tyson, 73-93. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
195. Gilroy, Paul. "There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack": The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991 (1987).
196. Glatthaar, Joseph T. Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1990.
197. Gleeson, David T. The Irish in the South, 1815-1877. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
198. Glenn, Evelyn Nakano. Unequal Freedom: How Race and Citizenship Shaped American Citizenship and Labor. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2002.
199. Goldin, Claudia Dale. Urban Slavery in the American South, 1820-1860: A Quantitative History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.
200. Gordon, Fon Louise. "From Slavery to Uncertain Freedom: Blacks in the Delta." In The Arkansas Delta: Land of Paradox, edited by Jeannie M. Whayne and Willard B. Gatewood, 98-121. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1993.
201. Gordon, Linda. "Response to Scott." Signs 15 (Summer 1990): 852-53.
202. Gordon, Linda. Review of Gender and the Politics of History. Signs 15 (Summer 1990): 853-59.
203. Green, Laurie B. Battling the Plantation Mentality: Memphis and the Black Freedom Struggle. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
204. Gundersen, Joan R. "Independence, Citizenship, and the American Revolution." Signs 13 (Autumn 1987): 59-77.
205. Gunning, Sandra. Race, Rape, and Lynching: The Red Record of American Literature, 1890-1912. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
206. Gutiérrez, Ramón A. "What's Love Got to Do with It?" Journal of American History 88 (December 2001): 866-69.
207. Gutman, Herbert. The Black Family in Slavery and Freedom, 1750-1925. New York: Vintage, 1976.
208. Habermas, Jürgen. "The Public Sphere: An Encyclopedia Article (1964)." New German Critique 1 (Fall 1974): 49-55.
209. Habermas, Jürgen. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1989.
210. Hadden, Sally E. Slave Patrols: Law and Violence in Virginia and the Carolinas. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001.
211. Hahn, Steven. A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003.
212. Hahn, Steven. The Roots of Southern Populism: Yeoman Farmers and the Transformation of the Georgia Upcountry, 1850-1890. New York: Oxford University Press, 1983.
213. Hale, Grace Elizabeth. Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890-1940. New York: Pantheon, 1998.
214. Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd. " 'The Mind That Burns in Each Body': Women, Rape, and Racial Violence." In Powers of Desire: The Politics of Sexuality, edited by Ann Snitow, Christine Stansell, and Sharon Thompson, 328-49. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1983.
215. Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd. Revolt against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign against Lynching. Rev. ed. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.
216. Harcourt, Edward John. "Who Were the Pale Faces? New Perspectives on the Tennessee Ku Klux." Civil War History 51, no. 1 (2005): 23-66.
217. Hardwick, Kevin R. " 'Your Old Father Abe Lincoln Is Dead and Damned': Black Soldiers and the Memphis Race Riot of 1866." Journal of Social History 27 (Fall 1993): 109-28.
218. Harris, Leslie M. "From Abolitionist Amalgamators to 'Rulers of the Five Points': The Discourse of Interracial Sex and Reform in Antebellum New York City." In Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, edited by Martha Hodes, 191-212. New York: New York University Press, 1999.
219. Hartman, Saidiya V. Scenes of Subjection: Terror, Slavery, and Self-Making in Nineteenth-Century America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
220. Hartog, Hendrik. "Lawyering, Husbands' Rights, and 'the Unwritten Law' in Nineteenth-Century America." Journal of American History 84 (June 1997): 67-96.
221. Hawkesworth, Mary E. "Knowers, Knowing, Known: Feminist Theory and Claims of Truth." Signs 14 (Spring 1989): 533-57.
222. Hewitt, Nancy A. "Compounding Differences." Feminist Studies 18 (Summer 1992): 313-26.
223. Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. "African-American Women's History and the Metalanguage of Race." Signs 17 (Winter 1992): 251-74.
224. Higginbotham, Evelyn Brooks. Righteous Discontent: The Women's Movement in the Black Baptist Church, 1880-1920. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1993.
225. Higgins, Lynn A., and Brenda R. Silver. "Introduction: Rereading Rape." In Rape and Representation, edited by Lynn A. Higgins and Brenda R. Silver, 1-14. New York: Columbia University Press, 1991.
226. Hine, Darlene Clark. "Rape and the Inner Lives of Black Women in the Middle West: Preliminary Thoughts on the Culture of Dissemblance." Signs 14 (Summer 1989): 912-20.
227. Hodes, Martha. "The Sexualization of Reconstruction Politics: White Women and Black Men in the South after the Civil War." In American Sexual Politics: Sex, Gender, and Race since the Civil War, edited by John C. Fout and Maura Shaw Tantillo, 59-74. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993.
228. Hodes, Martha. "Wartime Dialogues on Illicit Sex: White Women and Black Men." In Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, edited by Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber, 230-42. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
229. Hodes, Martha. White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.
230. Holley, Donald, with Gwendolyn W. Starlard and Michael B. Dougan. "The Rural Delta. Part 1, Cotton Country." In The Arkansas Delta: A Landscape of Change, edited by Tom Baskett Jr., 51-60. Helena, Ark.: Delta Cultural Center, 1990.
231. Holmes, Jack D. L. "The Effects of the Memphis Race Riot of 1866." West Tennessee Historical Society Papers 12 (1958): 58-79.
232. Holmes, Jack D. L. "Underlying Causes of the Memphis Race Riot of 1866." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 17 (September 1958): 195-221.
233. Holt, Thomas. Black over White: Negro Political Leadership in South Carolina during Reconstruction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979.
234. Holt, Thomas. " 'An Empire over the Mind': Emancipation, Race, and Ideology in the British West Indies and the American South." In Region, Race, and Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of C. Vann Woodward, edited by J. Morgan Kousser and James M. McPherson, 282-314. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
235. Holt, Thomas. " 'The Essence of the Contract': The Articulation of Race, Gender, and Political Economy in British Emancipation Policy, 1838-1866." In Beyond Slavery: Explorations of Race, Labor, and Citizenship in Postemancipation Societies, by Frederick Cooper, Thomas C. Holt, and Rebecca J. Scott, 33-59. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
236. Holt, Thomas. "Experience and the Politics of Intellectual Inquiry." In Questions of Evidence: Proof, Practice, and Persuasion across the Disciplines, edited by James Chandler, Arnold I. Davidson, and Harry Harootunian, 388-96. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
237. Holt, Thomas. "Marking: Race, Race-Making, and the Writing of History." American Historical Review 100 (February 1995): 1-17.
238. Holt, Thomas. The Problem of Freedom: Race, Labor, and Politics in Jamaica and Britain, 1832-1938. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.
239. Holt, Thomas. The Problem of Race in the Twenty-First Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2000.
240. Hooper, Ernest Walter. "Memphis, Tennessee: Federal Occupation and Reconstruction, 1862-1870." Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 1957.
241. Horton, James Oliver. "Freedom's Yoke: Gender Conventions among Antebellum Free Blacks." Feminist Studies 12 (Spring 1986): 51-76.
242. Horton, James Oliver, and Lois Horton. In Hope of Liberty: Culture, Community, and Protest among Northern Free Blacks, 1700-1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997.
243. Horton, James Oliver, and Lois Horton. "Violence, Protest, and Identity: Black Manhood in Antebellum America." In Free People of Color: Inside the African American Community, 80-96. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1993.
244. Hughes, John Starrett. "The Madness of Separate Spheres: Insanity and Masculinity in Victorian Alabama." In Meanings for Manhood: Constructions of Masculinity in Victorian America, edited by Mark C. Carnes and Clyde Griffen, 67-78. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990.
245. Hume, Richard L. "The Arkansas Constitutional Convention of 1868: A Case Study in the Politics of Reconstruction." Journal of Southern History 39 (May 1973): 183-206.
246. Hume, Richard L. "The 'Black and Tan' Constitutional Conventions of 1867-1869 in Ten Former Confederate States: A Study of Their Membership." Ph.D. diss., University of Washington, 1969.
247. Hunt, Gaillard. Israel, Elihu, and Cadwallader Washburn: A Chapter in American Biography. New York: MacMillan, 1925.
248. Hunter, Tera. To 'Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women's Lives and Labors after the Civil War. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 1997.
249. Jacobson, Matthew Frye. Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998.
250. Jaynes, Gerald David. Branches without Roots: Genesis of the Black Working Class in the American South, 1862-1882. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986.
251. Jennings, Thelma. " 'Us Colored Women Had To Go Through A Plenty': Sexual Exploitation of African-American Slave Women." Journal of Women's History 1 (Winter 1990): 45-74.
252. Johnson, Walter. Soul by Soul: Life inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999x.
253. Jones, Jacqueline. Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the Present. New York: Basic Books, 1985.
254. Jones, James B., Jr. "Municipal Vice: The Management of Prostitution in Tennessee's Urban Experience. Part 1, The Experience of Nashville and Memphis, 1854-1917." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 50 (Spring 1991): 33-41.
255. Jones, Martha S. All Bound Up Together: The Woman Question in African American Public Culture, 1830-1900. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007.
256. Jordan, Winthrop. White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812. Baltimore: Penguin, 1969.
257. Kantrowitz, Stephen. Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
258. Kantrowitz, Stephen. "One Man's Mob Is Another Man's Militia: Violence, Manhood, and Authority in Reconstruction South Carolina." In Jumping Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights, edited by Jane Dailey, Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, and Bryant Simon, 67-87. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
259. Kantrowitz, Stephen. "The Two Faces of Domination in North Carolina, 1800-1898." In Democracy Betrayed: The Wilmington Race Riot of 1898 and Its Legacy, edited by David S. Cecelski and Timothy B. Tyson, 95-111. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.
260. Kaplan, Sidney. "The Miscegenation Issue in the Election of 1864." In American Studies in Black and White: Selected Essays, edited by Allan D. Austin, 47-100. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991.
261. Kennan, Clara B. "The First Negro Teacher in Little Rock." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 9 (Autumn 1950): 194-204.
262. Kerber, Linda K. " 'History Can Do It No Justice': Women and the Reinterpretation of the American Revolution." In Women in the Age of the American Revolution, edited by Ronald E. Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, 3-42. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1989.
263. Kerber, Linda K. "May All Our Citizens Be Soldiers and All Our Soldiers Citizens: The Ambiguities of Female Citizenship in the New Nation." In Women, Militarism, and War: Essays in History, Politics, and Social Theory, edited by Jean Bethke Elshtain and Sheila Tobias, 89-104. Savage, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield, 1990.
264. Kerber, Linda K. "The Meanings of Citizenship." Journal of American History 84 (December 1997): 833-54.
265. Kerber, Linda K. No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship. New York: Hill and Wang, 1998.
266. Kerber, Linda K. "The Paradox of Women's Citizenship in the Early Republic: The Case of Martin vs. Massachusetts, 1805." American Historical Review 97 (April 1992): 349-78.
267. Kerber, Linda K. "Separate Spheres, Female Worlds, Woman's Place: The Rhetoric of Women's History." Journal of American History 75 (June 1988): 9-39.
268. Kerber, Linda K. Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America. New York: Norton, 1986 (1980).
269. Kettner, James H. The Development of American Citizenship, 1608-1870. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978.
270. Koenig, Dorean Marguerite. "Women and Rape in Ethnic Conflict and War." Hastings Women's Law Journal 5 (Summer 1994): 129-41.
271. Kolchin, Peter. First Freedom: The Responses of Alabama's Blacks to Emancipation and Reconstruction. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972.
272. Kousser, J. Morgan. The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974.
273. Lack, Paul D. "An Urban Slave Community: Little Rock, 1831-1862." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 41 (Autumn 1982): 258-87.
274. Landes, Joan B. Women and the Public Sphere in the Age of the French Revolution. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, rd.
275. Laqueur, Thomas. Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1990.
276. Lebsock, Suzanne D. "Radical Reconstruction and the Property Rights of Southern Women." Journal of Southern History 43 (May 1977): 195-216.
277. Ledbetter, Cal, Jr. "The Constitution of 1836: A New Perspective." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 41 (Autumn 1982): 215-52.
278. Ledbetter, Cal, Jr. "The Constitution of 1868: Conqueror's Constitution or Constitutional Continuity?" Arkansas Historical Quarterly 44 (Spring 1985): 16-41.
279. Lemire, Elise. "Miscegenation": Making Race in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002.
280. Lerner, Gerda. Black Women in White America: A Documentary History. New York: Pantheon, 1972.
281. Lester, J. C., and D. L. Wilson. Ku Klux Klan, Its Origin, Growth, and Disbandment. 2nd ed. Edited by Walter Lynwood Fleming. New York, 1905 (1884).
282. Lister, Ruth. "Citizenship: Toward a Feminist Synthesis." Feminist Review 57 (Autumn 1997): 28-48.
283. Litwack, Leon. Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. New York: Knopf, 1979.
284. Litwack, Leon. North of Slavery: The Negro in the Free States, 1790-1860. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961.
285. Long, Alecia P. The Great Southern Babylon: Sex, Race, and Respectability in New Orleans. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004.
286. Lovell, Linda Jeanne. "African-American Narratives from Arkansas: A Study from the 1936-1938 Federal Writers' Project A Folk History of Slavery in the United States." Ph.D. diss., University of Arkansas, May 1991.
287. Lovett, Bobby L. "Memphis Riots: White Reaction to Blacks in Memphis, May 1865-July 1866." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 37 (Spring 1979): 9-33.
288. Lucie, Patricia. "On Being a Free Person and a Citizen by Constitutional Amendment." Journal of American Studies 12 (1978): 343-58.
289. Luker, Lady Elizabeth. "Post Civil War Period in Jackson County." Stream of History 4 (1966): 36-37.
290. MacLean, Nancy. Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
291. Marcus, Sharon. "Fighting Bodies, Fighting Words: A Theory and Politics of Rape Prevention." In Feminists Theorize the Political, edited by Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott, 385-403. New York: Routledge, 1992.
292. Masur, Katherine. "Reconstructing the Nation's Capitol: The Politics of Race and Citizenship in the District of Columbia." Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan, 2001.
293. McClintock, Anne. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. New York: Routledge, 1995.
294. McCurry, Stephanie. "Black Republicans and the Rape of the South: Gender, Sexuality, and Civil War Politics." Unpublished paper presented to the Social History Workshop at the University of Chicago, 1996. Cited with permission of the author.
295. McCurry, Stephanie. Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
296. McCurry, Stephanie. "The Politics of Yeoman Households in South Carolina." In Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, edited by Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber, 22-38. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
297. McCurry, Stephanie. "The Two Faces of Republicanism: Gender and Proslavery Politics in Antebellum South Carolina." Journal of American History 78 (March 1992): 1245-64.
298. McFeely, William S. Yankee Stepfather: General O. O. Howard and the Freedmen. New York: Norton, 1994 (1968).
299. McGuire, Danielle L. " 'It Was Like All of Us Had Been Raped': Sexual Violence, Community Mobilization, and the African American Freedom Struggle." Journal of American History 91 (December 2004): 906-31.
300. McLaurin, Melton A. Celia, a Slave: A True Story of Violence and Retribution in Antebellum Missouri. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991.
301. Mehta, Uday S. "Liberal Strategies of Exclusion." In Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World, edited by Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, 59-86. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
302. Melish, Joanne Pope. Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and "Race" in New England. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998.
303. Mitchell, Michele. Righteous Propagation: African Americans and the Politics of Racial Destiny after Reconstruction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
304. Moneyhon, Carl H. "Disloyalty and Class Consciousness in Southwestern Arkansas, 1862-1865." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 52 (Autumn 1993): 223-43.
305. Moneyhon, Carl H. The Impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Arkansas: Persistence in the Midst of Ruin. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1994.
306. Moore, Sean T. " 'Justifiable Provocation': Violence against Women in Essex County, New York, 1799-1860." Journal of Social History 35 (Summer 2002): 896-918.
307. Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom: The Ordeal of Colonial Virginia. New York: Norton, 1975.
308. Morgan, Jennifer L. Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.
309. Nash, Gary B. "The Hidden History of Mestizo America." In Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, edited by Martha Hodes, 10-32. New York: New York University Press, 1999.
310. Nelson, Scott. Iron Confederacies: Southern Railways, Klan Violence, and Reconstruction. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999.
311. Nelson, Scott. "Livestock, Boundaries, and Public Space in Spartanburg: African American Men, Elite White Women, and the Spectacle of Conjugal Relations." In Sex, Love, Race: Crossing Boundaries in North American History, edited by Martha Hodes, 313-27. New York: New York University Press, 1999.
312. Nelson, William E. The Fourteenth Amendment: From Political Principle to Judicial Doctrine. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988.
313. Neuffer, Elizabeth. The Key to My Neighbor's House: Seeking Justice in Bosnia and Rwanda. New York: Picador, 2001.
314. Ngai, Mae M. Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
315. Nieman, Donald. To Set the Law in Motion: The Freedmen's Bureau and the Legal Rights of Blacks, 1865-1868. Millwood, N.Y.: KTO Press, 1979.
316. Norton, Mary Beth. Founding Mothers and Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society. New York: Knopf, 1996.
317. Nudelman, Franny. John Brown's Body: Slavery, Violence, and the Culture of War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
318. O'Donovan, Susan Eva. Becoming Free in the Cotton South. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007.
319. Osthaus, Carl B. Partisans of the Southern Press: Editorial Spokesmen of the Nineteenth Century. Louisville: University of Kentucky Press, 1994.
320. Ownby, Ted. Subduing Satan: Religion, Recreation, and Manhood in the Rural South, 1865-1920. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990.
321. Painter, Nell Irvin. "A Prize Winning Book Revisited." Journal of Women's History 2 (Winter 1991): 126-34.
322. Ownby, Ted. " 'Social Equality,' Miscegenation, Labor, and Power." In The Evolution of Southern Culture, edited by Numan V. Bartley, 47-67. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988.
323. Ownby, Ted. "Three Southern Women and Freud: A Non-Exceptionalist Approach to Race, Class, and Gender in the Slave South." In Feminists Revision History, edited by Ann-Louise Shapiro, 195-216. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1994.
324. Palmer, Paul C. "Miscegenation as an Issue in the Arkansas Constitutional Convention of 1868." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 24 (Summer 1965): 99-119.
325. Parks, Joseph H. "Memphis under Military Rule, 1862 to 1865." East Tennessee Historical Society Publications 14 (1942): 31-58.
326. Parsons, Elaine Frantz. "Midnight Rangers: Costume and Performance in the Reconstruction-Era Ku Klux Klan." Journal of Southern History 92 (December 2005): 811-36.
327. Pascoe, Peggy. "Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of 'Race' in Twentieth-Century America." Journal of American History 83 (June 1996): 44-69.
328. Pascoe, Peggy. "Race, Gender, and the Privileges of Property: On the Significance of Miscegenation Law in United States History." Paper presented at the American Bar Foundation and Northwestern University Law School, February 24, 1995.
329. Pateman, Carole. The Sexual Contract. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.
330. Patton, James Welch. Unionism and Reconstruction in Tennessee, 1860-1869. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1934.
331. Payne, Elizabeth Anne. " 'What Ain't I Been Doing?': Historical Reflections on Women and the Arkansas Delta." In The Arkansas Delta: Land of Paradox, edited by Jeannie M. Whayne and Willard B. Gatewood, 128-47. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1993.
332. Penningroth, Dylan C. The Claims of Kinfolk: African American Property and Community in the Nineteenth-Century South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
333. Perman, Michael. "Counter Reconstruction: The Role of Violence in Southern Redemption." In The Facts of Reconstruction: Essays in Honor of John Hope Franklin, edited by Eric Anderson and Alfred A. Moss Jr., 121-40. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991.
334. Perman, Michael. The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869-1879. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.
335. Perman, Michael. Struggle for Mastery: Disfranchisement in the South, 1888-1908. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
336. Powell, Lawrence N. New Masters: Northern Planters during the Civil War and Reconstruction. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1980.
337. Quarles, Benjamin. "Frederick Douglass and the Woman's Rights Movement." Journal of Negro History 25 (January 1940): 35-44.
338. Quarles, Benjamin. The Negro in the Civil War. New York: Da Capo Press, 1989 (1953).
339. Rabinowitz, Howard N. "From Exclusion to Segregation: Southern Race Relations, 1865 to 1890." Journal of American History 63 (September 1976): 325-50.
340. Rable, George C. But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984.
341. Ransom, Robert L., and Richard Sutch. One Kind of Freedom: The Economic Consequences of Emancipation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
342. Regosin, Elizabeth. Freedom's Promise: Ex-Slave Families and Citizenship in the Age of Emancipation. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2002.
343. Renda, Mary A. Taking Haiti: Military Occupation and the Culture of U.S. Imperialism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.
344. Richards, Leonard L. "Gentlemen of Property and Standing": Anti-Abolition Mobs in Jacksonian America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1970.
345. Richardson, Heather Cox. The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865-1901. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2001.
346. Riddleberger, Patrick W. 1866: The Critical Year Revisited. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1979.
347. Riley, Denise. "Am I That Name?" Feminism and the Category of "Women" in History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.
348. Roach, Joseph. Cities of the Dead: Circum-Atlantic Performance. New York: Columbia University Press, 1996.
349. Roark, James L. Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction. New York: Norton, 1977.
350. Robinson, Armstead. "In the Aftermath of Slavery: Blacks and Reconstruction in Memphis, 1865-1870." Thesis presented to the Scholars of the House Faculty of Yale College, May 1969.
351. Rodgers, Daniel T. "Republicanism: The Career of a Concept." Journal of American History 79 (June 1992): 11-38.
352. Roediger, David. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. New York: Verso, 1991.
353. Rogers, J. S. History of Arkansas Baptists. Little Rock: Arkansas Baptist State Convention, 1948.
354. Rose, Willie Lee. Rehearsal for Reconstruction: The Port Royal Experiment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
355. Rosenberg, Charles. "Sexuality, Class, and Role in 19th-Century America." In The American Man, edited by Elizabeth H. Pleck and Joseph H. Pleck, 221-54. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1980.
356. Ross, Margaret Smith. Arkansas Gazette: The Early Years, 1819-1866. Little Rock: Arkansas Gazette Foundation, 1969.
357. Ross, Margaret Smith. "Nathan Warren, a Free Negro for the Old South." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 15 (Spring 1956): 53-61.
358. Rothman, Joshua D. Notorious in the Neighborhood: Sex and Families across the Color Line in Virginia, 1787-1861. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
359. Rotundo, E. Anthony. American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era. New York: Basic Books, 1993.
360. Ryan, James Gilbert. "The Memphis Riot of 1866: Terror in a Black Community during Reconstruction." Journal of Negro History 62 (July 1977): 243-57.
361. Ryan, Mary P. Civic Wars: Democracy and Public Life in the American City during the Nineteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
362. Ryan, Mary P. Women in Public: Between Banners and Ballots, 1825-1880. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990.
363. St. Hilaire, Joseph M. "The Negro Delegates in the Arkansas Constitutional Convention of 1868: A Group Profile." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 33 (Spring 1974): 38-69.
364. Saks, Eva. "Representing Miscegenation Law." Raritan 8 (Fall 1988): 39-69.
365. Sánchez-Eppler, Karen. Touching Liberty: Abolition, Feminism, and the Politics of the Body. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993.
366. Saville, Julie. The Work of Reconstruction: From Slave to Wage Labor in South Carolina, 1860-1870. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994.
367. Schwalm, Leslie A. A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South Carolina. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.
368. Scott, Joan Wallach. "The Evidence of Experience." In Questions of Evidence: Proof, Practice, and Persuasion across the Disciplines, edited by James Chandler, Arnold I. Davidson, and Harry Harootunian, 363-78. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
369. Scott, Joan Wallach. "Experience." In Feminists Theorize the Political, edited by Judith Butler and Joan W. Scott, 22-40. New York: Routledge, 1992.
370. Scott, Joan Wallach. Gender and the Politics of History. New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.
371. Scott, Joan Wallach. "On Language, Gender, and Working-Class History." International Labor and Working-Class History 31 (Spring 1987): 1-13.
372. Scott, Joan Wallach. Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.
373. Scott, Joan Wallach. "Response to Gordon." Signs 15 (Summer 1990): 859-60.
374. Scott, Joan Wallach. Review of Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence by Linda Gordon. Signs 15 (Summer 1990): 848-51.
375. Scott, Joan Wallach. " 'The Tip of the Volcano.' " Comparative Studies in Society and History 35 (April 1993): 438-43.
376. Scott, Rebecca J. "The Atlantic World and the Road to Plessy v. Ferguson." Journal of American History 94 (December 2007): 726-33.
377. Scott, Rebecca J. Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2005.
378. Scott, Rebecca J. "Public Rights, Social Equality, and the Conceptual Roots of the Plessy Challenge." Michigan Law Review 106 (March 2008): 777-804.
379. Scott, Rebecca J. Slave Emancipation in Cuba: The Transition to Free Labor, 1860-1899. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1985.
380. Scully, Pamela, and Diana Paton, eds. Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005.
381. Sigafoos, Robert A. Cotton Row to Beale Street: A Business History of Memphis. Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1979.
382. Simpson, Craig M. A Good Southerner: The Life of Henry A. Wise of Virginia. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995.
383. Smith, Rogers. Civic Ideals: Conflicting Visions of Citizenship in U.S. History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997.
384. Smith, Valerie. "Split Affinities: The Case of Interracial Rape." In Conflicts in Feminism, edited by Marianne Hirsch and Evelyn Fox Keller, 271-87. New York: Routledge, 1990.
385. Sommerville, Diane Miller. Rape and Race in the Nineteenth-Century South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.
386. Sommerville, Diane Miller. "The Rape Myth in the Old South Reconsidered." Journal of Southern History 61 (August 1995): 481-518.
387. Sommerville, Diane Miller. "The Rape Myth Reconsidered: The Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender in the American South, 1800-1877." Ph.D. diss., Rutgers University, 1995.
388. Spain, Daphne. Gendered Spaces. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1992.
389. Stanley, Amy Dru. From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
390. Stansell, Christine. City of Women: Sex and Class in New York, 1789-1860. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982.
391. Stansell, Christine. "A Response to Joan Scott." International Labor and Working-Class History 31 (Spring 1987): 24-29.
392. Staples, Thomas S. Reconstruction in Arkansas, 1862-1874. Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith, 1964.
393. Steedman, Marek. "Gender and the Politics of the Household in Reconstruction Louisiana, 1865-1878." In Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World, edited by Pamela Scully and Diana Paton, 310-27. Durham: Duke University Press, 2005.
394. Sterling, Dorothy, ed. The Trouble They Seen: The Story of Reconstruction in the Words of African Americans. New York: Da Capo Press, 1994.
395. Stevenson, Brenda E. Life in Black and White: Family and Community in the Slave South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.
396. Stiglmayer, Alexandra, ed. Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994.
397. Stoler, Ann Laura. "Carnal Knowledge and Imperial Power: Gender, Race, and Morality in Colonial Asia." In Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era, edited by Micaela di Leonardo, 51-101. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
398. Stoler, Ann Laura. "Tense and Tender Ties: The Politics of Comparison in North American History and (Post) Colonial Studies." Journal of American History 88 (December 2001): 829-65.
399. Stolke, Verona. "Conquered Women." NACLA Report on the Americas 24 (February 1991): 23-28.
400. Taylor, Orville. Negro Slavery in Arkansas. Durham: Duke University Press, 1958.
401. Temkin, Jennifer. "Women, Rape, and Law Reform." In Rape: An Historical and Social Enquiry, edited by Syklvana Tomaselli and Roy Porter, 16-40. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986.
402. Terborg-Penn, Rosalyn. African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote, 1850-1920. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998.
403. Thompson, E. P. "The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century." Past and Present 50 (1971): 76-136.
404. Thompson, George H. Arkansas and Reconstruction: The Influence of Geography, Economics, and Personality. Port Washington, N.Y.: National University Publications, 1976.
405. Thornton, J. Mills, III. Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama, 1800-1860. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978.
406. Tindall, George B. South Carolina Negroes, 1877-1900. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1952.
407. Tracy, Sterling. "The Immigrant Population of Memphis." West Tennessee Historical Society Papers 4 (1950): 72-82.
408. Trelease, Allen W. White Terror: The Ku Klux Klan Conspiracy and Southern Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1971.
409. Tucker, David. Black Pastors and Leaders: Memphis, 1819-1972. Memphis: Memphis State University Press, 1975.
410. Turner, Jesse. "The Constitution of 1836." Publications of the Arkansas Historical Association 3 (1911): 116-17.
411. Vorenberg, Michael. Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
412. Wade, Richard. Slavery in the Cities: The South, 1820-1860. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
413. Walker, Barrington. "This Is White Man's Day: The Irish, White Racial Identity, and the 1866 Memphis Riots." Left History 5 (Fall 1997): 31-55.
414. Walkowitz, Judith R. City of Dreadful Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late-Victorian London. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.
415. Walkowitz, Judith R. Prostitution and Victorian Society: Women, Class, and the State. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1980.
416. Wallenstein, Peter. Tell the Court I Love My Wife: Race, Marriage, and the Law-An American History. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 2002.
417. Waller, Altina. "Community, Class, and Race in the Memphis Riot of 1866." Journal of Social History 18 (Winter 1984): 233-46.
418. Walters, Ronald G. "The Erotic South: Civilization and Sexuality in American Abolitionism." American Quarterly 25 (May 1973): 177-201.
419. Watson, Harry L. "Conflict and Collaboration: Yeomen, Slaveholders, and Politics in the Antebellum South." Social History 10 (October 1985): 273-98.
420. Webb, Arthur L. "Black Soldiers of Civil War Left Impact on City." Commercial Appeal, February (n.d.), 1989.
421. Webb, Arthur L. "United States Colored Troops, 1863-1867." Unpublished manuscript.
422. Whayne, Jeannie M. "Labor Relations and the Evolving Plantation: The Case of Sunnyside." In Shadows over Sunnyside: An Arkansas Plantation in Transition, 1830-1945, edited by Jeannie M. Whayne, 25-36. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1993.
423. White, Deborah Gray. Ar'n't I a Woman? Female Slaves in the Plantation South. New York: Norton, 1985.
424. White, Deborah Gray. Too Heavy a Load: Black Women in Defense of Themselves, 1894-1994. New York: Norton, 1999.
425. Whites, Lee Ann. "The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender." In Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, edited by Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber, 3-21. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
426. Whites, Lee Ann. The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender: Augusta, Georgia, 1860-1890. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1995.
427. Wiegman, Robyn. American Anatomies: Theorizing Race and Gender. Durham: Duke University Press, 1995.
428. Williams, C. Fred, S. Charles Bolton, Carl H. Moneyhon, and LeRoy T. Williams, eds. A Documentary History of Arkansas. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 1984.
429. Williams, Frank B. "John Eaton, Jr., Editor, Politician, and School Administrator, 1865-1870." Tennessee Historical Quarterly 10 (1951): 291-319.
430. Williams, Kidada E. "In the Space of Violence: African Americans and the Dynamics of Racial Supremacy and Survival after Slavery." Ph.D. diss, University of Michigan, 2005.
431. Williams, Lou Falkner. The Great South Carolina Ku Klux Klan Trials, 1871-1872. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1996.
432. Williamson, Joel. After Slavery: The Negro in South Carolina during Reconstruction, 1861-1877. Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1990 (1965).
433. Williamson, Joel. The Crucible of Race: Black-White Relations in the American South since Emancipation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1984.
434. Williamson, Joel. New People: Miscegenation and Mulattoes in the United States. New York: New York University Press, 1984 (1980).
435. Wilson, Theodore Brantner. The Black Codes of the South. University: University of Alabama Press, 1965.
436. Wood, Forrest G. Black Scare: The Racist Response to Emancipation and Reconstruction. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.
437. Woodward, C. Vann. The Strange Career of Jim Crow. New York: Oxford University Press, 1966 (1955).
438. Woodward, C. Vann. Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1986.
439. Wriggins, Jennifer. "Rape, Racism, and the Law." Harvard Women's Law Journal 6 (Spring 1983): 103-41.
440. Wyatt-Brown, Bertram. Southern Honor: Ethics and Behavior in the Old South. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
441. Yuval-Davis, Nira. "Women, Citizenship, and Difference." Feminist Review 57 (Autumn 1997): 4-27.
442. Yuval-Davis, Nira, and Pnina Werbner, eds. Women, Citizenship, and Difference. London: Zed Books, 1999.