Psychopathy variants: Empirical evidence supporting a subtyping model in a community sample

Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 10-19

  Falkenbach, Diana M ^a   Stern, Stephanie B ^a   Creevy, Caysyn ^a  

^a JOHN JAY COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPi R); Psychopathy; Subtypes; Successful psychopathy

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGGRESSION; ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; ARTICLE; CLASSIFICATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGGRESSION; ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PERSONALITY; PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84897727005     PISSN: 19492715     EISSN: 19492723     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/per0000021     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author
2. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author
3. Banfield, J. D., & Raftery, A. E. (1993). Model-based Gaussian and non-Gaussian clustering. Biometrics, 49, 803-821. doi:10.2307/ 2532201
4. Baumeister, R. F. (2001, April). Violent pride: Do people turn violent because of self-hate or self-love? Scientific American, 96-101. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0401-96
5. Benning, S. D., Patrick, C. J., Hicks, B. M., Blonigen, D. M., & Krueger, R. F. (2003). Factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory: Validity and implications for clinical assessment. Psychological Assessment, 15, 340-350. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.15.3.340
6. Blackburn, R. (1998). Psychopathy and personality disorder: Implications of interpersonal theory. In D. J. Cooke, A. E. Forth, & R. D. Hare (Eds.), Psychopathy: Theory, research, and implications for society (pp. 269-301). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer
7. Blackburn, R. (2006). Other theoretical models of psychopathy. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 35-57). New York, NY: Guilford Press
8. Blackburn, R., & Coid, J. W. (1998). Psychopathy and the dimensions of personality disorder in violent offenders. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 129-145. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00027-0
9. Brinkley, C. A., Schmitt, W. A., Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (2001). Construct validation of a self-report psychopathy scale: Does Levenson's Self-Report Psychopathy Scale measure the same construct as Hare's Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 1021-1038. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(00)00178-1
10. Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 452-459. doi:10.1037/0022- 3514.63.3.452
11. Cale, E. M., & Lilienfeld, S. O. (2006). Psychopathy factors and risk for aggressive behavior: A test of the threatened egotism hypothesis. Law and Human Behavior, 30, 51-74. doi:10.1007/s10979-006-9004-5
12. Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.2.319
13. Claes, L., Vertommen, S., Soenens, B., Eyskens, A., Rens, E., & Vertommen, H. (2009). Validation of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory among psychiatric inpatients: Sociodemographic, cognitive and person-Ality correlates. Journal of Personality Disorders, 23, 477-493. doi: 10.1521/pedi.2009.23.5.477
14. Cleckley, H. (1941). The mask of sanity. St. Louis, MO: Mosby, Inc
15. Cooke, D. J., & Michie, C. (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model. Psychological Assessment, 13, 171-188. doi:10.1037/10403590.13.2.171
16. Coyne, S. M., & Thomas, T. J. (2008). Psychopathy, aggression, and cheating behavior: A test of the Cheater-Hawk hypothesis. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1105-1115. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.002
17. Edens, J. F., Marcus, D. K., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Poythress, N. R. (2006). Psychopathic, not psychopath: Taxometric evidence for the dimensional structure of psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 131-144. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.1.131
18. Emmons, R. A. (1984). Factor analysis and construct validity of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 291-300. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4803-11
19. Falkenbach, D. M. (2008). Psychopathy and the assessment of violence in women. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 8, 212-224. doi: 10.1080/15228930801964125
20. Falkenbach, D. M., Howe, J. R., & Falki, M. (2013). Using self-esteem to disaggregate psychopathy, narcissism, and aggression. Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 815-820
21. Falkenbach, D., Poythress, N., & Creevy, C. (2008). The exploration of subclinical psychopathic subtypes and the relationship with types of aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 821-832. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.012
22. Falkenbach, D., Poythress, N., Falki, M., & Manchak, S. (2007). Reliability and validity of two self-report measures of psychopathy. Assessment, 14, 341-350. doi:10.1177/1073191107305612
23. Fraley, C. (1998). Algorithms for model-based Gaussian hierarchical clustering. SIAM Journal of Scientific Computing, 20, 270-281. doi: 10.1137/S1064827596311451
24. Fulton, J. J., Marcus, D. K., & Payne, K. T. (2010). Psychopathic personality traits and risky sexual behavior in college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 29-33. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.035
25. Gacono, C. B., Nieberding, R. J., Owen, A., Rubel, J., & Bodholdt, R. (2001). Treating conduct disorder, antisocial, and psychopathic personalities. In J. B. Ashford, B. Sales, & W. H. Reid (Eds.), Treating adult and juvenile offenders with special needs (pp. 99-129). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/10390-004
26. Haapasalo, J., & Pulkkinen, L. (1992). The Psychopathy Checklist and non-violent offender groups. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 2, 315-328
27. Hall, J., & Benning, S. (2006). The successful psychopath: Adaptive and subclinical manifestations of psychopathy in the general population. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 459-478). New York, NY: Guilford Press
28. Hare, R. D. (1991). The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems
29. Hare, R. D., Hart, S. D., & Harpur, T. J. (1991). Psychopathy and the DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 391-398. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.391
30. Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D., & Hakstian, A. R. (1989). Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications. Psychological Assessment, 1, 6-17. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.1.6
31. Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1989). Discriminant validity of the Psychopathy Checklist in a forensic psychiatric population. Psychological Assessment, 1, 211-218. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.1.3.211
32. Hicks, B. M., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Krueger, R. F., & Newman, J. P. (2004). Identifying psychopathy subtypes on the basis of personality structure. Psychological Assessment, 16, 276-288. doi:10.1037/ 1040-3590.16.3.276
33. Hundt, N. E., Kimbrel, N. A., Mitchell, J. T., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (2008). High BAS, but not low BIS, predicts externalizing symptoms in adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 565-575. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.09. 018
34. Hyler, S. E., & Rieder, R. O. (1987) Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire Revised (PDQ R). New York, NY: New York State Psychiatric Institute.
35. Karpman, B. (1941). On the need of separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: The symptomatic and idiopathic. Journal of Criminal Psychopathology, 3, 112-137
36. Kastner, R. M., & Sellbom, M. (2012). Hypersexuality in college students: The role of psychopathy. Personality and Individual Differences, 53, 644-649. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.05.005
37. Kosson, D. S., Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (1990). Evaluating the construct validity of psychopathy in Black and White male inmates: Three preliminary studies. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 250-259. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.99.3.250
38. Kucharski, L. T., Falkenbach, D. M., Egan, S., & Duncan, S. (2006). Antisocial personality disorder and malingering of psychiatric disorder: A study of criminal defendants. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 5, 195-204. doi:10.1080/14999013.2006.10471243
39. Lee, Z., & Salekin, R. T. (2010). Psychopathy in a noninstitutional sample: Differences in primary and secondary subtypes. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, Treatment, 1, 153-169. doi:10.1037/a0019269
40. Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 151-158. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.151
41. Lilienfeld, S. O. (1994). Conceptual problems in the assessment of psychopathy. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 17-38. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(94) 90046-9
42. Lilienfeld, S. O. (1998). Methodological advances and developments in the assessment of psychopathy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 99-125. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(97)10021-3
43. Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal populations. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 488-524. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6603-3
44. Lilienfeld, S. O., & Fowler, K. A. (2006). The self-report assessment of psychopathy: Problems, pitfalls, and promises. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 107-132). New York, NY: Guilford Press
45. Lilienfeld, S. O., Patrick, C. J., Benning, S. D., Berg, J., Sellbom, M., & Edens, J. F. (2012). The role of fearless dominance in psychopathy: Confusions, controversies, and clarifications. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, Treatment, 3, 327-340. doi:10.1037/a0026987
46. Lykken, D. T. (1995). The antisocial personalities. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum
47. Lynam, D. R., & Miller, J. D. (2012). Fearless dominance and psychopathy: A response to Lilienfeld et al. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, Treatment, 3, 341-353. doi:10.1037/a0028296
48. Marcus, D. K., John, S. L., & Edens, J. F. (2004). A taxometric analysis of psychopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 626-635. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.113.4.626
49. Mealey, L. (1995). The sociobiology of sociopathy: An integrated evolutionary model. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 18, 523-599. doi: 10.1017/S0140525X00039595
50. Meloy, J. R., & Gacono, C. B. (1993). A borderline psychopath: I was basically maladjusted. Journal of Personality Assessment, 61, 358-373. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa6102-15
51. Miller, J. D., & Lynam, D. R. (2012). An examination of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory's nomological network: A meta-Analytic review. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, Treatment, 3, 305-326. doi: 10.1037/a0024567
52. Miller, J. D., Zeichner, A., & Wilson, L. F. (2012). Personality correlates of aggression: Evidence from measures of the Five-Factor model, UPPS model of impulsivity, and BIS/BAS. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 2903-2919. doi:10.1177/0886260512438279
53. Murrie, D. C., Marcus, D. K., Douglas, K. S., Lee, Z., Salekin, R. T., & Vincent, G. (2007). Youth with psychopathy features are not a discrete class: A taxometric analysis. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 714-723. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01734.x
54. Nathanson, C., Paulhus, D. L., & Williams, K. M. (2006). Personality and misconduct correlates of body modification and other cultural deviance markers. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 779-802. doi:10.1016/ j.jrp.2005.09.002
55. Pincus, A. L., Ansell, E. B., Pimentel, C. A., Cain, N. M., Wright, A. G., & Levy, K. N. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the Pathological Narcissism Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 21, 365-379. doi:10.1037/a0016530
56. Porter, S. (1996). Without conscience or without active conscience? The etiology of psychopathy revisited. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 1, 179-189. doi:10.1016/1359-1789(95)00010-0
57. Poythress, N. G., Edens, J. F., Skeem, J. L., Lilienfeld, S. O., Douglas, K. S., Frick, P. L., Wang, T. (2010). Identifying subtypes among offenders with antisocial personality disorder: A cluster-Analytic study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 389-400. doi:10.1037/a0018611
58. Poythress, N. G., & Skeem, J. L. (2006). Disaggregating psychopathy: Where and how to look for subtypes. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 172-192). New York, NY: Guilford Press
59. Raftery, A. (1995). Bayesian model selection in social research. Sociological Methodology, 25, 111-163. doi:10.2307/271063
60. Rapkin, B. D., & Luke, D. A. (1993). Cluster analysis in community research: Epistemology and practice. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 247-277. doi:10.1007/BF00941623
61. Raskin, R. N., & Terry, H. (1988). A principal components analysis of the Narcissistic Personality Inventory and further evidence of its construct validation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 890-902. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.5.890
62. Ross, S. R., Lutz, C. J., & Bailley, S. E. (2004). Psychopathy and the Five Factor model in a noninstitutionalized sample: A domain and facet level analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 213-223. doi:10.1023/B:JOBA.0000045337.48535.a5
63. Rutherford, M., Alterman, A., Cacciola, J., & McKay, J. (1997). Validity of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in male methadone patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 44, 143-149. doi:10.1016/S0376-8716(96)01329-4
64. Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1997). Construct validity of psychopathy in a female offender sample: A multitrait-multimethod evaluation. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 576-585. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.106.4.576
65. Salekin, R. T., Trobst, K. K., & Krioukova, M. (2001). Construct validity of psychopathy in a community sample: A nomonological net approach. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15, 425-441. doi:10.1521/pedi.15.5.425.19196
66. Skeem, J. L., Johansson, P., Andershed, H., Kerr, M., & Louden, J. E. (2007). Two subtypes of psychopathic violent offenders that parallel primary and secondary variants. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 116, 395-409. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.2.395
67. Skeem, J. L., Poythress, N., Edens, J. F., Lilienfeld, S. O., & Cale, E. M. (2003). Psychopathic personality or personalities? Exploring potential variants of psychopathy and their implications of risk assessment. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 8, 513-546. doi:10.1016/S1359-1789(02)00098-8
68. Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press
69. Swogger, M. T., Welsh, Z., & Kosson, D. S. (2008). Psychopathy subtypes among African American county jail inmates. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 35, 1484-1499. doi:10.1177/0093854808324506
70. TIBCO Software Inc. (2010). S-Plus (Version 8.2). [Computer software]. Palo Alto, CA: TIBCO Spotfire Statistical Services
71. Ullrich, S., Farrington, D. P., & Coid, J. W. (2008). Psychopathic personality traits and life success. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1162-1171. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.11.008
72. Vassileva, J., Kosson, D. S., Abramowitz, C., & Conrod, P. (2005). Psychopathy versus psychopathies in classifying criminal offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 10, 27-43. doi:10.1348/ 135532504X15376
73. Vater, A., Schröder-Abé, M., Babette Renneberg, R., Schulze, L., Bosson, J. K., & Roepke, S. (2013). The Narcissistic Personality Inventory: A useful tool for assessing pathological narcissism? Evidence from patients with narcissistic personality disorder. Journal of Personality Assessment, 95, 301-308. doi:10.1080/00223891.2012.732636
74. Vitacco, M. J., Neumann, C. S., & Jackson, R. L. (2005). Testing a four-factor model of psychopathy and its association with ethnicity, gender, intelligence, and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 466-476. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.466
75. Walters, G. D., Duncan, S. A., & Mitchell-Perez, K. (2007). The latent structure of psychopathy: A taxometric investigation of the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised in a heterogeneous sample of male prison inmates. Assessment, 14, 270-278. doi:10.1177/1073191107299594
76. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063
77. Widiger, T. A., & Corbitt, E. M. (1997). Comorbidity of antisocial personality disorder with personality disorders. In D. M. Stoff, J. M. Breiling, & J. D. Master (Eds.), Handbook of antisocial behavior (pp. 75-82). New York, NY: Wiley
78. Williams, K. M., Spidel, A., & Paulhus, D. L. (2005, July). Sex, lies, and more lies: Exploring the intimate relationships of subclinical psychopaths. Poster presented at the conference of the Society for the Scientific Study of Psychopathy, Vancouver, BC, Canada
79. Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 590-597. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.4.590