Magnetic resonance imaging of cystic pancreatic lesions in adults: An update in current diagnostic features and management

Abdominal Imaging

Volumn 39, Issue 1, 2014, Pages 48-65

  Barral, Matthias ^a   Soyer, Philippe ^a,b   Dohan, Anthony ^a,b   Laurent, Valérie ^c   Hoeffel, Christine ^d   Fishman, Elliot K ^e   Boudiaf, Mourad ^a  

^a HÔPITAL LARIBOISIÈRE   (France)

^b UNIVERSITÉ PARIS DESCARTES   (France)

^c CHU NANCY BRABOIS   (France)

^d SERVICE DE DERMATOLOGIE   (France)

^e DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

MR imaging; Pancreas; Pancreatic cystic tumors; Pancreatic neoplasms

Indexed keywords

CYSTADENOMA; CYSTIC FIBROSIS; CYSTIC LYMPHANGIOMA; CYSTIC NEOPLASM; DEMOGRAPHY; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; ENDOCRINE TUMOR; HUMAN; INTRADUCTAL PAPILLARY MUCINOUS TUMOR; KIDNEY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; LYMPHOEPITHELIOMA; MACROCYSTIC SEROUS CYSTADENOMA; MISCELLANEOUS PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; MUCINOUS CYSTIC NEOPLASM; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PANCREAS ADENOCARCINOMA; PANCREAS CYST; PANCREAS PSEUDOCYST; PANCREAS TUMOR; PANCREATIC CYSTIC LYMPHANGIOMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEROUS CYSTIC NEOPLASM; SOLID PSEUDOPAPILLARY TUMOR; VON HIPPEL LINDAU DISEASE; ADULT; CYSTADENOMA, SEROUS; DIFFUSION WEIGHTED IMAGING; ECHOGRAPHY; ENDOSCOPIC ECHOGRAPHY; FEMALE; MALE; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST; PROCEDURES;

ADULT; CYSTADENOMA; CYSTADENOMA, SEROUS; DIFFUSION MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; ENDOSONOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; PANCREATIC NEOPLASMS; PANCREATIC PSEUDOCYST;

EID: 84897677289     PISSN: 09428925     EISSN: 14320509     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-013-0048-y     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Laffan TA, Horton KM, Klein AP, et al. (2008) Prevalence of unsuspected pancreatic cysts on MDCT. Am J Roentgenol 191:802-807
2. Tirkes T, Menias CO, Sandrasegaran K (2012) MR imaging techniques for pancreas. Radiol Clin North Am 50:379-393
3. Soyer P, Lagadec M, Sirol M, et al. (2010) Free-breathing diffusion-weighted single-shot echo-planar MR imaging using parallel imaging (GRAPPA 2) and high b value for the detection of primary rectal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Imaging 10:32-39
4. Taouli B, Martin AJ, Qayyum A, et al. (2004) Parallel imaging and diffusion tensor imaging for diffusion-weighted MRI of the liver: preliminary experience in healthy volunteers. Am J Roentgenol 183:677-680
5. Yoshikawa T, Ohno Y, Kawamitsu H, et al. (2008) Abdominal apparent diffusion coefficient measurements: effect of diffusion-weighted image quality and usefulness of anisotropic images. Magn Reson Imaging 26:1415-1420
6. Barral M, Soyer P, Ben Hassen W, et al. (2013) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the normal pancreas: reproducibility and variations of apparent diffusion coefficient measurement at 1.5- and 3.0-Tesla. Diagn Interv Imaging 94:418-427
7. Arrivé L, Coudray C, Azizi L, et al. (2007) Pineapple juice as a negative oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. J Radiol 88:1689-1694
8. Sahani DV, Kadavigere R, Saokar A, et al. (2005) Cystic pancreatic lesions: a simple imaging-based classification system for guiding management. Radiographics 25:1471-1484
9. Gabata T, Matsui O, Kadoya M, et al. (1994) Small pancreatic adenocarcinomas: efficacy of MR imaging with fat suppression and gadolinium enhancement. Radiology 193:683-688
10. Göhde SC, Toth J, Krestin GP, Debatin JF (1997) Dynamic contrast-enhanced FMPSPGR of the pancreas: impact on diagnostic performance. Am J Roentgenol 168:689-696
11. Mitchell DG, Vinitski S, Saponaro S, et al. (1991) Liver and pancreas: improved spin-echo T1 contrast by shorter echo time and fat suppression at 1.5 T. Radiology 178:67-71
12. Semelka RC, Ascher SM (1993) MR imaging of the pancreas. Radiology 188:593-602
13. Zhong L, Xiao SD, Stoker J, Nj Tytgat G (2004) Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. Chin J Dig Dis 5:139-148
14. Tirkes T, Akisik F, Tann M, Balci NC (2009) Imaging of the pancreas with secretin enhancement. Top Magn Reson Imaging 20:19-24
15. Balci NC, Momtahen AJ, Akduman EI, et al. (2008) Diffusion-weighted MRI of the pancreas: correlation with secretin endoscopic pancreatic function test (ePFT). Acad Radiol 15:1264-1268
16. Barral M, Sebbag-Sfez D, Hoeffel C, et al. (2013) Characterization of focal pancreatic lesions using normalized apparent diffusion coefficient at 1.5-Tesla: preliminary experience. Diagn Interv Imaging 94:619-627
17. Mottola JC, Sahni VA, Erturk SM, et al. (2012) Diffusion-weighted MRI of focal cystic pancreatic lesions at 3.0-Tesla: preliminary results. Abdom Imaging 37:110-117
18. Schraibman V, Goldman SM, Ardengh JC, et al. (2011) New trends in diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging as a tool in differentiation of serous cystadenoma and mucinous cystic tumor: a prospective study. Pancreatology 11:43-51
19. Kimura W, Nagai H, Kurodu A (1995) Analysis of small cystic lesions of the pancreas. Int J Pancreatol 18:197-206
20. Valsangkar N, Morales-Oyarvide V, Thayer S, et al. (2012) 851 resected cystic tumors of the pancreas: a 33-year experience at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Surgery 152:4-12
21. Talamini MA, Pitt HA, Hruban RH, et al. (1992) Spectrum of cystic tumors of the pancreas. Am J Surg 163:117-123
22. Kosmahl M, Pauser U, Peters K, et al. (2004) Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas and tumor-like lesions with cystic features: a review of 418 cases and a classification proposal. Virchows Arch 445:168-178
23. de Jong K, Nio CY, Hermans JJ, et al. (2010) High prevalence of pancreatic cysts detected by screening magnetic resonance imaging examinations. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 8:806-811
24. Lee KS, Sekhar A, Rofsky NM, Pedrosa I (2010) Prevalence of incidental pancreatic cysts in the adult population on MR imaging. Am J Gastroenterol 105:2079-2084
25. Basturk O, Coban I, Adsay NV (2009) Pancreatic cysts: pathologic classification, differential diagnosis, and clinical implications. Arch Pathol Lab Med 133:423-438
26. Ballarin R, Masetti M, Losi L, et al. (2009) Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms with uncertain malignant potential: report of two cases. Surg Today 39:162-167
27. Adsay NV (2001) Centrally necrotic invasive ductal carcinoma of the pancreas presenting clinically as macrocystic lesions. Mod Pathol 14:191
28. Adsay VN (2008) Cystic neoplasia of the pancreas: pathology and biology. J Gastrointest Surg 12:401-404
29. Igarashi A, Maruo Y, Ito T, et al. (2001) Huge cystic lymphangioma of the pancreas: report of a case. Surg Today 31:743-746
30. Schneider G, Seidel R, Altmeyer K, et al. (2001) Lymphangioma of the pancreas and the duodenal wall: MR imaging findings. Eur Radiol 11:2232-2235
31. Koenig TR, Loyer EM, Whitman GJ, Raymond AK, Charnsangavej C (2001) Cystic lymphangioma of the pancreas. Am J Roentgenol 177:1090
32. Gray G, Fried K, Iraci J (1998) Cystic lymphangioma of the pancreas: CT and pathologic findings. Abdom Imaging 23:78-80
33. Hanelin LG, Schimmel DH (1977) Lymphangioma of the pancreas exhibiting an unusual pattern of calcification. Radiology 122:636
34. Khandelwal M, Lichtenstein GR, Morris JB, Furth EE, Long WB (1995) Abdominal lymphangioma masquerading as a pancreatic cystic neoplasm. J Clin Gastroenterol 20:142-144
35. Abe H, Kubota K, Noie T, Bandai Y, Makuuchi M (1997) Cystic lymphangioma of the pancreas: a case report with special reference to embryological development. Am J Gastroenterol 92:1566-1567
36. Paal E, Thompson LD, Heffess CS (1998) A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of ten pancreatic lymphangiomas and a review of the literature. Cancer 1(82):2150-2158
37. Beger HG, Rau B, Mayer J, Pralle U (1997) Natural course of acute pancreatitis. World J Surg 21:130-135
38. Fishman EK, Soyer P, Bliss DF, Bluemke DA, Devine N (1995) Splenic involvement in pancreatitis: spectrum of CT findings. Am J Roentgenol 164:631-635
39. Garcea G, Ong SL, Rajesh A, et al. (2008) Cystic lesions of the pancreas. A diagnostic and management dilemma. Pancreatology 8:236-251
40. Singhal D, Kakodkar R, Sud R, Chaudhary A (2006) Issues in management of pancreatic pseudocysts. JOP 7:502-507
41. Lankisch PG, Weber-Dany B, Maisonneuve P, Lowenfels AB (2012) Pancreatic pseudocysts: prognostic factors for their development and their spontaneous resolution in the setting of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatology 12:85-90
42. Mullins RJ, Malangoni MA, Bergamini TM, Casey JM, Richardson JD (1988) Controversies in the management of pancreatic pseudocysts. Am J Surg 155:165-172
43. Baron TH, Morgan DE (1997) The diagnosis and management of fluid collections associated with pancreatitis. Am J Med 102:555-563
44. Arvanitakis M, Delhaye M, De Maertelaere V, et al. (2004) Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 126:715-723
45. Choi JY, Kim MJ, Lee JY, et al. (2009) Typical and atypical manifestations of serous cystadenoma of the pancreas: imaging findings with pathologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol 193:136-142
46. Malleo G, Bassi C, Rossini R, et al. (2012) Growth pattern of serous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: observational study with long-term magnetic resonance surveillance and recommendations for treatment. Gut 61:746-751
47. Manfredi R, Bonatti M, D'Onofrio M, et al. (2013) Incidentally discovered benign pancreatic cystic neoplasms not communicating with the ductal system: MR/MRCP imaging appearance and evolution. Radiol Med 118:163-180
48. Farrell JJ, Fernández-Del Castillo C (2013) Pancreatic cystic neoplasms: management and unanswered questions. Gastroenterology 144:1303-1315
49. Soyer P, Rabenandrasana A, Van Beers B, et al. (1994) Cystic tumors of the pancreas: dynamic CT studies. J Comput Assist Tomogr 18:420-426
50. Buck JL, Hayes WS (1990) From the archives of the AFIP. Microcystic adenoma of the pancreas. Radiographics 10:313-322
51. Sakorafas GH, Smyrniotis V, Reid-Lombardo KM, Sarr MG (2012) Primary pancreatic cystic neoplasms of the pancreas revisited. Part IV: rare cystic neoplasms. Surg Oncol 21:153-163
52. Khurana B, Mortelé KJ, Glickman J, Silverman SG, Ros PR (2003) Macrocystic serous adenoma of the pancreas: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Am J Roentgenol 181:119-123
53. Gouhiri M, Soyer P, Barbagelatta M, Rymer R (1999) Macrocystic serous cystadenoma of the pancreas: CT and endosonographic features. Abdom Imaging 24:72-74
54. Wadsworth DT, Newman B, Abramson SJ, Carpenter BL, Lorenzo RL (1997) Splenic lymphangiomatosis in children. Radiology 202:173-176
55. de Perrot M, Rostan O, Morel P, Le Coultre C (1998) Abdominal lymphangioma in adults and children. Br J Surg 85:395-397
56. Kudo D, Hashimoto N, Toyoki Y, Narumi S, Hakamada K (2011) Usefulness of in-phase and out-of-phase magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of pancreatic lymphoepithelial cyst. Hepatogastroenterology 58:1403-1405
57. Yamaguchi T, Takahashi H, Kagawa R, et al. (2008) Lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas associated with elevated CA 19-9 levels. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 15:652-654
58. Liu J, Shin HJ, Rubenchik I, et al. (1999) Cytologic features of lymphoepithelial cyst of the pancreas: two preoperatively diagnosed cases based on fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol 21:346-350
59. Matrone A, Russo M, Mollica C, et al. (2010) Lymphoepithelial pancreatic cyst: an atypical benign pancreatic mass presenting with a "cheerios- like" appearance. JOP 11:170-172
60. van Asselt SJ, de Vries EG, van Dullemen HM, et al. (2013) Pancreatic cyst development: insights from von Hippel-Lindau disease. Cilia 2:3
61. Lamiell JM, Salazar FG, Hsia YE (1989) von Hippel-Lindau disease affecting 43 members of a single kindred. Medicine (Baltimore) 68:1-29
62. Neumann HP, Dinkel E, Brambs H, et al. (1991) Pancreatic lesions in the von Hippel-Lindau syndrome. Gastroenterology 101:465-471
63. Mergo PJ, Helmberger TK, Buetow PC, Helmberger RC, Ros PR (1997) Pancreatic neoplasms: MR imaging and pathologic correlation. Radiographics 17:281-301
64. Chambers TP, Fishman EK, Hruban RH (1997) Pancreatic metastases from renal cell carcinoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Clin Imaging 21:40-42
65. Hammel PR, Vilgrain V, Terris B, et al. (2000) Pancreatic involvement in von Hippel-Lindau disease. Groupe Francophone d'Etude de la Maladie de von Hippel-Lindau. Gastroenterology 119:1087-1095
66. Horton WA, Wong V, Eldridge R (1976) Von Hippel-Lindau disease: clinical and pathological manifestations in nine families with 50 affected members. Arch Intern Med 136:769-777
67. Soyer P, Spelle L, Pelage JP, et al. (1999) Cystic fibrosis in adolescents and adults: fatty replacement of the pancreas - CT evaluation and functional correlation. Radiology 210:611-615
68. Lugo-Olivieri CH, Soyer PA, Fishman EK (1998) Cystic fibrosis: spectrum of thoracic and abdominal CT findings in the adult patient. Clin Imaging 22:346-354
69. Agrons GA, Corse WR, Markowitz RI, Suarez ES, Perry DR (1996) Gastrointestinal manifestations of cystic fibrosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 16:871-893
70. Hernanz-Schulman M, Teele RL, Perez-Atayde A, et al. (1986) Pancreatic cystosis in cystic fibrosis. Radiology 158:629-631
71. Higashihara E, Aso Y, Shimazaki J, et al. (1992) Clinical aspects of polycystic kidney disease. J Urol 147:329-332
72. Torres VE, Harris PC (2009) Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: the last 3 years. Kidney Int 76:149-168
73. de Lima JE, Jr JM, Mathur SC (1999) Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas. Radiographics 19:807-811
74. Campbell F, Azadeh B (2008) Cystic neoplasms of the exocrine pancreas. Histopathology 52:539-551
75. Ng DZ, Goh BK, Tham EH, Young SM, Ooi LL (2009) Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: current diagnostic modalities and management. Ann Acad Med Singapore 38:251-259
76. O'Toole D, Palazzo L, Hammel P, et al. (2004) Macrocystic pancreatic cystadenoma: the role of EUS and cyst fluid analysis in distinguishing mucinous and serous lesions. Gastrointest Endosc 59:823-829
77. Buetow PC, Rao P, Thompson LD (1998) From the archives of the AFIP. Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 18:433-449
78. Goh BK, Tan YM, Chung YF, et al. (2006) A review of mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas defined by ovarian-type stroma: clinicopathological features of 344 patients. World J Surg 30:2236-2245
79. Lundstedt C, Dawiskiba S (2000) Serous and mucinous cystadenoma/ cystadenocarcinoma of the pancreas. Abdom Imaging 25:201-206
80. Crippa S, Salvia R, Warshaw AL, et al. (2008) Mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas is not an aggressive entity: lessons from 163 resected patients. Ann Surg 247:571-579
81. Sarr MG, Carpenter HA, Prabhakar LP, et al. (2000) Clinical and pathologic correlation of 84 mucinous cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: can one reliably differentiate benign from malignant (or premalignant) neoplasms? Ann Surg 231:205-212
82. Katz MH, Mortenson MM, Wang H, et al. (2008) Diagnosis and management of cystic neoplasms of the pancreas: an evidence-based approach. J Am Coll Surg 207:106-120
83. Baiocchi GL, Portolani N, Grazioli L, et al. (2013) Management of pancreatic intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm in an academic hospital (2005-2010): what follow-up for unoperated patients? Pancreas 42:696-700
84. Tanaka M, Fernández-del Castillo C, Adsay V, et al. (2012) International consensus guidelines 2012 for the management of IPMN and MCN of the pancreas. Pancreatology 12:183-197
85. Waters JA, Schmidt CM, Pinchot JW, et al. (2008) CT vs MRCP: optimal classification of IPMN type and extent. J Gastrointest Surg 12:101-109
86. Lim JH, Zen Y, Jang KT, Kim YK, Nakanuma Y (2011) Cyst-forming intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile ducts: description of imaging and pathologic aspects. Am J Roentgenol 197:1111-1120
87. Song SJ, Lee JM, Kim YJ, et al. (2007) Differentiation of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms from other pancreatic cystic masses: comparison of multirow-detector CT and MR imaging using ROC analysis. J Magn Reson Imaging 26:86-93
88. Procacci C, Carbognin G, Biasiutti C, et al. (2001) Intraductal papillary mucinous tumors of the pancreas: spectrum of CT and MR findings with pathologic correlation. Eur Radiol 11:1939-1951
89. Manfredi R, Graziani R, Motton M, et al. (2009) Main pancreatic duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms: accuracy of MR imaging in differentiation between benign and malignant tumors compared with histopathologic analysis. Radiology 253:106-115
90. Serikawa M, Sasaki T, Fujimoto Y, Kuwahara K, Chayama K (2006) Management of intraductal papillary-mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas: treatment strategy based on morphologic classification. J Clin Gastroenterol 40:856-862
91. D'Angelica M, Brennan MF, Suriawinata AA, Klimstra D, Conlon KC (2004) Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas: an analysis of clinicopathologic features and outcome. Ann Surg 239:400-408
92. Fujino Y, Matsumoto I, Ueda T, Toyama H, Kuroda Y (2007) Proposed new score predicting malignancy of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of the pancreas. Am J Surg 194:304-307
93. Klotz T, Da Ines D, Petitcolin V, et al. (2013) Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas. Diagn Interv Imaging 94:1169-1174
94. Coleman KM, Doherty MC, Bigler SA (2003) Solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas. Radiographics 23:1644-1648
95. Ganeshan DM, Paulson E, Tamm EP, et al. (2013) Solid pseudo-papillary tumors of the pancreas: current update. Abdom Imaging 38:1373-1382
96. Yu MH, Lee JY, Kim MA, et al. (2010) MR imaging features of small solid pseudopapillary tumors: retrospective differentiation from other small solid pancreatic tumors. Am J Roentgenol 195:1324-1332
97. Choi JY, Kim MJ, Kim JH, et al. (2006) Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas: typical and atypical manifestations. Am J Roentgenol 187:178-186
98. Kawamoto S, Scudiere J, Hruban RH, et al. (2011) Solid-pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas: spectrum of findings on multidetector CT. Clin Imaging 35:21-28
99. Reddy S, Cameron JL, Scudiere J, et al. (2009) Surgical management of solid-pseudopapillary neoplasms of the pancreas (Franz or Hamoudi tumors): a large single-institutional series. J Am Coll Surg 208:950-957
100. Warshaw AL, Fernández-del Castillo C (1992) Pancreatic carcinoma. N Engl J Med 13(326):455-465
101. Adsay NV, Pierson C, Sarkar F, et al. (2001) Colloid (mucinous noncystic) carcinoma of the pancreas. Am J Surg Pathol 25:26-42
102. Lee LY, Hsu HL, Chen HM, Hsueh C (2003) Ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with huge cystic degeneration: a lesion to be distinguished from pseudocyst and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. Int J Surg Pathol 11:235-239
103. Kosmahl M, Pauser U, Anlauf M, Klöppel G (2005) Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas with cystic features: neither rare nor uniform. Mod Pathol 18:1157-1164
104. Cubilla AL, Fitzgerald PJ (1985) Cancer of the exocrine pancreas: the pathologic aspects. CA Cancer J Clin 35:2-18
105. Lin A, Feller ER (1990) Pancreatic carcinoma as a cause of unexplained pancreatitis: report of ten cases. Ann Intern Med 15(113):166-167
106. Greenberg RE, Bank S, Stark B (1990) Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas producing pancreatitis and pancreatic abscess. Pancreas 5:108-113
107. Imamura M, Asahi S, Yamauchi H, Tadokoro K, Suzuki H (2002) Minute pancreatic carcinoma with initial symptom of acute pancreatitis. J Hepatobiliary Pancreat Surg 9:632-636
108. Halfdanarson TR, Rubin J, Farnell MB, Grant CS, Petersen GM (2008) Pancreatic endocrine neoplasms: epidemiology and prognosis of pancreatic endocrine tumours. Endocr Relat Cancer 15:409-427
109. Solcia E, Klöppel G, Sobin LH (2000) Histological typing of endocrine tumor, WHO International Histological Classification of Tumours, 2nd edn. Berlin: Springer
110. Ligneau B, Lombard-Bohas C, Partensky C, et al. (2001) Cystic endocrine tumors of the pancreas: clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features in 13 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 25:752-760
111. Buetow PC, Parrino TV, Buck JL, et al. (1995) Islet cell tumors of the pancreas: pathologic-imaging correlation among size, necrosis and cysts, calcification, malignant behavior, and functional status. Am J Roentgenol 165:1175-1179
112. Ahrendt SA, Komorowski RA, Demeure MJ, Wilson SD, Pitt HA (2002) Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: is preoperative diagnosis possible? J Gastrointest Surg 6:66-74
113. Goh BK, Ooi LL, Tan YM, et al. (2006) Clinico-pathological features of cystic pancreatic endocrine neoplasms and a comparison with their solid counterparts. Eur J Surg Oncol 32:553-556
114. Kawamoto S, Johnson PT, Shi C, et al. (2013) Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor with cystlike changes: evaluation with MDCT. Am J Roentgenol 200:283-290
115. Horton KM, Hruban RH, Yeo C, Fishman EK (2006) Multi-detector row CT of pancreatic islet cell tumors. Radiographics 26:453-464
116. Singhi AD, Chu LC, Tatsas AD, et al. (2012) Cystic pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a clinicopathologic study. Am J Surg Pathol 36:1666-1673
117. Federle MP, McGrath KM (2007) Cystic neoplasms of the pancreas. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 36:365-376
118. Kouvaraki MA, Solorzano CC, Shapiro SE, et al. (2005) Surgical treatment of non-functioning pancreatic islet cell tumors. J Surg Oncol 1(89):170-185
119. Kouvaraki MA, Ajani JA, Hoff P, et al. (2004) Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and streptozocin in the treatment of patients with locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic endocrine carcinomas. J Clin Oncol 22:4762-4771
120. Colarian J, Fowler D, Schor J, Poolos S (2000) Squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas with cystic degeneration. South Med J 93:821-822
121. Oehler U, Jürs M, Klöppel G, Helpap B (1997) Osteoclast-like giant cell tumour of the pancreas presenting as a pseudocyst-like lesion. Virchows Arch 431:215-218
122. Adsay NV, Andea A, Basturk O, et al. (2004) Secondary tumors of the pancreas: an analysis of a surgical and autopsy database and review of the literature. Virchows Arch 444:527-535
123. Ramirez Plaza CP, Suàrez Muñoz MA, Santoyo Santoyo J, et al. (2001) Pancreatic cystic metastasis from pulmonary carcinoma. Report of a case. Ann Ital Chir 72:95-99
124. Konstantinidis IT, Dursun A, Zheng H, et al. (2010) Metastatic tumors in the pancreas in the modern era. J Am Coll Surg 211:749-753